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词条 Same-sex marriage in Michigan
释义

  1. Same-sex marriage

     Statute   Constitutional amendment    DeBoer v. Snyder   Caspar v. Snyder  Carrick v. Snyder 

  2. Domestic partnerships

     Ban  Local domestic partnerships 

  3. Public opinion

  4. See also

  5. References

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}}{{Same-sex unions}}

Same-sex marriage is legal in the U.S. state of Michigan and all other U.S. states as per the U.S. Supreme Court ruling of Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015.

Michigan had banned recognition of same-sex unions in any form since a 2004 popular vote added an amendment to the State Constitution. Previously, a statute enacted in 1996 banned both the licensing of same-sex marriages and the recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.

On March 21, 2014, a U.S. District Court ruled the state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples unconstitutional. More than 300 same-sex couples married in Michigan the next day before the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals stayed enforcement of the district court decision. On November 6, the Sixth Circuit reversed the lower court's ruling and upheld Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage. The state was ordered to recognize the 323 marriages performed on March 22, and the state announced it would not appeal that order.

Same-sex marriage

Statute

In June 1995, the Michigan House of Representatives voted 88-14 to ban same-sex marriage in the state, while the Michigan State Senate voted 31-2 in favor of the ban. Also in June, the Michigan House also approved, in a 74-28 vote, a bill banning recognition of out of state-same-sex marriages. The Michigan Senate also approved this bill.[1][2] Governor John Engler signed both bills into law.

Constitutional amendment

{{main|Michigan Proposal 04-2}}

In 2004, voters approved a constitutional amendment, Michigan Proposal 04-2, that banned same-sex marriage and civil unions in the state. It passed with 58.6% of the vote. The Michigan Supreme Court later ruled that public employers in Michigan could not grant domestic partnership benefits given the restrictions imposed by the amendment.[3]

DeBoer v. Snyder

{{main|DeBoer v. Snyder}}

On January 23, 2012, a lesbian couple filed a lawsuit, DeBoer v. Snyder, in federal district court, challenging the state's ban on adoption by same-sex couples seeking to jointly adopt their children. In August 2012, Judge Bernard A. Friedman invited the couple to amend their suit to challenge the state's ban on same-sex marriage, "the underlying issue".[4] On March 7, 2013, Friedman announced that he would delay ruling pending the outcome of two same-sex marriage cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, United States v. Windsor and Hollingsworth v. Perry.[5] Friedman held a trial from February 25 to March 7, 2014. On March 21, he ruled for the plaintiffs, ending Michigan's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples.[6] Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette immediately filed an emergency motion requesting a stay of the ruling.[7]

Four of Michigan's 83 county clerks opened their offices on Saturday, March 22, to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples: Barb Byrum of Ingham County, Nancy Waters of Muskegon County, Lisa Brown of Oakland County, and Lawrence Kestenbaum of Washtenaw County.[8][9] The four counties issued 323 same-sex marriage licenses that day.[10] The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, temporarily stayed enforcement of Friedman's ruling that same day,[11] and stayed the ruling indefinitely on March 25.[12] On March 28, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the Federal Government recognizes the validity of the same-sex marriages licensed on March 22.[13]

On November 6, 2014, the Sixth Circuit reversed the lower court's ruling and upheld Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage.[14]

The case was later incorporated into Obergefell v. Hodges and decided along with several other Sixth Circuit court cases related to the legality of state bans on same-sex marriage. On June 26, 2015, the United States Supreme Court handed down a ruling in favor of the plaintiffs and legalized same-sex marriage throughout the country.[15]

Caspar v. Snyder

Eight same-sex couples represented by the ACLU filed suit in U.S. district court on July 25, 2014, seeking recognition of their so-called "window marriages" established on March 21 and 22, 2014, before the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals stayed a district court ruling–later reversed–in DeBoer v. Snyder that found Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional.[16] The state had asked the district court to suspend proceedings pending final resolution of DeBoer or to find those marriages invalid.[17] On January 15, 2015, U.S. District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith ruled that the state must recognize those marriages, but stayed implementation of his ruling for 21 days. He wrote: "In these circumstances, what the state has joined together, it may not put asunder."[18][19] On February 4, Governor Rick Snyder announced that the state would recognize those marriages and would not appeal the decision.[20]

Carrick v. Snyder

In January 2015, pastor Neil Patrick Carrick of Detroit brought a case, Carrick v. Snyder, against Michigan, stating that the state's ban of same-sex marriage and polygamy violates the Free Exercise and Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution.[21][22]

Domestic partnerships

Ban

In May 2008, the Michigan Supreme Court held that the amendment added to the State Constitution in 2004 bans not only same-sex marriage and civil unions, but also public employee domestic partnership benefits such as health insurance.[23] The ruling, however, had little effect since most public employers relaxed their eligibility criteria to avoid violating the amendment's restrictions.[24]

On September 15, 2011, the Michigan House of Representatives, in a 64-44 vote, approved a bill that would ban most public employers, though not colleges and universities, from offering health benefits to the domestic partners of their employees. It did not apply to workers whose benefits are established by the Michigan Civil Service Commission. On December 7, 2011, the Michigan State Senate, in a 27-9 vote, approved of the bill. On December 22, 2011, Governor Rick Snyder signed the legislation.[25] Five same-sex couples challenged the law in Bassett v. Snyder. On June 28, 2013, U.S. District Judge David M. Lawson issued a preliminary injunction blocking the state from enforcing its law banning local governments and school districts from offering health benefits to their employees' domestic partners. He wrote: "It is hard to argue with a straight face that the primary purpose—indeed, perhaps the sole purpose—of the statute is other than to deny health benefits to the same-sex partners of public employees. But that can never be a legitimate governmental purpose". He rejected the state's arguments that "fiscal responsibility" was the law's rationale.[26][27] On February 14, 2014, the state asked him to lift that preliminary injunction, repeating its arguments about the "fiscal insecurity of local governments" and eliminating "irrational and unfair" local programs.[28]

Local domestic partnerships

While there are no statewide recognition, these local governments recognize domestic partnerships:

Cities
  • City of Ann Arbor: No residency requirement. Both opposite- and same-sex couples. Notarized applications are accepted by mail when accompanied by appropriate payment.[29]
  • City of Detroit: No residency requirement. Both opposite- and same-sex couples.[30]
  • City of East Lansing[31]
  • City of Kalamazoo: Both opposite- and same-sex couples.[32]
Counties
  • Ingham County[29]
  • Washtenaw County: Both opposite- and same-sex couples.[29]
  • Wayne County: Both opposite- and same-sex couples.[29]

Public opinion

{{Election box end}}

See also

  • LGBT rights in Michigan
  • Michigan Proposal 04-2
  • Domestic partnership in the United States
  • Same-sex marriage in the United States

References

1. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_E8xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=awMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3350,8682764&dq=michigan+governor+marriage+ban&hl=en House OK's ban on gay marriages]
2. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OllPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_AMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6567,1359787&dq=michigan+governor+marriage+ban&hl=en State Senate OK's gay marriage, sends bill to Engler]
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3860/is_200807/ai_n28082633 |title=Michigan domestic partnerships |publisher=Findarticles.com |date= |accessdate=October 23, 2013}}
4. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20120829/METRO/208290470 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120829224343/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20120829/METRO/208290470 | dead-url=yes | archive-date=August 29, 2012 | title=Judge tells couple to consider challenging state's gay marriage ban | work=Detroit News | date=August 29, 2012 | accessdate=September 7, 2012 | last=Ferretti | first=Christine }}
5. ^{{cite news | url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/no-immediate-ruling-michigans-gay-marriage-ban | title=No immediate ruling on Michigan's 2004 gay marriage ban | work=Associated Press | date=March 7, 2013 | accessdate=June 26, 2013}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=Federal judge strikes down Michigan's gay marriage ban |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/03/21/federal-judge-strikes-down-michigan-gay-marriage-ban/|accessdate=March 21, 2014|newspaper=FOX News|date=March 21, 2014}}
7. ^{{cite news |title=Michigan AG Schuette files for stay on gay marriage ruling, citing will of voters |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20140321/NEWS06/303210134/Michigan-AG-Schuette-files-stay-gay-marriage-ruling-citing-will-voters |newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=March 21, 2014}}
8. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/21/2-mich-counties-already-set-to-marry-gay-couples-/6724647/ | title=3 Mich. counties already set to marry gay couples | work=USA Today | date=March 22, 2014 | accessdate=March 22, 2014}}
9. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-rt-us-usa-gaymarriage-michigan-20140321,0,3817280.story | title=Michigan clerks marry gay couples after judge strikes down ban | work=Chicago Tribune | date=March 22, 2014 | accessdate=March 22, 2014}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/22/us-usa-gaymarriage-michigan-idUSBREA2K1Y420140322|title=Ruling to strike down Michigan gay marriage ban put on hold|work=Reuters|date=March 22, 2014|accessdate=March 22, 2014}}
11. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.freep.com/article/20140322/NEWS06/303220063/6th-Circuit-Court-of-Appeals-same-sex-gay-marriage-stay-Schuette | title=Appellate court reverses course, issues temporary stay on same-sex marriages until Wednesday | work=Detroit Free Press | date=March 22, 2014 | accessdate=March 22, 2014}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/michigan-gay-marriage-freeze-extended-court-article-1.1734553 |title=Court indefinitely suspends overturn of gay marriage ban in Michigan |publisher=Daily News |date=March 25, 2014 |accessdate=March 30, 2014}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mlive.com/lansing-news/index.ssf/2014/03/attorney_general_eric_holder_f.html |title=Attorney General Eric Holder: Federal government will recognize same-sex marriages in Michigan |date=March 28, 2014|first=Jonathan|last=Oosting|accessdate=November 10, 2014|publisher=Mlive Michigan}}
14. ^{{cite news|last1=Eckholm|first1=Erik|title=Court Upholds Four States’ Bans on Same-Sex Marriage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/07/us/appeals-court-upholds-same-sex-marriage-ban.html |accessdate=November 6, 2014}}
15. ^{{cite web|author=Howe, Amy|title=No clear answers on same-sex marriage: In Plain English|url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2015/04/no-clear-answers-on-same-sex-marriage-in-plain-english/|publisher=SCOTUSblog|date=April 28, 2015}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Caspar v. Snyder - Freedom to Marry in Michigan|url=https://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights/caspar-v-snyder-freedom-marry-michigan|publisher=ACLU|accessdate=November 18, 2014}}
17. ^{{cite news |last1=Geidner |first1=Chris|title=Michigan Officials: March Same-Sex Marriages From The State Are 'Void' |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/chrisgeidner/michigan-officials-march-same-sex-marriages-from-the-state-a|accessdate=November 18, 2014 |work=BuzzFeed News|date=November 16, 2014}}
18. ^{{cite web|accessdate=January 15, 2015|website=Scribd.com|publisher=U.S. District Court for Eastern Michigan |title=Opinion and Order| url=https://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/252720181}}
19. ^{{cite news|last1=Snow|first1=Justin|title=Federal judge rules Michigan must recognize same-sex marriages|url=http://www.metroweekly.com/2015/01/federal-judge-rules-michigan-must-recognize-same-sex-marriages/|accessdate=January 15, 2015|work=Metro Weekly|date=January 15, 2015}}
20. ^{{cite news|last1=Eggert |first1=David |title=Gov. Rick Snyder says Michigan will recognize about 300 same-sex marriages performed in 2014 |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2015/02/04/gov-snyder-michigan-will-recognize-about-300-gay-marriages |accessdate=February 4, 2015|work=U.S. News & World Report|agency=Associated Press|date=February 4, 2015}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miedce/5:2015cv10108/297820|title=Carrick v. Snyder et al|work=Justia Dockets & Filings}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/wayne-county/2015/01/13/minister-sues-mich-right-marry-sex-couples/21718645/|title=Minister sues Mich. for right to marry same-sex couples|author=Oralandar Brand-Williams, The Detroit News|date=13 January 2015|work=detroitnews.com}}
23. ^[https://scholar.google.ca/scholar_case?case=15672024244928701138 National Pride at Work, Inc. v. Governor of Michigan] 748 N.W.2d 524
24. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/ruling_on_samesex_benefits_wei.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007032555/http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/ruling_on_samesex_benefits_wei.html|archive-date=October 7, 2014 |title=Ruling on same-sex benefits weighed |publisher=Mlive.com |date=May 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 2, 2013}}
25. ^House Bill 4770 (2011)
26. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.twincities.com/news/ci_23560975/mich-ban-domestic-partner-benefits-blocked | title=Mich. ban on domestic partner benefits blocked | work=Pioneer Press | date=June 28, 2013 | accessdate=February 18, 2014 | last=White | first=Ed}}
27. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/07/after-windsor-michigan-same-sex-partners-benefits-suit-advances/ | title=After Windsor: Michigan same-sex partners benefits suit advances | work=SCOTUSblog | date=July 1, 2013 | accessdate=July 2, 2013 | last=Lederman | first=Marty}}
28. ^{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Brian|title=Gov. Rick Snyder asks federal judge to uphold same-sex benefits ban for public employees|url=http://www.mlive.com/lansing-news/index.ssf/2014/02/gov_rick_snyder_asks_federal_j.html |accessdate=February 18, 2014|newspaper=M Live|date=February 17, 2014}}
29. ^1 2 3 Governments Offering Benefits
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitmi.gov/Portals/0/docs/boardofethics/pdf/Amended_Ethics_Ordinance_and_Charter_Provision_042007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629163954/http://www.detroitmi.gov/Portals/0/docs/boardofethics/pdf/Amended_Ethics_Ordinance_and_Charter_Provision_042007.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=June 29, 2010 |title=Charter Provision and Ethics Ordinance |publisher=City of Detroit |accessdate=March 6, 2012 }}
31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mlive.com/lansing-news/index.ssf/2012/01/east_lansing_may_join_lawsuit.html|title=East Lansing may join lawsuit against domestic partner benefits ban|first=Angela|last=Wittrock|publisher=Michigan Live LLC|date=January 31, 2012|accessdate=March 6, 2012}}
32. ^{{cite news|title=Kalamazoo to study domestic partner law|url=http://www.themorningsun.com/article/MS/20111225/NEWS/312259953|accessdate=16 December 2017|agency=Morning Sun|date=25 December 2001}}
{{LGBT in Michigan}}{{Same-sex marriage in the United States}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Recognition Of Same-Sex Unions In Michigan}}

2 : LGBT rights in Michigan|Same-sex marriage in the United States by state

Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Michigan
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size		 Margin of
error		% support% opposition% no opinion% refused
Public Religion Research InstituteApril 5-December 23, 20172,348?63%29%8%-
American Values Atlas/Public Religion Research InstituteMay 18, 2016-January 10, 20172,997?56%36%8%-
American Values Atlas/Public Religion Research InstituteApril 29, 2015-January 7, 20162,379?54%38%8%-
[https://today.yougov.com/news/2014/09/07/battleground-tracker-2014-national-attitudes/ New York Times/CBS News/YouGov]September 20-October 1, 20142,560 likely voters± 2.4%47%39%14%-
[https://web.archive.org/web/20141222104010/http://lintvwood.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/epic-mra-oct-2.pdf EPIC-MRA]September 25–29, 2014600 adults± 4%47%47%6%-
[https://web.archive.org/web/20140529012243/http://www.freep.com/article/20140528/NEWS06/305280190/michigan-gay-marriage-same-sex-poll EPIC-MRA]May 17–20, 2014600 likely voters± 4%47%46%7%-
American Values Atlas/Public Religion Research InstituteApril 2, 2014-January 4, 20151,670?55%37%5%-
[https://web.archive.org/web/20140529012243/http://www.freep.com/article/20140528/NEWS06/305280190/michigan-gay-marriage-same-sex-poll Marketing Resource Group of Lansing]March 2014??45%50%5%-
State of the State SurveyDecember 16, 2013 – February 10, 20141,008 adults± 3.1%54%36%--
[https://web.archive.org/web/20141205072810/https://www.equalitymi.org/files/Michigan-LGBT-survey2014-excerpt1.pdf Glengariff Group Inc.]January 29-February 1, 2014600 likely voters± 4%56.2%33.8%--
[https://web.archive.org/web/20141218002447/http://www.unitymichigan.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/michigan_2013_gay_and_lesbian_issues_survey_report.pdf Glengariff Group Inc.]May 8–10, 2013600 voters± 4%56.8%37.6%5.6%-
[https://web.archive.org/web/20140529012243/http://www.freep.com/article/20140528/NEWS06/305280190/michigan-gay-marriage-same-sex-poll EPIC-MRA]May 2013600 likely voters± 4%51%41%8%-
State of the State SurveyJune 12-August 13, 20121,015 adults?56%39%5%-
Public Policy PollingMay 24–27, 2012500 voters± 4.4%41%45%14%-
[https://web.archive.org/web/20141204221140/http://m.clickondetroit.com/blob/view/-/13102410/data/1/-/v5qhnp/-/Michigan-May-political-survey.pdf Glengariff Group Inc.]May 10–11, 2012600 likely voters± 4%44.3%43.7%11%1%
Public Policy PollingJuly 21–24, 2011593 voters± 4%33%53%14%-
[https://web.archive.org/web/20141218002447/http://www.unitymichigan.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/michigan_2013_gay_and_lesbian_issues_survey_report.pdf Glengariff Group Inc.]January 2011??38.5%50.2%11.3%-
State of the State Survey2010??48%51%1%-
[https://web.archive.org/web/20141218002447/http://www.unitymichigan.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/michigan_2013_gay_and_lesbian_issues_survey_report.pdf Glengariff Group Inc.]October 2004??24%61%15%-
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