| 词条 | Same-sex marriage in Mexico City | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Civil unions, known as sociedades de convivencia which offer some of the rights of marriage, have been legal in the city since March 2007. Legislative historyCivil unionsBeing the seat of the Powers of the Union, Mexico City did not belong to any particular state but to all. After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect the Head of Government of the Federal District and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly (ALDF) by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the center-left Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both political powers. In the early 2000s, Enoé Uranga, an openly lesbian politician and activist, unsuccessfully pushed a bill that would have legalized same-sex civil unions in Mexico City under the name Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia (LSC).[3] Despite being passed four times by legislative commissions, the bill repeatedly got stuck in plenary voting for its sensitive nature, which could be attributed to the widespread opposition from right-wing groups and then-Head of Government Andrés Manuel López Obrador's ambiguity concerning the bill.[4] Nonetheless, as new left-wing Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard was expected to take power in December 2006, the ALDF decided to take up the bill and approved it in a 43–17 vote on 9 November 2006.[4]
The law was well received by feminist and LGBT groups, including Emilio Álvarez Icaza, then-chairman of the Federal District's Human Rights Commission, who declared that "the law was not a threat to anyone in particular, and that it will be a matter of time before it shows positive consequences for different social groups." It was strongly opposed by right-wing groups such as the National Parents' Union and the Roman Catholic Church, which labeled the assemblymen who voted for the law as "sinners", and complained it was "vengeance against the Catholic Church from the more radical groups from the left, who felt it was a demand for justice."[4] The law officially took effect on 16 March 2007.[5] Mexico City's first same-sex civil union was between Jorge Cerpa, a 31-year-old economist, and Antonio Medina, a 38-year-old journalist.[5] By December 2009, 736 same-sex civil unions had taken place in the city since the law became effective, of which 24 had been annulled (3%).[6] Same-sex marriageOn 24 November 2009, PRD Assemblyman David Razú proposed a bill that would legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico City. According to Razú, "gays and lesbians pay taxes like everyone else, obey the law like everyone else, build the city like everyone else, and there is no reason they should have a different and special set of rules."[7] The bill essentially sought to modify the definition of marriage contained in the Civil Code, using gender-neutral language. Razú added that the bill was "to be in agreement with Article 1 of the Constitution, which says that no person can be discriminated against for any reason, and with Article 2 of the Civil Code, which says that no person can be deprived of the exercise of their rights for reasons of sexual orientation."[7] Assemblyman Emiliano Aguilar (PRI) was criticized for giving out homophobic pamphlets, which showed transgender prostitutes with the inscription "Lawmaker, would you like to see your children ending up like this? Do not promote homosexuality."[8] Luis González Plascencia, chairman of the Humans Rights Commission of Mexico City, backed the bill and said that it was up to the ALDF to consider LGBT adoption.[8] The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), International Amnesty (AI), the AIDS Healthcare Foundation and over 600 non-governmental organizations supported the legalization of same-sex marriage in Mexico City.[9] PAN announced it would either go to the courts to appeal the law or demand a referendum.[10][11] However, a referendum on same-sex marriage was rejected by the Legislative Assembly in a 36–22 vote on 18 December 2009.[12] On 21 December 2009, the Legislative Assembly approved the legalization of same-sex marriage in a 39–20 vote. PRD Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard had been expected to sign the bill. The bill changed the definition of marriage in the city's Civil Code from "a free union between a man and a woman" to "a free union between two people."[13] The law was written to allow same-sex couples to adopt children, apply for bank loans, inherit wealth and be included in the insurance policies of their spouse, among other rights they were previously denied under civil unions in the city.[14] PAN vowed to challenge the law in the courts.[14] On 29 December 2009, Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard signed the bill into law and it became effective on March 4, 2010.[1][2] On August 5, the Supreme Court voted 9–2 to uphold the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law.[15] On August 10, 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed in Mexico City must be recognized throughout the country.[16]
On 11 December 2016, the Constitutional Assembly of Mexico City, a body formed to create the first Constitution for Mexico City, voted 9–7 to include same-sex marriage in the draft Constitution.[17][18] In early January 2017, the Constitutional Assembly voted, in its plenary session, 68-11 to fully enshrine same-sex marriage in Mexico City's first Constitution.[19] Marriage statisticsFrom March to July 2010, more than 270 same-sex couples wed in Mexico City.[20] As of August 2014, 4,353 same-sex couples have married in Mexico City.[21] 6,000 same-sex marriages were celebrated in Mexico City in the first five years following the law's enactment. Of these, 30% were between couples from other states and only 2% ended in divorce.[22] According to the digital newspaper NTCD, 5,410 same-sex couples had married in Mexico City by 2015.[23] Seven years after Mexico City's same-sex marriage law became effective, statistics revealed that 8,348 same-sex marriages had taken place in the city. Male couples made up 54% of same-sex marriages (4,516), while female couples made up 46% (3,832).[24] By 15 May 2018, 10,085 same-sex marriages had taken place in Mexico City. Of these, 4,638 were lesbian couples and 5,447 were gay couples.[25] Public opinionAn opinion poll conducted in September 2009 showed that the population of Mexico City was almost evenly divided on the issue of same-sex marriage, with 48% in favour and 46% against.[26] From 27 November to 30 November 2009, major newspaper El Universal polled 1,000 Mexico City citizens concerning the legalization of same-sex marriage in the city. 50% supported it, 38% were against it and 12% had no opinion. The same poll showed that support was stronger among the youngest population (age: 18–29), 67%, and weaker among the oldest (age: 50 and up), 38%. With 48%, the most cited reason was "right of choice" for the supporters, followed by "everybody is equal" with 14%. 39% of the opposers cited "it is not normal" as the main reason to not support same-sex marriage, followed by "we lose values" with 18%.[27] A 2017 opinion poll conducted by Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica found that 63% of Mexico City residents supported same-sex marriage. 32% were opposed.[28] OppositionThe National Action Party issued a statement calling the same-sex marriage bill "an electoral ploy by the PRD that mocks and abuses the LGBT community."[29] The Roman Catholic Church has strongly opposed the law since it was taken up by the city Legislative Assembly, by calling same-sex marriage, among other things, "immoral," saying marriage must hold the promise of procreation, something that is possible only between a man and a woman.[30] Armando Martínez Gómez, president of a Catholic attorneys group, called on Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard to veto the bill, which Martínez noted went further than the city executive had intended when legislators removed a clause that would have forbidden adoption.[30] See also{{Portal|LGBT|Mexico}}
References1. ^1 {{cite web|author=Mark Stevenson (Associated Press) |publisher=MSNBC |title=Mexico City enacts region's 1st gay marriage law |date=29 December 2009 |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34514521/ns/world_news/ |accessdate=30 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102102038/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34514521/ns/world_news |archivedate=January 2, 2010 }} {{LGBT in Mexico}}{{Status of same-sex unions}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Same-Sex Marriage In Mexico City}}2. ^1 {{cite web | author=Mónica Archundia | publisher=El Universal | title=La primera unión gay, para marzo | date=5 January 2010 | url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad/99607.html | accessdate=5 January 2010|language=es}} 3. ^{{cite web | author=Latin American Herald Tribune | title=First Openly Gay Mayoral Candidate Runs in Mexico | date=16 March 2009 | url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=329653&CategoryId=14091 | accessdate=15 December 2009}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web | author=Erich Adolfo Moncada Cota | title=Mexico City Approves Same Sex Unions | date=19 November 2006 | url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=329768&rel_no=1 | accessdate=15 December 2009}} 5. ^1 {{cite news | author=New York Times | title=A Milestone in Mexico City | date=17 March 2007 | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B01E7D91F31F934A25750C0A9619C8B63&scp=2&sq=%22Mexico%20City%22%20%22same%20sex%22&st=cse | accessdate=15 December 2009 | work=The New York Times}} 6. ^{{cite web | author=Fernando Martínez | publisher=El Universal | title=Sociedades de convivencia, 97% en pie| date=25 December 2009 | url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad/99432.html | accessdate=26 December 2009|language=es}} 7. ^1 {{cite web | author=Latin American Herald Tribune | title=Mexico City Lawmakers to Consider Gay Marriage | date=24 November 2009 | url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=348002&CategoryId=14091 | accessdate=15 December 2009}} 8. ^1 {{cite web | author=Mónica Archundia | publisher=El Universal | title=Proyecto de matrimonio gay "divorcia" a la ALDF | date=25 November 2009 | url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad/98773.html | accessdate=15 December 2009|language=es}} 9. ^{{cite web | author=Anodis | title=Preparan dictamen de matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo | date=11 December 2009 | url=http://anodis.com/nota/15163.asp | accessdate=15 December 2009 | language=es | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215152947/http://anodis.com/nota/15163.asp | archivedate=15 December 2009 | df= }} 10. ^{{cite web | author=Horacio Jiménez y Ella Grajeda | publisher=El Universal | title=PAN amaga con impedir bodas gay | date=16 December 2009 | url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad/99225.html | accessdate=16 December 2009|language=es}} 11. ^{{cite web | author=Notimex | publisher=Yahoo! México | title=Recurrirá PAN a Corte de legalizarse 'matrimonio' entre homosexuales | date=15 December 2009 | url=http://mx.news.yahoo.com/s/15122009/7/mexico-recurrira-pan-corte-legalizarse-matrimonio.html | accessdate=16 December 2009 | language=es | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20091222025907/http://mx.news.yahoo.com/s/15122009/7/mexico-recurrira-pan-corte-legalizarse-matrimonio.html | archivedate=22 December 2009 | df= }} 12. ^{{cite web | author=Rocío González Alvarado | publisher=La Jornada | title=Rechaza ALDF referéndum para bodas gay | date=18 December 2009 | url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/12/18/index.php?section=capital&article=032n2cap | accessdate=18 December 2009|language=es}} 13. ^{{cite web | author=Associated Press | title=Mexico City 1st in region to approve gay marriage | date=21 December 2009 | url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5grJesfflOb0tjV_flyYRem81BVMwD9CNUCH00 | accessdate=21 December 2009}} 14. ^1 {{cite web | author=Associated Press | title=Mexico City assembly legalizes same-sex marriage | date=21 December 2009 | url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5grJesfflOb0tjV_flyYRem81BVMwD9CNVNF00 | accessdate=21 December 2009}} 15. ^{{Cite web |author=Dwyer Arce|url=http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/08/mexico-supreme-court-upholds-same-sex-marriage-law.php|title=Mexico high court upholds Mexico City same-sex marriage law|date=August 6, 2010|publisher=JURIST – Paper Chase}} 16. ^{{Cite web |author=Dwyer Arce|url=http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/08/mexico-high-court-rules-mexico-city-same-sex-marriages-must-be-recognized-nationwide.php|title=Mexico high court rules Mexico City same-sex marriages must be recognized nationwide|date=August 11, 2010|publisher=JURIST – Paper Chase}} 17. ^{{sp icon}} PRD y Constituyente buscan garantizar matrimonio gay, eutanasia y uso de mariguana 18. ^{{sp icon}} [https://twitter.com/esthela_damian/status/808121323687809025 Con 9 votos a favor 7 en contra se aprueba el #MatrimonioIgualitario en la Ciudad de México] 19. ^{{es icon}} Aprueban matrimonio civil igualitario en Constitución de CDMX 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/16/world/americas/16argentina.html |author=Barrionuevo, Alexei |title=Argentina Approves Gay Marriage, in a First for Region |publisher=The New York Times |date=15 July 2010 |quote=Last year, Mexico City became the first jurisdiction in the region to legalize gay marriages... the city has married more than 270 couples}} 21. ^{{es icon}} En 6 años, sólo un 1% de matrimonios gay en el DF ha acabado en divorcio 22. ^{{es icon}} ESTADÍSTICAS BODAS GAY CIUDAD DE MÉXICO 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://ntcd.mx/nota-ciudad-matrimonio-entre-parejas-del-mismo-sexo-en-la-cdmx-a-5-anos-20150305 |author=NTCD |title=Matrimonio entre parejas del mismo sexo a 5 años |publisher=NTCD |date=March 2015 |quote=5 year celebration of equal marriage, more than 5 thousand couples}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2017/1013238.html |title=En 7 años, 8 mil 348 matrimonios gay en la CDMX |publisher=La Crónica de Hoy |date=7 March 2017 |language=es}} 25. ^[https://twitter.com/Jacquie_LHoist/status/1000167887338815489 Ahí les encargo... La importancia de conocer los datos sobre Matrimonio Igualitario e Identidad de Género en la CDMX. ¡Ni un paso atrás!], Jacqueline L'Hoist, president of COPRED (Consejo para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminación de la CDMX) 26. ^[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h4_uOzElZivyqR7ZpWRTnJdAJ5dg Mexico City approves gay marriage] 27. ^{{cite web | author=El Universal | title=Same-sex marriage poll in Mexico City | date=27–30 November 2009 | url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/pdf09/infografias/encuesta_g.html | accessdate=15 December 2009|language=es}} 28. ^{{es icon}} Encuesta nacional 2017, Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica 29. ^{{cite web | author=Agence France-Presse | title=Mexico City approves gay marriage | date=21 December 2009 | url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h4_uOzElZivyqR7ZpWRTnJdAJ5dg | accessdate=21 December 2009}} 30. ^1 {{cite news | author=Tracy Wilkinson | publisher=Chicago Tribune | title=Mexico City approves gay marriage, adoption | date=22 December 2009 | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-tc-nw-mexicogays-1221-1222dec22,0,6647856.story | accessdate=22 December 2009}} 4 : Mexico City|Same-sex marriage in Mexico by state|2007 in LGBT history|2009 in LGBT history |
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