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词条 Sand Patch Grade
释义

  1. See also

  2. References

Sand Patch Grade is an approximately {{Convert|100|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} section of railroad track known for its steep grades and curves through the Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania and Maryland.[1] The line was originally built by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O), which became a component of the Chessie System in 1972, then was merged into CSX in 1987. The line is now part of the Keystone Subdivision, an East-West main line operated by CSX Transportation. Dropping over {{Convert|1,000|ft}} in about {{Convert|20|mi}} and with grades as much as 2%,[2] Sand Patch Grade is one of the steepest railroad grades on the East Coast.[3]

A well-known landmark along Sand Patch Grade is the Sand Patch Tunnel. The original {{Convert|4,777|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} tunnel was constructed between 1854 and 1871.[4] At the time, this project was one of the longest tunnels in the United States.[5] It was designed for two tracks but, due to difficult terrain and inconsistent geology, the plan was revised to one track.[4] Work on the tunnel was beset with problems – embezzlement, contractor bankruptcy, the Civil War, and political battles – so that the tunnel was only worked on for 8 of the 17 years it was technically under construction.[4][6] Ventilation in the tunnel was a problem; four vertical shafts had been bored during construction, and three were finished to provide air circulation.[4] By 1900, sky-rocketing traffic on the line necessitated a tunnel with higher capacity.[4][7] Begun in 1911 and opened in 1913, the nearby new Sand Patch Tunnel is {{Convert|4,475|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} long, with two tracks, a shallower grade, and an improved alignment.[8] It has two concrete-lined vertical ventilation shafts to supply air.[9] The original one-track tunnel was retained for a time after a two-track tunnel was completed,[7] temporarily providing three tracks at that point on the line.[9] The old tunnel was abandoned in 1917 and is now flooded and collapsed in places.[10] In 2001, the 'SA' Tower was decommissioned and demolished.

Mance, Pennsylvania, along the Sand Patch Grade is a popular spot for railfans and photographers due to the horseshoe curve located there, as well as the scenic backdrop provided by the old general store and tree farm. The line is also popular as a place to watch the trains labor up the steep grade.[2]

Passengers can ride over Sand Patch Grade on Amtrak's Chicago-Washington train, the Capitol Limited.

See also

  • List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ihavideo.com/HIedscorn1.html |title=Welcome to The Sand Patch Guide at HIGH IRON Online |publisher=Ihavideo.com |date=2001-09-11 |accessdate=2016-04-02}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.trainzproroutes.org/sandpatch.html |title=Sandpatch |publisher=Trainz Pro Routes |date= |accessdate=2016-04-02}}
3. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.meyersdalepa.org/railroad/sandpatch.html | title = Sand Patch | 3 = | first = Sally | last = Jones | date = 2010 | work = Meyersdale, PA | publisher = Meyersdale Area Historical Society | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://archive.is/20120909232159/http://www.meyersdalepa.org/railroad/sandpatch.html | archivedate = 2012-09-09 | df = }}
4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book | title = Sand Patch: Cumberland to Connellsville and Branches 1837-1993 | first = Charles S. | last = Roberts | author-link = Charles S. Roberts | edition = Second | year = 2005 | publisher = Barnard, Roberts and Co., Inc. | location = Baltimore, Maryland | isbn = 0-934118-20-5 | page = 70}}
5. ^{{HAER |survey=PA-375 |id=pa3235 |title=Sand Patch Tunnel}}
6. ^Roberts 2005, pp 20-21.
7. ^1 {{citation |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa3200/pa3235/data/pa3235data.pdf | format = PDF | |title=Sand Patch Tunnel, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, HAER No. PA-375 |last=Brown |first=Scott C. |date=1992 |website=Historic American Engineering Record |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=January 29, 2014}}
8. ^Roberts 2005, pp 71-72.
9. ^1 {{cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2UItAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA369 | title = Work on the Sand Patch Tunnel, B & O | pages = 369-373 | journal = The Excavating Engineer | date = October 1912 | volume = 9 | number = 1 | publisher = The Excavating Engineer Publishing Company | location = Milwaukee, Wisconsin | access-date = 15 October 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.steamphotos.com/Railroad-Photos/Abandoned-Railroad-Tunnels/Original-Sand-Patch-Tunnel/ | title = Sand Patch Tunnel (1871-1917) | first = Christopher | last = Muller | work = Abandoned Railroad Tunnels |publisher=SteamPhotos.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-02}}

5 : CSX Transportation lines|Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania|Rail infrastructure in Maryland|Rail infrastructure in Pennsylvania|Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines
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