| 词条 | Same-sex marriage in Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Same-sex marriage in Spain has been legal since 3 July 2005. In 2004, the nation's newly elected Socialist Party (PSOE) Government, led by Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, began a campaign for its introduction, including the right of adoption by same-sex couples.[1] After much debate, a law permitting same-sex marriage was passed by the Cortes Generales (Spain's bicameral Parliament, composed of the Senate and the Congress of Deputies) on 30 June 2005 and published on 2 July 2005. The law took effect the next day,[2] making Spain the third country in the world to allow same-sex couples to marry on a national level, after the Netherlands and Belgium, and 17 days ahead of the right being extended across all of Canada. The ratification of this law was not devoid of conflict, despite support from 66% of the population.[3] Roman Catholic authorities in particular were adamantly opposed, criticising what they regarded as the weakening of the meaning of marriage.[3] Other associations expressed concern over the possibility of lesbians and gays adopting children.[4] Demonstrations for and against the law drew thousands of people from all parts of Spain. After its approval, the conservative People's Party challenged the law in the Constitutional Court.[5] Approximately 4,500 same-sex couples married in Spain during the first year of the law.[6] Shortly after the law was passed, questions arose about the legal status of marriage to non-Spaniards whose country did not permit same-sex marriage. A ruling from the Justice Ministry stated that the country's same-sex marriage law allows a Spanish citizen to marry a non-Spaniard regardless of whether that person's homeland recognizes the partnership.[7] At least one partner must be a Spanish citizen in order to marry, although two non-Spaniards may marry if they both have legal residence in Spain. The November 2011 general election delivered a landslide victory to the People's Party, whose leader Mariano Rajoy said that he opposed same-sex marriage, but any decision about repealing the law could be made only after the ruling of the Constitutional Court.[8][9][10] On 6 November 2012, the law was upheld by the Court with 8 support votes and 3 against.[11][12][13] Minister of Justice Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón announced that the Government will abide by the ruling and the law will not be repealed.[14][15][16] History{{Same-sex marriage map Europe|align=left|size=250px}}During the 1990s and early 2000s, several city councils and autonomous communities had opened registers for de facto unions ({{lang-es|unión de hecho}}, pareja de hecho or pareja estable){{efn|text={{lang-ca|unió de fet}} (Valencia, and Murcia), parella de fet (Aragon), and parella estable (Catalonia, and the Balearic Islands); The Socialist Party (PSOE) manifesto for the 2004 general election included the pledge of amending the Civil Code to introduce same-sex marriage, granting it the same status as heterosexual marriage in order to "ensure full social and legal equality for lesbians and gays".[32] After the socialists' victory in the election, the new Prime Minister, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, promised at his inauguration address to bring this change forward: "The moment has finally arrived to end once and for all the intolerable discrimination which many Spaniards suffer because of their sexual preferences. (...) As a result, we will modify the Civil Code to recognize their equal right to marriage with the resulting effects over inheritance, labor rights and social security protection".[1] On 30 June 2004, then Minister of Justice Juan Fernando López Aguilar announced that the Congress of Deputies had provisionally approved a government plan for legislation to extend the right of marriage to same-sex couples. López Aguilar also announced two propositions, introduced by the regional Convergence and Union party of Catalonia: one introduced legal status for both opposite- and same-sex common-law unions (parejas de hecho, "de facto unions"), while the other permitted transgender people to legally change their name and sex designation without the requirement of surgery.[33] The bill regarding same-sex marriage was approved by the Cabinet on 1 October 2004, submitted to Parliament on 31 December,[34] and passed by the Congress of Deputies on 21 April 2005.[35][36] However, it was rejected on 22 June 2005 by the Senate, where the opposition People's Party held a plurality of the seats.[37] The bill was returned to the lower house, which holds the power to override the Senate, and final approval was given to the bill on 30 June 2005 with 187 "yes" votes, 147 "no" votes, and 4 abstentions. With the final approval, and enactment of the bill on 2 July 2005, Spain became the third country in the world to formally legalize same-sex marriages nationwide, after the Netherlands and Belgium.[38] The first same-sex wedding took place eight days after the bill became law, and was celebrated in the council chamber in the Madrid suburb of Tres Cantos by Carlos Baturín and Emilio Menéndez.[39] The first same-sex marriage between women took place in Barcelona eleven days later.[40] In spite of these steps toward equal treatment, a legal flaw remained: if children were born within a lesbian marriage, the non-biological mother was not legally regarded as a parent; she still had to undergo the lengthy financial process of adoption.[41] This right was granted to heterosexual couples (married or not), where a stepfather could declare his wife's children to be his without further process. On 7 November 2006, the Spanish Parliament amended the law on assisted reproduction, allowing the non-biological mother to be regarded as a parent alongside her female spouse who is the birth-mother.[42] Ratification of Law 13/2005The projected bill announced on 30 June 2004 by the Minister of Justice was studied by the General Council of the Judiciary.[43] Although the General Council admitted that the existing discrimination against homosexuals could not be condoned, it was quite critical about extending marriage toward same-sex couples (including collateral adoption). It argued that the extension was not demanded by the Constitution, and that ending discrimination could be achieved through other legal means, such as the extension of civil unions.[44] Despite this negative report, the Government presented the bill to Congress on 1 October 2004. With the exception of the People's Party and members of the Democratic Union of Catalonia, the different parliamentary parties favoured the reform. On 21 April 2005, Congress approved the bill, with 183 "yes" (including a member of the People's Party) and 136 "no" votes and 6 abstentions.[45] The bill to allow same-sex marriage in Spain was short: it added a new paragraph to Article 44 of the Civil Code, saying that Matrimony shall have the same requisites and effects regardless of whether the persons involved are of the same or different sex.[46]
In accordance with constitutional provisions, the text approved by the Congress was then submitted to the Senate for final approval, change or veto. On 21 June 2005, experts were called to the Senate to debate the issue. The expert's opinions were diverse; some stated that same-sex adoption had no effect on a child's development, except for perhaps a higher tolerance towards homosexuality.[48] However, psychiatrist Aquilino Polaino, called by the People's Party as an expert, called homosexuality a pathology and emotive disorder. Among other assertions that generated debate, he claimed that "many homosexuals have rape abuse antecedents since childhood" and that homosexuals generally come from families with "hostile, alcoholic and distant" fathers, and mothers who were "over protective" toward boys and "cold" toward girls. Prominent People's Party members later rejected Polaino's assertions.[49] {{Infobox legislation|Name = Same-sex marriage in Spain |Parliament/Congress/Senate it was passed in = Spanish Parliament |Logo of that parliament or congress = |long_title = [https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2005-11364 Ley 13/2005 por la que se modifica el Código Civil en materia de derecho a contraer matrimonio. ] (Law 13/2005 that amends the Civil Code regarding the right to contract marriage) |introduced_by = Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (PSOE) |datepassed = 30 June 2005 |date_signed = 1 July 2005 |relatedlegislation = Spanish Civil Code Law on Assisted Reproduction }} The Senate vetoed the text submitted by the Congress. The veto was proposed by the People's Party, which held the majority of the seats, and by the Democratic Union of Catalonia, and was approved by 131 "yes" and 119 "no" votes and 2 abstentions.[50] As a result, the text was sent back to the Congress. On 30 June 2005, it was approved by Congress, which, in accordance with the constitutional provisions, overrode the Senate veto. This was achieved with 187 "yes" votes (including a member of the People's Party, Celia Villalobos), 147 "no" votes, and four abstentions. The veto override implied its approval as law.[2] The vote was held after Zapatero unexpectedly took the floor of Parliament to speak in its support, saying We are expanding the opportunities for happiness of our neighbors, our colleagues, our friends and our relatives. At the same time, we are building a more decent society.[51] Mariano Rajoy, the leader of the opposition People's Party, was denied the opportunity to address Parliament after Zapatero's appearance, and accused Zapatero of dividing Spanish society.[51]
When the media asked King Juan Carlos if he would sign the bill that was being debated in the Cortes Generales, he answered that he was the King of Spain, not of Belgium{{spaced ndash}}a reference to King Baudouin of Belgium, who refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion.[53] For the King to withhold his royal assent, it would effect a veto of the legislation. However, the King gave his royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005, and the law was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July, and came into effect on 3 July.[54] The King received criticism by Carlist and other far-right conservatives for signing the legislation. ReactionsThe bill's passage was met with concern by Catholic authorities, including Pope John Paul II — who warned of a weakening of family values — and his successor Pope Benedict XVI.[69] Cardinal López Trujillo, president of the Pontifical Council for the Family, said the Church was making an urgent call for freedom of conscience for Catholics and appealing to them to resist the law. He said every profession linked with implementing same-sex marriages should oppose it, even if it meant losing their jobs.[55] Gay rights supporters argued that while the Catholic Church also formally opposed opposite-sex, non-religious marriage, its opposition was not as vocal; for example, the Church did not object to the marriage of Prince Felipe to Letizia Ortiz, who had divorced from a previous civil marriage. The church was unable to gather enough support to derail the bill, even though more than 60% of Spaniards identify as members of the Catholic Faith. Sociologists believe this may be due to the significant increase of liberalism in the realm of individual rights in recent years, where the Church traditionally had most influence, especially on family issues.[56] A poll showed that three quarters of Spaniards believe the church hierarchy is out of touch with social reality.[57] A complementary explanation might be that the Church's influence on Spaniards declined after the death in 1975 of the dictator General Francisco Franco, whose regime was closely linked to the Church.[58] Prime Minister Zapatero responded to Church criticism by saying: {{quotation|There is no damage to marriage or to the family in allowing two people of the same sex to get married. Rather, these citizens now have the ability to organize[59] their lives according to marital and familial norms and demands. There is no threat to the institution of marriage, but precisely the opposite: this law recognizes and values marriage.Aware that some people and institutions profoundly disagree with this legal change, I wish to say that like other reforms to the marriage code that preceded this one, this law will not generate bad results, that its only consequence will be to avoid senseless suffering of human beings. A society that avoids senseless suffering of its citizens is a better society. In any case, I wish to express my deep respect to those people and institutions, and I also want to ask for the same respect for all of those who approve of this law. To the homosexuals that have personally tolerated the abuse and insults for many years, I ask that you add to the courage you have demonstrated in your struggle for civil rights, an example of generosity and joy with respect to all the beliefs.|Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero[60]}} On 19 June 2005, there was a public protest against the law. Protesters — led by People's Party members, Spanish bishops and the Spanish Family Forum (Foro Español de la Familia) — said they had rallied 1.5 million people against what they considered an attack on the traditional family and Spanish values; the Government's Delegation in Madrid counted 166,000 at the same event.[61] Two weeks after this protest, coinciding with Gay Pride Day, FELGT (Federación Estatal de Lesbianas, Gays, Transexuales y Bisexuales — the Spanish Lesbian, Gay, and Transgender Organization) estimated two million people marched in favour of the new law; police sources counted 97,000.[62][63] Both marches took place in Madrid, at the time governed by the conservative People's Party. Spanish roman-catholic bishops also claimed that the Government, by extending the right of marriage to same-sex couples, weakened the meaning of marriage, which they defined as an involving a heterosexual couple.[3] The Spanish Family Forum expressed concern over the possibility of same-sex couples adopting and raising children, and argued that adoption is not a right for the parents, but for the adopted.[4] Gay associations replied that de facto adoption by same-sex couples had existed for a long time in Spain, since many couples were rearing minors adopted by one of the partners. Adoption by same-sex couples was already legal in Navarre (2000), the Basque Country (2003), Aragon (2004), Catalonia (2005) and Cantabria (2005) before the same-sex marriage law legalized these adoptions nationwide.[64][65] Furthermore, in Asturias (2002), Andalusia (2002) and Extremadura (2003), same-sex couples could jointly begin procedures to temporarily or permanently take children in care. These associations also argued that there was no scientific basis for the claim that the parents' sexual orientation would cause developmental problems for their adopted children. This view is officially supported by the Spanish School of Psychology, which also states that homosexuality is not a pathology.[66] In a 2008 biography, Queen Sofia of Spain revealed that she preferred the term "civil union" to "marriage" for committed same-sex relationships.[67][68][69][70][71][72] This and other alleged comments by the Queen opened the Spanish monarchy to rare criticism in 2008, with the Zarzuela palace issuing an apology on behalf of the Queen for the "inexact" quotes attributed to her.[69][73] Antonio Poveda, president of FELGT, said his organization accepted the Queen's apology, but added that there remains ill feelings by the gay community towards the Queen over the comments.[67] King Juan Carlos, known to be far more liberal than his wife, was reportedly incensed by the biography, with reporters stating the King will fire palace officials who allegedly approved official royal endorsement of the book.[67] During the 2011 general election, People's Party leader and Prime Minister of Spain Mariano Rajoy stated he also prefers the term "civil union" to marriage for same-sex couples.[8][9][10] In late 2017, the Socialist Party began calling for a reform to the Spanish Constitution, which, among other changes, would constitutionally codify same-sex marriage.[74] Some Christian LGBT-friendly churches such as the Metropolitan Community Church, the Spanish Evangelical Church and the Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church support and perform same-sex marriages.[75] Opposition court challengesOn 21 July 2005, a judge from the city of Dénia refused to issue a marriage license to a lesbian couple. The judge also filed a constitutional challenge against the same-sex marriage law before the Constitutional Court based on Article 32 of the Constitution that contains the phrase "Men and women have the right to contract marriage with full juridical equality."[76] In August 2005, a judge from Gran Canaria refused licenses to three same-sex couples and mounted another constitutional challenge.[77] In December 2005, the Constitutional Court rejected both challenges owing to both judges' lack of standing to file them.[78] On 30 September 2005, the opposition People's Party decided to initiate a separate constitutional challenge, causing division within the party.[79] The outcome was published on 6 November 2012, seven years after the challenge was presented.[80] The Court decided to uphold the same-sex marriage law with 8 support votes and 3 against.[81] On 27 February 2007, the Spanish Family Forum presented an initiative signed by 1.5 million people to legislate marriage as the union of a man and a woman only (thus effectively prohibiting same-sex marriage). The initiative was rejected by the Spanish Congress.[82] On 30 May 2007, the aforementioned judge of Dénia was condemned by the Disciplinary Committee of the General Council of Judiciary Power (Comisión Disciplinaria del Consejo General del Poder Judicial -CGPJ-) to pay 305 euros for refusing to marry a gay couple and was also strictly warned against doing it again.[83] She attributes this action to the "propagandistic machinery" of the Government.[83] Residency issuesShortly after the law was passed, questions arose about the legal status of marriage to non-Spaniards after a Spaniard and an Indian national living in Catalonia were denied a marriage license on the grounds that India did not permit same-sex marriage.[84] However, on 22 July, another judge in Catalonia married a Spanish woman and her Argentinian national partner (the first same-sex marriage between women in Spain). This judge disagreed with his colleague's decision and gave preference to the right of marriage over Argentinian law at the time not allowing same-sex marriage.[85] On 27 July, the Junta de Fiscales de Sala – a body within the Public Prosecutor's Corp that advises the Minister of Justice's office – issued an opinion that LGBT Spaniards can marry foreigners from countries that do not permit same-sex marriage.[86] This marriage would be valid according to Spanish law, but did not imply automatic validity according to the foreigner's national law. A ruling published in the Official State Bulletin stated: {{cquote|a marriage between a Spaniard and a foreigner, or between foreigners of the same sex resident in Spain, shall be valid as a result of applying Spanish material law, even if the foreigner's national legislation does not allow or recognize the validity of such marriages.[7]}}According to the instructions from the Ministry of Justice (Dirección General de Registros y Notariado), Spanish Consulates abroad may carry out the preliminary paperwork for a same-sex marriage.[87] At least one of the marrying partners must be a Spanish citizen, residing in the Consular demarcation. However, the marriage itself can only take place at the Consulate if local laws recognize same-sex marriages. In all other cases, the partners must marry in Spanish territory.[88] Two non-resident foreigners cannot marry in Spain, as at least one of the partners must be a Spanish resident, although they both may be non-Spanish citizens. Marriage statisticsAccording to the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE), 50,565 same-sex marriages took place up to the end of 2017: 1,275 in 2005,[89] 4,574 in 2006,[90] 3,250 in 2007,[91] 3,549 in 2008,[92] 3,412 in 2009,[93] 3,583 in 2010,[94] 3,880 in 2011,[95] 3,834 in 2012,[96] 3,071 in 2013,[97] 3,275 in 2014,[98] 3,738 in 2015,[99] 4,259 in 2016 and 4,606 in 2017.[100]
Most same-sex marriages in 2011 took place in: Catalonia with 886 weddings (3.33% of all marriages in the community for that year), Madrid with 729 marriages (2.91%), Andalusia with 484 (1.71%), Valencia with 436 (2.58%) and the Canary Islands with 203 (3.60%).[101] On 2 July 2015, the Spanish National Statistics Institute revealed that 31,640 same-sex couples had married since the start of July 2005 (when same-sex marriage became legal in Spain) to July 2014. This accounted for 1.72% of all marriages in Spain in that time.[102] In 2015, most same-sex marriages were celebrated in Catalonia (799), Madrid (726), Andalusia (575), Valencia (471) and the Canary Islands (265).[99] Notable weddingsAlthough not an official same-sex marriage, in 1901 Marcela Gracia Ibeas and Elisa Sanchez Loriga married by Elisa secretly being re-baptized as a man.[103] Since its legalization in 2005, couples from across section of Spanish society have entered into same-sex marriages. Within the first year the law received royal assent, influential Socialist Leader and Madrid City Councilor Pedro Zerolo married Jesús Santos in January, and popular television presenter Jesús Vázquez married Roberto Cortés in March.[104][105] In October 2005, Spain's prominent anti-terrorism judge Fernando Grande-Marlaska married his fiancé Gorka Gómez.[106] In August 2006, Ourense City Councilor and member of the People's Party Pepe Araujo, whose party originally opposed the law, married his fiancé Nino Crespo.[107] In September 2006, Alberto Linero Marchena and Alberto Sánchez Fernández, both army soldiers assigned to the Morón Air Base near Seville, became Spain's first military personnel to marry under the new law.[108] In August 2008, Doña Luisa Isabel Álvarez de Toledo, 21st Duchess of Medina Sidonia and three-time Grandee of Spain (branded the Red Duchess for her socialist activism), became the highest ranking Spanish noble to marry in an articulo mortis (deathbed) wedding to longtime companion Liliana Maria Dahlmann, now the Dowager Duchess of Medina Sidonia by right of her late wife.[109][110][111] In June 2015, the then Mayor of the Basque capital Vitoria-Gasteiz, Javier Maroto, announced his engagement to longtime partner Josema Rodríguez. The wedding was held on 18 September 2015 at Vitoria's City Hall. Maroto, a member of the conservative People's Party's national board, is known for his views contrary to the stance of his own party pertaining to same-sex marriage in Spain.[112] Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, who had challenged the law approving same-sex marriage when he was Opposition Leader, attended the wedding celebrations as a guest.[113][114][115] Public opinionA poll by the government-run Centre for Sociological Investigations (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas), published in April 2005, reported that 66% of Spaniards favoured legalising same-sex marriage.[116] Another poll taken by Instituto Opina a day before the bill passed placed support of the same-sex marriage bill at 62.1% and support of adoption by same-sex couples at 49.1%.[117] An Instituto Opina poll taken nine months after the bill had passed said that 61% agreed with the Government's decision.[118] On 25 July 2007, the BBVA Foundation published their report Social portrait of Spanish people, which reported that 60% of Spain's population supported same-sex marriage. This support occurred mainly among the younger population, between 15 and 34 years old (75%), people with higher education (71%), people not attached to any religion (75.5%), and those identified by left and centre-left political views (71.9%). However, only 44% of the population favored the right of adoption by same-sex couples, in contrast to 42% opposition.[119] A May 2013 Ipsos poll found that 76% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and another 13% supported other forms of recognition for same-sex couples.[120] According to an Ifop poll, conducted in May 2013, 71% of Spaniards supported allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children.[121] The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 84% of Spaniards thought that same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 10% were against.[122] A Pew Research Center poll, conducted between April and August 2017 and published in May 2018, showed that 77% of Spaniards supported same-sex marriage, 13% were opposed and 10% didn't know or refused to answer.[123] When divided by religion, 90% of religiously unaffiliated people, 79% of non-practicing Christians and 59% of church-attending Christians supported same-sex marriage.[124] Opposition was 7% among 18-34-year-olds.[125] See also
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Spain's new government to legalize gay marriage |agency=Reuters |publisher=SignonSanDiego.com |date=2004-04-15 |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040415-0750-spain-marriage.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kV80Iu9U?url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040415-0750-spain-marriage.html |archivedate=2009-10-13 |accessdate=2009-12-14 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 2. ^1 {{cite news |title=Spain approves liberal gay marriage law |publisher=St. Petersburg Times |date=2005-07-01 |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2005/07/01/Worldandnation/Spain_approves_libera.shtml |accessdate=2007-01-08}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |title=Spanish bishops decry legislation weakening marriage |publisher=Catholic World News |date=2005-07-20 |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=38522 |accessdate=2007-01-11}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|title=Manifiesto del Foro de la Familia |publisher=20 Minutos.es |date=2005-06-18 |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/32527/0/manifiesto/foro/familia/ |accessdate=2007-01-12|language=es}} 5. ^{{cite web |last=Thornberry |first=Malcolm |title=Spain's Highest Court Agrees To Hear Gay Marriage Challenge|publisher=365gay.com |date=2005-10-28 |url=http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/10/102805spain.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031194753/http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/10/102805spain.htm|archivedate=2005-10-31 |accessdate=2007-01-25}} 6. ^{{cite web |title=Conservative mayor presides over gay wedding |publisher=Euronews |date=2006-07-30 |url=http://www.euronews.net/2006/07/30/conservative-mayor-presides-over-gay-wedding/ |accessdate=2009-10-13}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |title=Spain's same-sex marriage law applies to foreigners |publisher=Advocate.com |agency=Reuters |date=2005-08-09 |url=http://www.advocate.com/article.aspx?id=37238 |accessdate=2006-12-22}} 8. ^1 {{cite news |title=Spain gay rights and abortion activists fear backlash|publisher=BBC |date=2011-11-25 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15894536 |accessdate=2011-11-28}} 9. ^1 {{cite news |title=Factbox: Policies of Spain's People's Party |agency=Reuters |date=2011-11-20 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/20/us-spain-election-policies-idUSTRE7AJ08F20111120|accessdate=2011-11-28}} 10. ^1 {{cite news |title=Mariano Rajoy, New Spain Prime Minister, Opposes Same-Sex Marriage Law|work=Huffington Post |date=2011-11-28 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/21/mariano-rajoy-spain-prime-minister-same-sex-marriage_n_1106185.html|accessdate=2011-11-28}} 11. ^Same-sex marriage upheld by Spain's highest court 12. ^{{es icon}} Amplio respaldo del Tribunal Constitucional al matrimonio homosexual 13. ^{{es icon}} SENTENCIA {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119093126/http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/es/resolucionesrecientes/Documents/2005-06864STC.pdf |date=2012-11-19 }} 14. ^{{es icon}} Gallardón no tocará la ley vigente 15. ^{{es icon}} Gallardón: El Gobierno "no modificará" la ley de matrimonio homosexual 16. ^{{es icon}} El Gobierno mantendrá el matrimonio homosexual tal y como lo ha validado el TC 17. ^{{eu icon}} 6/2000 Foru Legea, uztailaren 3koa, bikote egonkorrentzako berdintasun juridikoari buruzkoa 18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite news|title=Same-sex couples in Spain. Historical, contextual and symbolic factors|url=https://same-sex.web.ined.fr/WWW/04Doc124Ignacio.pdf|format=PDF|author=Galán, José Ignacio Pichardo|publisher=Institut national d'études démographiques|accessdate=December 30, 2012}} 19. ^{{cite news |url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Derogadas/r0-va-l1-2001.html|title=Ley 1/2001, de 6 de abril, por la que se regulan las uniones de hecho|publisher=Noticias Juridicas|accessdate=April 18, 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.caib.es/seucaib/ca/arxiuServlet?id=129779 |title=Llei 18/2001 de 19 de desembre, de parelles estables |publisher=Govern de les Illes Balears |accessdate= November 6, 2015|language=ca}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2002/07/02/pdfs/A23974-23975.pdf |format=PDF|title=LEY 4/2002, de 23 de mayo, de Parejas Estables |publisher= Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |accessdate= November 6, 2015|language=es}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jcyl.es/web/jcyl/binarios/509/669/Decreto%20117%202002.pdf?blobheader=application%2Fpdf%3Bcharset%3DUTF-8&blobheadername1=Cache-Control&blobheadername2=Expires&blobheadername3=Site&blobheadervalue1=no-store%2Cno-cache%2Cmust-revalidate&blobheadervalue2=0&blobheadervalue3=JCYL_Familia&blobnocache=true |format=PDF|title= DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento|publisher= Junta de Castilla y León|language=es|accessdate=November 6, 2015}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/CCAA/ct-l1-2005.html|title=Ley de Cantabria 1/2005, de 16 de mayo, de Parejas de Hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria.|publisher=Noticias Juridicas |language=es |accessdate=November 6, 2015}} 24. ^{{Cite news |author= |title=Decreto 248/2007, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se crea y se regula el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de Galicia.|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/CCAA/ga-d248-2007.html |publisher=Noticias Juridicas |accessdate=November 6, 2015|language=es}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://ias1.larioja.org//cex/sistemas/GenericoServlet?servlet=cex.sistemas.dyn.portal.ImgServletSis&code=oumCvWIgBUF6lChv9ZDgP%2FhXhSM%2FFmcHwwLX%2BLzxTQvApHyqPVxRsoD%2BHW0E2YV6LEXZYSr1AOE3%0Av4SD1MBlIvF%2B7SEF91Aj&&& |title=Decreto 30/2010, de 14 de mayo, por el que se crea el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de La Rioja |publisher=El Gobierno de La Rioja|accessdate=November 6, 2015 |language=es}} 26. ^{{es icon}} PROPOSICIÓN DE LEY DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA COMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE LA REGIÓN DE MURCIA 27. ^{{es icon}} Murcia será en junio la última comunidad en regular por ley las parejas de hecho 28. ^Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho 29. ^REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HEC HO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA 30. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=World legal survey:Spain |publisher=The International Lesbian and Gay Association |url=http://www.ilga.info/Information/Legal_survey/europe/spain.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328221007/http://www.ilga.info/Information/Legal_survey/europe/spain.htm|archivedate=2007-03-28 |accessdate=2007-01-25}} 31. ^El legado de Pedro Zerolo 32. ^{{cite book |last= |first= |date=2004 |title=Merecemos una España mejor. Programa Electoral Elecciones Generales 2004 |trans-title=|url=http://www.psoe.es/source-media/000000550500/000000550997.pdf |language=Spanish |location= |page=32 |publisher=Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) |isbn= |accessdate=11 February 2014}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=Spanish lawmakers approve bill to let transsexuals change gender without surgery |publisher=Advocate.com|date=2006-11-09 |url=http://www.advocate.com/article.aspx?id=35289|accessdate=2007-01-25}} 34. ^{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Al|title=Spain moves closer on gay marriage|publisher=CNN|date=2004-10-01|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/10/01/spain.gays/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508041509/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/10/01/spain.gays/index.html|archivedate=2008-05-08|accessdate=2007-01-25}} 35. ^{{cite web|last=Thornberry|first=Malcolm|title=Same-Sex Marriage Passes First Big Hurdle In Spain|publisher=365GAY.com Inc.|date=2005-04-21|url=http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/04/042105spain.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604151244/http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/04/042105spain.htm|archivedate=2008-06-04|accessdate=2006-12-20}} 36. ^{{cite news|title=Spain paves way for gay marriage|publisher=BBC News|date=2005-04-21|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4469653.stm|accessdate=}} 37. ^{{cite web|title=Spain Senate rejects same-sex marriage bill |publisher=Planetout Inc. |date=2005-06-23 |url=http://www.gay.com/news/election/article.html?2005/06/23/2 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070921180311/http://www.gay.com/news/election/article.html?2005/06/23/2 |archivedate=2007-09-21 |accessdate=2006-12-20 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 38. ^{{cite web|last=Woolis|first=Daniel|title=Spain's Gay Marriage Law Goes Into Effect|publisher=365GAY.com|date=2005-06-02|url=http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/07/070205spain.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050706033344/http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/07/070205spain.htm|archivedate=2005-07-06 |accessdate=2006-12-20}} 39. ^{{cite web |title=First gay couple marries in Spain|last=Goodman |first=Al |publisher=CNN |date=2005-07-11|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/07/11/spain.gay/ |accessdate=2007-01-30}} 40. ^{{cite web|title=La primera boda entre dos mujeres se celebra en Cataluña|publisher=CADENASER.COM |date=2005-06-22|url=http://www.cadenaser.com/articulo/sociedad/primera/boda/mujeres/celebra/Cataluna/csrcsrpor/20050722csrcsrsoc_2/Tes/ |accessdate=2006-12-20|language=es}} 41. ^{{cite web |title=El Gobierno revisará la discriminación de las lesbianas con bebés 'in vitro' |last=De Cózar |first=Álvaro |work=El País |date=2006-10-18|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Gobierno/revisara/discriminacion/lesbianas/bebes/in/vitro/elpporsoc/20061018elpepisoc_7/Tes |accessdate=2007-01-25|language=es}} 42. ^{{cite web |title=Lesbianas podrán ser madres de los hijos "in vitro" de sus parejas|publisher=Terra |date=2006-11-07|url=http://terranoticias.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/lesbianas_podran_madres_hijos_in_1194087.htm |accessdate=2007-08-20|language=es}} 43. ^{{cite web|language=Spanish|title=El Consejo de Ministros aprobará el matrimonio homosexual|publisher=Agencia Pulsar|date=2004-12-29|url=http://www.agenciapulsar.org/nota.php?id=3469|accessdate=2007-01-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914002837/http://www.agenciapulsar.org/nota.php?id=3469|archivedate=2007-09-14|df=}} 44. ^{{cite news |title=El CGPJ pide que se paralice la reforma que permitirá los matrimonios entre homosexuales |pages= |publisher=El Mundo|date=2005-01-15|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/01/15/espana/1105797044.html |accessdate=2007-01-26|language=es}} 45. ^{{cite news |title=El Congreso aprueba el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo |pages= |publisher=El Mundo|date=2005-04-22|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/04/21/espana/1114087944.html |accessdate=2007-01-26|language=es}} 46. ^{{cite news |title=El Congreso aprueba la ley que permite casarse a los homosexuales|pages= |publisher=20 minutos|date=2005-04-22|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/18537/0/congreso/ley/homosexual/ |accessdate=2007-01-29|language=es}} 47. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.congreso.es/votoplenoh/L8/20050421055.pdf|title=CONGRESO DE LOS DIPUTADOS (DICTAMEN DE COMISIÓN) – PROYECTO DE LEY por la que se modifica el Código Civil en materia de derecho a contraer matrimonio (Dictamen con la incorporación del las correcciones técnicas).|language=Spanish|date=21 April 2005|accessdate=17 January 2017}} 48. ^{{cite web|title=Psicólogos y juristas avalan adopción y correcto desarrollo del niño|publisher=Web de Hogar|date=2005-06-20|url=http://www.webdehogar.com/noticias/0506/20154220.htm|accessdate=2007-01-25|language=es|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111170414/http://www.webdehogar.com/noticias/0506/20154220.htm|archivedate=2006-11-11|df=}} 49. ^{{cite news |title=Dirigentes del PP discrepan del experto citado por su partido que tachó de enfermos a los gays |pages= |publisher=El Mundo|date=2005-06-21|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/06/21/espana/1119349159.html |accessdate=2007-01-08|language=es}} 50. ^{{cite web|title=Spanish Senate vetoes gay marriage law |publisher=Catholic News Agency|date=2005-06-23 |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=4213|accessdate=2007-01-08}} 51. ^1 {{cite news |title=Spain Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage|last=Green|first=Jennifer|publisher=The Washington Post|date=2005-07-01|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/30/AR2005063000245.html |accessdate=2007-01-30}} 52. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.congreso.es/votoplenoh/L8/20050630001.pdf|title=CONGRESO DE LOS DIPUTADOS (VOTACIÓN EN RELACIÓN CON EL VETO DEL SENADO) – PROYECTO DE LEY por la que se modifica el Código Civil en materia de derecho a contraer matrimonio.|language=Spanish|date=30 June 2005|accessdate=18 January 2017}} 53. ^{{cite news |title=Don Juan Carlos, sobre el matrimonio gay: 'Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica' |pages= |publisher=El Mundo|date=2006-05-13|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/05/12/espana/1115917538.html |accessdate=2007-01-08|language=es}} 54. ^{{cite web|title=Disposiciones Generales |publisher=Boletin Oficial del Estado|date=2005-06-02 |url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2005/07/02/pdfs/A23632-23634.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-01-08|language=es}} 55. ^1 {{cite news|title=Vatican condemns Spain gay bill|publisher=BBC News |date=2005-04-22|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4473001.stm|accessdate=2007-01-08}} 56. ^{{cite news |last=McLean|first=Renwick |title=Spain Legalizes Gay Marriage; Law Is Among the Most Liberal |pages= |work=The New York Times|date=2005-06-01|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/01/international/europe/01spain.html?ex=1277870400&en=ee2765acf7bebdbb&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |accessdate=2007-01-26}} 57. ^{{cite news |last=Tremlett|first=Giles |title=Bishops to lead gay law protest|pages= |publisher=The Guardian|date=2005-06-17|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/17/gayrights.religion |accessdate=2007-01-26}} 58. ^{{cite news |title=Spain approves gay marriage bill |publisher=BBC|date=2004-10-01|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3706414.stm |accessdate=2007-01-30}} 59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spain4weddings.com|title=Organize marriage in Spain|last=|first= |publisher=SpainWeddings Editor|work (or website)=}} 60. ^{{cite web|title=Freedom and Equality |publisher=Partners Task Force|date=2005-06-30|url=http://www.buddybuddy.com/zapat-01.html|accessdate=2007-01-12}} 61. ^{{cite news |last=Arroyo |first=Marta |title=Una multitud pide que se retire la ley del Matrimonio Homosexual |pages= |publisher=El Mundo|date=2006-06-20 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/06/18/espana/1119111135.html |accessdate=2007-01-27|language=es}} 62. ^{{cite web|title=La marcha del Orgullo Gay celebra la Ley del Matrimonio Homosexual|publisher=Telefónica de España, S.A.U.|date=2005-02-07|url=http://terranoticias.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/orgullo_gay_marcha_celebra_ley_382594.htm |accessdate=2006-12-22|language=es}} 63. ^{{cite web|title=Multitudinaria marcha del Orgullo Gay festeja Matrimonio Homosexual|publisher=Terra|date=2005-02-07|url=http://terranoticias.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/multitudinaria_marcha_orgullo_gay_festeja_383264.htm |accessdate=2006-12-27|language=es}} 64. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ciimu.org/webs/wellchi/working_papers/wp6_roca.pdf |title=Homosexual Families: Adoption and Foster Care |publisher=Institute of Childhood and Urban World |date=6 November 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914125130/http://www.ciimu.org/webs/wellchi/working_papers/wp6_roca.pdf |archivedate=14 September 2011 |df= }} 65. ^CATALONIA OKs GAY ADOPTION 66. ^{{cite news |last=Lantigua |first=Isabel F |title=Los psicólogos niegan que la homosexualidad sea una enfermedad |pages= |publisher=El Mundo|date=2005-06-21|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundosalud/2005/06/21/neuropsiquiatria/1119356356.html |accessdate=2007-01-08|language=es}} 67. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Burnett|first=Victoria|title=Queen Sofia Unamused by a Book Quoting Her|publisher=nytimes.com|date=2008-11-27|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/world/europe/18sofia.html|accessdate=2009-11-16}} 68. ^{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Queen of Spain's Gay Marriage Comment Ignites Controversy|publisher=FoxNews.com|date=2008-10-31|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,445744,00.html|access-date=2009-11-13|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/64wmcoiS7?url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,445744,00.html|archive-date=2012-01-25|dead-url=yes|df=}} 69. ^1 {{cite web|last=|first=|title=Queen's outburst sparks debate about the monarchy in Spain|publisher=efluxmedia.com|date=2008-11-03|url=http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_Queens_outburst_sparks_debate_about_monarchy_in_Spain_28050.html}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 70. ^{{cite web|last=NewsEditor|first=|title=Spain's queen criticized for anti-gay comments|publisher=lgbtqnews.com|date=2008-11-01|url=http://lgbtqnews.com/gaynews/spain-s-queen-criticized-for-anti-gay-comments.aspx|accessdate=2009-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421213706/http://lgbtqnews.com/gaynews/spain-s-queen-criticized-for-anti-gay-comments.aspx|archive-date=2012-04-21|dead-url=yes|df=}} 71. ^{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Spanish Queen alone in anti-gay comments|publisher=.expatica.com Dutch News|date=2008-10-31|url=http://www.expatica.com/nl/news/dutch-news/Spanish-Queen-alone-in-anti_gay-comments_47057.html|accessdate=2009-11-16|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/64wmdS4RB?url=http://www.expatica.com/nl/news/dutch-news/Spanish-Queen-alone-in-anti_gay-comments_47057.html|archive-date=2012-01-25|dead-url=yes|df=}} 72. ^{{cite web|last=Rhodes|first=Matt|title=Spain: Gay Anger Over Spanish Queen Book|publisher=sky.com|date=2008-08-31|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Spains-Queen-Sofia-Pilar-Urbanos-New-Book-Causes-Controversy-Due-To-Comments-About-Gay-Marriage/Article/200810415136871?lpos=World_News_Second_World_News_Article_Teaser_Region_1&lid=ARTICLE_15136871_Spains_Queen_Sofia%3A_Pilar_Urbanos_New_Book_Causes_Controversy_Due_To_Comments_About_Gay_Marriage|accessdate=2009-11-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64wmemjJk?url=http://news.sky.com/home/world-news/article/15136871|archivedate=2012-01-25|df=}} 73. ^{{cite web|last=Morris and Larraz|first=Sarah and Theresa|title=Queen draws ire over gay marriage comment|publisher=reuters.com|date=2008-10-31|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSTRE49U6JH20081031|accessdate=2009-11-16}} 74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.es/espana/abci-psoe-plantea-reforma-constitucional-consagre-laicidad-estado-y-matrimonio-homosexual-201712051837_noticia.html |title=El PSOE plantea que la reforma constitucional consagre la laicidad de Estado y el matrimonio homosexual |publisher=ABC Spain |date=5 December 2017}} 75. ^periodistadigital: Los anglicanos se solidarizan con la Iglesia Evangélica Española 76. ^{{cite web|title=Spanish Magistrate Refuses to Perform Another Gay Marriage|publisher=Lifesite|date=2006-03-23|url=http://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2006/mar/06032302.html|accessdate=2007-01-25}} 77. ^{{cite web|last=Thornberry|first=Malcolm|title=New Threat To Spain's Gay Marriage Law|publisher=365GAY.com|date=2005-08-13|url=http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/08/081305spain.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209203320/http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/08/081305spain.htm|archivedate=2007-12-09|accessdate=2006-12-22}} 78. ^{{cite web|title=Spain's High Court Upholds Gay Marriage Law|publisher=365GAY.com|date=2005-12-15|url=http://www.365gay.com/Newscon05/12/121505spain.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218044105/http://365gay.com/Newscon05/12/121505spain.htm|archivedate=2005-12-18|accessdate=2006-12-22}} 79. ^{{cite news |last=Remirez DeGanuza |first=Carmen |title=Aguirre critica el recurso contra el matrimonio gay y Rajoy la desautoriza|pages= |publisher=El Mundo|date=2005-09-22|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2005/09/22/espana/1864317.html |accessdate=2007-01-08|language=es}} 80. ^{{cite news |last=García Pedraz |first=Javier |title=22.442 matrimonios homosexuales, pendientes hoy del Constitucional|pages= |publisher=El País|date=2012-11-06|url=http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2012/07/13/actualidad/1342215460_536337.html |accessdate=2012-11-06|language=es}} 81. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2012/11/06/espana/1352221574.html|title=Sí al matrimonio homosexual|publisher=El Mundo|date=2012-11-06|accessdate=2012-11-06|first=María|last=Peral|language=es}} 82. ^{{cite news |last=De Benito |first=Emilio |title=El Congreso rechaza la iniciativa para prohibir el matrimonio homosexual|pages= |publisher=El País|date=2007-02-28|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Congreso/rechaza/iniciativa/prohibir/matrimonio/homosexual/elpepusoc/20070228elpepisoc_5/Tes|accessdate=2007-02-28|language=es}} 83. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/305/euros/multa/querer/oficiar/bodas/homosexuales/elpepusoc/20070530elpepusoc_4/Tes|publisher=El País|title=305 euros de multa por no querer oficiar bodas homosexuales|date=2007-05-30|accessdate=2007-05-30|language=es}} 84. ^{{cite web |last=Woolls|first=Daniel|title=Spain's Gay Marriage Law Hits Snag Over Foreigners |publisher=365Gay.com|date=2005-06-06|url=http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/07/0706705spain.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023170518/http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/07/0706705spain.htm|archivedate=2005-10-23|accessdate=2006-12-20}} 85. ^{{cite web|last=Drago|first=Tito|title=ESPAÑA:Matrimonio gay se internacionaliza|publisher=I.P.S|year=2005|url=http://www.ipsnoticias.net/print.asp?idnews=34585|accessdate=2007-01-25|language=es|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120525225607/http://www.ipsnoticias.net/print.asp?idnews=34585|archivedate=2012-05-25|df=}} 86. ^{{cite web|title=Fiscalía acuerda apoyar los matrimonios gays entre españoles y extranjeros |publisher=naciongay |url=http://www.naciongay.com/noticias/gaynews/20050727113010.asp |accessdate=2006-12-20|language=es}} 87. ^{{cite web|title=Sobre la tramitación del matrimonio / BOE con la circular del Ministerio de Justicia |publisher=FELGT |date= |url=http://www.felgt.org/Webportal/DesktopDefault.aspx??Alias=Rainbow&TabID=50&Lang=es&ItemID=2623&mid=48&smid=68 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102042018/http://www.felgt.org/Webportal/DesktopDefault.aspx?%3FAlias=Rainbow&TabID=50&Lang=es&ItemID=2623&mid=48&smid=68 |archivedate=2007-11-02 |accessdate=2007-01-25 |language=es |deadurl=yes |df= }} 88. ^{{cite news |last=Peral |first=María |title=La Fiscalía apoya el matrimonio homosexual con extranjeros aunque sus países lo prohíban|pages= |publisher=El Mundo|date=2005-07-27|url=http://www.elmundo.es/2005/07/27/espana/1838418.html |accessdate=2007-01-25|language=es}} 89. ^{{cite web |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población|publisher=INE|year=2006|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/np418.pdf|accessdate=2009-06-04|language=es}} 90. ^{{cite web |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población|publisher=INE|year=2007|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/np460.pdf|accessdate=2009-06-04|language=es}} 91. ^{{cite web |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población|publisher=INE|year=2008|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/np507.pdf|accessdate=2009-06-04|language=es}} 92. ^{{cite web |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población|publisher=INE|year=2009|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/np552.pdf|accessdate=2009-06-04|language=es}} 93. ^{{cite web |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población|publisher=INE|year=2010|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/np600.pdf|accessdate=2010-06-22|language=es}} 94. ^{{cite web |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población|publisher=INE|year=2011|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/e301/provi/l0/&file=03007.px&type=pcaxis&L=1|accessdate=2011-09-05|language=es}} 95. ^{{cite web |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población|publisher=INE|year=2012|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/e301/provi/l0/&file=03007.px&type=pcaxis&L=1|accessdate=2012-06-29|language=es}} 96. ^{{cite web |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población|publisher=INE|year=2013|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/np784.pdf|accessdate=2013-06-18|language=es}} 97. ^{{es icon}} Matrimonios. Año 2013 98. ^{{es icon}} Matrimonios. Año 2014 99. ^1 {{es icon}} Matrimonios. Año 2015 100. ^Matrimonios. Año 2016 101. ^{{cite web |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población|publisher=INE|year=2013|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe301&file=inebase&L=|accessdate=2013-06-18|language=es}} 102. ^{{cite web|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/02/inenglish/1435826279_516568.html?rel=mas|title=A decade after legalization, same-sex weddings make up less than 2% of total|work=El Pais|date=2 July 2015}} 103. ^{{cite web|url=https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2018/02/06/articulo/1517919269_445194.html|title=La historia de amor de Elisa y Marcela, que se casaron en 1901 por la iglesia|last1=Rubio Hancock|first1=Jaime|accessdate=2 March 2018}} 104. ^{{cite web|last=|first=|title=El concejal socialista Zerolo se casa con su novio por todo lo alto |publisher=20minutos.es|date=2005-01-10|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/52520/0/|accessdate=2009-12-12|language=es}} 105. ^{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Jesús Vázquez se casa con su novio Roberto |work=El Mundo|date=2005-03-11|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/11/03/sociedad/1131029984.html|accessdate=2009-12-12|language=es}} 106. ^{{cite web|last=Motero|first=Rosa|title=Fernando Grande-Marlaska: En el ojo del huracán|work=El País|date=2006-06-11|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/portada/ojo/huracan/elpeputec/20060611elpepspor_8/Tes|accessdate=2009-12-12|language=es}} 107. ^{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Un concejal del PP de Ourense protagoniza la primera boda gay de un cargo de su partido|publisher=20minutos|date=2006-08-04|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/108016/0/boda/homosexual/gay/|accessdate=2009-12-12|language=es}} 108. ^{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Dos militares homosexuales se casan hoy en la primera boda gay del Ejército español|publisher=20minutos|date=2006-09-15|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/152820/0/boda/militares/homosexuales/|accessdate=2009-12-12|language=es}} 109. ^{{cite news|last=Nash|first=Elizabeth|title=Red Duchess a rebel to the last as she snubs family and leaves all to wife|work=The Independent|date=2008-02-05|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/red-duchess-a-rebel-to-the-last-as-she-snubs-family-and-leaves-all-to-wife-819727.html|accessdate=2009-12-12}} 110. ^{{cite web|last=Keeley|first=Graham|title=Red Duchess wed lesbian lover to snub children|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=2008-03-16|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/16/wduchess116.xml |accessdate=2009-12-12}} 111. ^{{cite web|last=Algorri|first=Luis|title=Liliana, el poder de la nueva duquesa|publisher=Tiempo|date=2008-03-28|url=http://www.tiempodehoy.com/default.asp?idpublicacio_PK=50&idioma=CAS&idnoticia_PK=49493&idseccio_PK=683&h=080328|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121209021350/http://www.tiempodehoy.com/default.asp?idpublicacio_PK=50&idioma=CAS&idnoticia_PK=49493&idseccio_PK=683&h=080328|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2012-12-09|accessdate=2009-12-12|language=es}} 112. ^Maroto, el alcalde de Vitoria, se casa con su novio, El Diario Montañés, 3 June 2015. 113. ^Mariano Rajoy sí irá a la boda de Javier Maroto y su novio 'Josema', El Mundo, 15 September 2015. 114. ^Maroto: «El PP dice hoy aquí que el derecho al matrimonio es para todos», El Diario Vasco, 18 September 2015. 115. ^A same-sex wedding sparks a political furor in Spain, CNN By Tim Lister and Helena de Moura, 17 September 2015. 116. ^1 {{cite web|last=Giles |first=Ciaran |title=Spain: Gay marriage bill clears hurdle |publisher=Planetout.com |date=2005-04-21 |url=http://www.planetout.com/news/article.html?2005/04/21/5 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227125726/http://www.planetout.com/news/article.html?2005%2F04%2F21%2F5 |archivedate=2007-12-27 |accessdate=2006-12-22 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 117. ^{{cite web|title=Same-Sex Marriage Legislation OK in Spain|publisher=Angus Reid Global Monitor|date=2005-07-02|url=http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/7887|accessdate=2006-12-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227092736/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/7887|archivedate=2007-12-27|df=}} 118. ^{{cite web|title=Spaniards Back Government on Same-Sex Marriage|publisher=Angus Reid Global Monitor|date=2006-04-20|url=http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/11617|accessdate=2006-12-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227092418/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/11617|archivedate=2007-12-27|df=}} 119. ^{{es icon}} Un 44% de los españoles acepta la adopción por parejas del mismo sexo frente a un 42% que se opone 120. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsos-na.com/download/pr.aspx?id=12795 |title=Same-Sex Marriage |date=7–21 May 2013 |publisher=Ipsos |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314051755/http://www.ipsos-na.com/download/pr.aspx?id=12795 |archivedate=14 March 2016 |df= }} 121. ^{{fr icon}} Enquête sur la droitisation des opinions publiques européennes {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201082402/http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/2255-1-study_file.pdf |date=2016-02-01 }} 122. ^Special Eurobarometer 437 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122075042/http://www.equineteurope.org/IMG/pdf/ebs_437_en.pdf |date=2016-01-22 }} 123. ^Religion and society, Pew Research Center, 29 May 2018 124. ^Being Christian in Western Europe, Pew Research Center, 29 May 2018 125. ^Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues, Pew Research Center, 2017 External links{{commons category}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|Same-sex_marriage_in_Spain.ogg|2008-05-17}}
5 : 2005 in Spain|LGBT history in Spain|LGBT rights in Spain|Same-sex marriage by country|2005 in LGBT history |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。