| 词条 | San Francisco newspaper strike of 1994 |
| 释义 |
| title = San Francisco newspaper strike of 1994 | partof = | image =Conference of Newspaper Unions member on strike November 3, 1994 stands next to a San Francisco police officer.jpg | caption = | date = November 1--12, 1994 | place = San Francisco | coordinates = | causes = | goals = | methods = | status = | result = | side1 = Employees of San Francisco Chronicle and The San Francisco Examiner | side2 = Management | side3 = | leadfigures1 = | leadfigures2 = | leadfigures3 = | howmany1 = | howmany2 = | howmany3 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = | fatalities = | injuries = | arrests = | detentions = | charged = | fined = | casualties_label = | notes = }} The San Francisco newspaper strike of 1994 was a labor dispute called by the Newspaper Guild in November 1994. Employees of San Francisco's two major daily newspapers, the San Francisco Chronicle and The San Francisco Examiner walked off the job for eleven days. Leadup to the strikeSan Francisco's two major daily newspapers were longtime rivals that had been working under a joint operating agreement since 1965.[1] Employees had been working without a contract for the past year. Wages were one major issue leading to the strike: while the unions demanded a 3.5 percent annual raise, management offered only a 2.46 percent annual raise over four years. Another point of contention was management's plan to cut the jobs of more than 150 teamster drivers over several years.[2] The strikeStarting on November 1, 1994, some 2,600 reporters, editors, drivers, press operators and paper handlers of the San Francisco Chronicle and The San Francisco Examiner walked off the job. The strike turned violent. Bricks were thrown through paper carriers' windshields as they drove from the newspaper distribution center, and one non-union driver was hit on the head with a lead pipe, suffering a fractured skull. One teamster driver was killed by electricity when scaling a power pole.[3] Two online newspapersAt the beginning of the strike, The Examiner's Head of Development Chris Gulker re-launched his pilot web project called the Electric Examiner[4] as The Gate,[5] thus creating the official online version of San Francisco's two big newspapers. This news service remained "heavily dependent on wire-service stories"[6] for lack of contributing journalists and editors. The striking journalists set up their own online newspaper, the San Francisco Free Press,[7] and competed with The Gate as "the soul of the Examiner and the Chronicle."[8] Led by the Examiner's Associate Editor Bruce Koon and former SF Weekly editor Marcelo Rodriguez,[9] they received assistance from Cynsa Bonorris, who coded the html, and Dave Winer, who pitched in helping automate the production process.[10] The team operated from a makeshift newsroom using their own hardware and a local ISP for rented server space.[11] The Free Press scored a scoop during its first week, reporting that Senator Dianne Feinstein had been wrongly accused of hiring an undocumented worker in the early 1980s.[12] During the strike both online newspapers were claiming a total of more than 100,000 readers a day, which was a fraction of the actual newspapers' estimated circulation of 600,000, but far beyond the 10,000 or so people in the Bay Area who had access to them.[12] Negotiations and settlementOn November 12, 1994, after eight straight days of negotiations mediated by San Francisco Mayor Frank Jordan, the newspaper strike came to an end as management and a conference of eight unions announced a tentative agreement.[13] ImpactThe two competing electronic newspapers published during the strike have been hailed as "a milestone for online news,"[11] especially since the "speed and relative ease with which both groups published electronic newspapers was a clear demonstration of the power of computers and digital networks for distributing information to a potential audience of millions of computer users worldwide."[5] The strike "put the Web on the radar screens of news organizations"[11] and triggered an "exodus"[14] of Examiner staff to the web. Among them was David Talbot, who founded Salon.com after the Guild's online newspaper convinced him of the "potential of the new medium."[15] {{Portal|Organized labour|San Francisco Bay Area}}References1. ^{{Cite web| last = Farhi| first = Paul| title = The Death of the JOA| work = American Journalism Review| accessdate = 2009-09-08| date = September 1999| url = http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=317}} 2. ^{{Cite news| last = Margolick| first = David| title = Strike Prevents Delivery of San Francisco Daily Newspapers| work = New York Times| accessdate = 2011-02-04| date = 1994-11-02| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/03/us/strike-prevents-delivery-of-san-francisco-daily-newspapers.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm}} 3. ^{{Cite journal| issn = 0013-094X| volume = 127| issue = 46| page = 16| last = Stein| first = M L| title = Plagued with violence| journal = Editor & Publisher| date = November 12, 1994}} 4. ^{{Cite web| last = Gulker| first = Chris| title = News Wires| work = Electric Examiner| accessdate = 2009-09-08| date = 1994-08-31| url = http://www.sfgate.com/examiner/newswires.html}} 5. ^1 {{Cite news| last = Lewis| first = Peter H.| title = A Newspaper Labor Dispute Spawns an On-Line Rivalry| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2009-09-08| date = 1994-11-09| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/09/business/the-media-business-a-newspaper-labor-dispute-spawns-an-on-line-rivalry.html?pagewanted=all}} 6. ^{{Cite news| pages = 106| last = King| first = Patricia| title = On Strike But Online, Too| work = Newsweek| date = 1994-11-21}} 7. ^{{Cite web| title = San Francisco Free Press| work = The Well| accessdate = 2009-09-08| date = November 1994| url = http://www.well.com/conf/media/SF_Free_Press/}} 8. ^{{Cite web| last = Morse| first = Rob| title = Winning the good fight| work = The San Francisco Free Press| accessdate = 2009-09-08| date = 1999-11-13| url = http://www.well.com/conf/media/SF_Free_Press/nov14/morse.html}} 9. ^{{Cite web| title = SF Free Press staffbox| work = The Well| accessdate = 2009-09-08| date = November 1994| url = http://www.well.com/conf/media/SF_Free_Press/credits.html}} 10. ^{{Cite book| edition = eBook| publisher = Crown| isbn = 978-0-307-45138-5| page = 50| last = Rosenberg| first = Scott| title = Say Everything: How Blogging Began, What It's Becoming, and Why It Matters| chapter = The unedited voice of a person: Dave Winer| location = New York| date = 2009-06-16}} 11. ^1 2 {{Cite news| last = Bialik| first = Carl| title = Freeing the Press: A newspaper labor action in 1994 led to an 11-day online-news experiment [paywalled article]| work = The Wall Street Journal Online| accessdate = 2010-08-13| date = 2004-05-12| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108126594239375521}} 12. ^1 {{Cite news| edition = New York| pages = 2| last = Lewis| first = Peter H.| title = Nov. 6-12: The News, Virtually| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2011-02-02| date = 1994-11-13| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/13/weekinreview/nov-6-12-the-news-virtually.html}} 13. ^{{Cite news| title = Agreement in San Francisco Newspaper Strike| work = New York Times| accessdate = 2011-02-03| date = 1994-11-12| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/13/us/agreement-in-san-francisco-newspaper-strike.html?pagewanted=print}} 14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Pogash |first=Carol |title=Cyberspace Journalism |journal=American Journalism Review |accessdate=2011-07-08 |date=1996-06-01 |url=http://www.enews.com/magazines/ajr/archive/960601-001.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19961228232313/http://www.enews.com/magazines/ajr/archive/960601-001.html |archivedate=December 28, 1996 }} 15. ^{{Cite web |last=Herhold |first=Scott |title=Net magazine Salon epitomizes fate of mind over matter |work=San Jose Mercury News |accessdate=2011-07-07 |date=1997-12-28 |url=//www5.mercurycenter.com/business/center/salon122997.htm# |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990221024841/http://www5.mercurycenter.com/business/center/salon122997.htm |archivedate=February 21, 1999 |df= }} External links
7 : 1994 labor disputes and strikes|Labor disputes in California|Labor disputes in the United States|Protests in the United States|Events in California|Newspaper strikes|1994 in San Francisco |
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