| 词条 | San Andres National Wildlife Refuge |
| 释义 |
| name = San Andres National Wildlife Refuge | iucn_category = IV |photo = San Andres Mountains east Las Cruces.jpg | map = USA | relief = 1 | map_caption = | location = Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States | nearest_city = Las Cruces, NM | coordinates = {{coord|32|41|29|N|106|32|28|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|57215|acre|km2}} | established = {{start date|1941}} | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service | website = [https://www.fws.gov/refuge/san_andres/ San Andres National Wildlife Refuge] }} The San Andres National Wildlife Refuge is located in the southern San Andres Mountains of southcentral New Mexico, USA. The refuge, which lies within the northernmost extension of the Chihuahuan Desert, has elevations ranging from {{convert|4,200|ft|m}} to {{convert|8,239|ft|m}} feet. Refuge habitats vary from creosote and Chihuahuan desert grasslands in the bajadas to pinyon-juniper woodlands at higher elevations. A few springs, seeps, and seasonal streams provide water for wildlife and riparian habitats in the refuge. San Andres NWR is completely surrounded by the White Sands Missile Range and is closed to the public for security reasons. DescriptionThe San Andres National Wildlife Refuge preserves the largest intact Chihuahuan desert mountain range in the U.S. The refuge runs 21 miles north to south at the southern end of the San Andres Mountains. San Andres Peak is the highest point at {{convert|8,239|ft|m}}. Bennett and Big Brushy Mountains rise to more than {{convert|7,000|ft|m}}. The range is a fault-block tilted to the west. The eastern slopes of the San Andres rise sharply from the Tularosa Basin now largely part of the White Sands military base. The western slopes are more gradual, merging into the Jornada del Muerto.[1] The refuge is in the Upper Sonoran life zone characterized by semi-desert vegetation and grassland. One hundred and seventy two species of birds, including 5 species of hummingbirds, have been seen on the refuge. Large mammals include mule deer, mountain lion, desert bighorn sheep, black bear, and the introduced oryx.[2] On rare occasions, javelina have been seen.[3] The average precipitation on the refuge is {{convert|13|in|mm}} annually, although it is highly variable ranging from about 7 to 25 inches per year. Multi-year droughts are frequent. Most precipitation comes in the summer. At least 10 springs and spring complexes on the refuge provide water for wildlife and create riparian zones with cottonwood, willow, and ash trees. Some of the springs have sufficient flow to create live streams that run for several hundred yards before becoming dry washes with water only after major rainstorms. The springs are located at elevations of {{convert|4,900|ft|m}} to {{convert|6,000|ft|m}} in elevation.[4] Desert bighorn sheep and oryxThe San Andres National Wildlife Refuge was created to preserve the desert bighorn sheep which was becoming rare in much of its range. At the time of the creation of the refuge, in 1941, the population of desert bighorn sheep was 33. With protection, this number increased to 140 in 1950 before declining to 70 after a severe drought. Grazing on the refuge was ended in 1952 and the numbers of the herd increased to about 200 in the 1970s. Disease then struck the herd and only one lone female remained alive in 1997. Beginning in 1999, desert bighorns were re-introduced into San Andres from other areas and their numbers slowly increased to about 100 in 2012. San Andres NWR is the largest area of protected land for desert bighorns in New Mexico.[5] The oryx, a large desert antelope from Africa and the Arabian peninsula, was introduced into White Sands Missile Range in 1969. Their numbers quickly grew to about 4,000 and their range expanded into San Andres National Wildlife Refuge. By 1997, at least 50 oryx inhabited the refuge. Oryx successfully competed for scarce resources with bighorn sheep and mule deer because they need little or no water to survive, getting their moisture from the plants they eat. Except for calves, the oryx is too large to be preyed on by mountain lions and other carnivores. To reduce the number of oryx on the San Andres NWR and White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico state with the cooperation of the Fish and Wildlife Service issues permits to hunt oryx.[5] References1. ^Kottlowski, F. E. (1955). Geology of San Andres Mountains. In: South-Central New Mexico, Fitzsimmons, J. P.; (ed.), New Mexico Geological Society 6th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 193 p. {{Include-USGov|agency=United States Fish and Wildlife Service}}2. ^[https://www.fws.gov/refuge/san_andres/ San Andres National Wildlife Refuge.] United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Accessed 25 August 2013. 3. ^Spatial Depiction of Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana), Oryx (Oryx gazella), Javelina (Tayassu tajacu), and Fire Occurrence in and adjacent to San Andres National Wildlife Refuge, NM. New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, New Mexico State University. 28 April 2000. 4. ^Rawling, G. C. [https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/openfile/downloads/400-499/495/ofr-495.pdf Geology and hydrologic setting of springs and seeps on The Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge.] New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources. October 2005. 5. ^1 [https://www.fws.gov/southwest/refuges/newmex/sanandres/PDF/SA%20NWR%20Brochure%202009%20web.pdf San Andres National Wildlife Refuge.] Brochure. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. External links
3 : Protected areas of Doña Ana County, New Mexico|National Wildlife Refuges in New Mexico|Protected areas established in 1941 |
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