“Massage parlor”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A massage parlor (American English), or massage parlour (Canadian/British English), is a place where massage services are provided. Some massage parlors are fronts for prostitution and the term "massage parlor" has also become a euphemism for a brothel.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

Background

The term "massage parlour" (British English) or "massage parlor" (American English) refers to a front for prostitution, and was popularized in what is known as "the Massage Scandals of 1894". In 1894 the British Medical Association (BMA) inquired into the education and practice of massage practitioners in London, and found that prostitution was commonly associated with unskilled workers and debt, often working with forged qualifications. In response, legitimate massage workers formed the Society of Trained Masseuses (now known as the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy), with an emphasis on high academic standards and a medical model for massage training.^[1]

Particularly where prostitution is illegal, massage parlors (as well as saunas, spas or similar establishments) may be fronts for places of prostitution. Illegal brothels disguised as massage parlors are common in many countries.

Alternatively, the massages at certain massage parlors may have a "happy ending", meaning that the massage ends with the client receiving a sexual release. In addition to a "happy ending" service, given the restrictions imposed upon most striptease venues, some erotic massage venues now also offer a service where the client can masturbate him or herself while watching an artist perform a striptease.

There is a grey area and ambiguity as to when an ordinary massage becomes sexual when it comes to individuals with sexual interests such as tripsophilia, tripsolagnophilia, partialism, autofetishism or organofact, who may feel that the massage of the entire body or any ordinary bodyparts unrelated to typical erogenous zones are associated with eroticism and sensuality.^[2]

Italy

In Italy, massage parlours can be fronts for prostitution. Advertisements for massage parlours are listed in newspapers, in some cases offering "Japanese" or "Oriental" massage. Viva Line, one of Italy's largest chains of massage parlours, was raided by the police in 2003.^[3]

Nepal

In Kathmandu's tourist district of Thamel, massage parlours typically advertise Thai massage, Ayurvedic massage or Nepalese "special massage". Some offer legitimate massage, while others are sex establishments. Prostitution in Nepal is illegal so the owners of such massage parlours do not explicitly solicit sex and the paying of police bribes is a customary part of the operation.{{sfn| Kara|2010|p=72–74}}

Thailand

Even though Thailand is rather well known for its unique spa experiences and particularly healthy and non-sexual traditional Thai massages, this section refers to a different type of massage parlor commonly associated with the term in Thailand, sexual massage.

In 1996, foreign women made up the majority of prostitutes from forty sex establishments in eighteen border provinces that were actually brothels masquerading as karaoke bars, restaurants and traditional massage parlours. In some venues though, there were no Thai women at all.^[4] In mid-1997, an increasing number of young girls, more than 60% of which were under 18 years old, were entering Thailand through the Mae Sai checkpoint into massage parlors, brothels, etc.^[5]

The legal difference between a "spa" and a "massage parlour" is unclear. The Federation of Thai Spa Associations (FTSPA) in 2016 urged authorities to clamp down on sexual services being offered at some massage parlours. The FTSPA maintains that influential figures have used legal loopholes to open "pretty spas" or massage parlours where tourists can buy sexual services.^[6]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, prostitution itself is legal but activities such as pimping and owning or managing a brothel are not. However, the laws are not always strictly enforced.^[7] Many brothels in cities such as Manchester and London and Cardiff operate through legitimate businesses which are licensed as "Massage Parlours" and operate under that name. Police forces often turn a blind eye to such establishments.^[8]^[9]^[10] Massage parlours are sometimes advertised in newspapers, but a newspaper which carries advertising for a brothel under the guise of a massage parlour may be liable to prosecution for money laundering offences under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. The Newspaper Society's guidelines suggest that their members (the majority of local newspapers) refuse to carry advertisements for sexual services.^[11] The advice also warns publishers that massage parlours can disguise illegal offers of sexual services and it suggests checking qualifications to ensure the advertised service is legitimate. Newspaper companies often adopt a policy of refusing all advertisements for massage parlours.^[12]

In 2005, it was reported that, in Manchester, there were around eighty "massage parlours" which were fronts for prostitution and that the police ignored those establishments, focusing instead on reducing street prostitution. On 12 October 2005, the Manchester Evening News reported that "A self-confessed pimp walked free from court after a judge was told police had 'turned a blind eye' to organised prostitution in massage parlours in Manchester."^[13]

In December 2007, the Manchester Evening News removed all advertisements for massage parlours from its personal columns. The move followed a meeting between ministers and newspaper and advertising industry representatives. It also followed comments by Harriet Harman, Minister for Women and Equality, in the House of Commons on 25 October that some local newspapers were promoting slavery by running sex adverts for foreign women.^[14]

United States

The massage therapy industry in the US is continuously increasing, with a projected 19% increase between 2008 and 2019. U.S. consumers spend between $4 and $6 billion on visits to massage therapists, as of 2009.^[15] As of 2016, 46 states and the District of Columbia required some type of licensing for massage therapists.^[16] Most states in the United States have licensing requirements that must be met before a practitioner can use the title "massage therapist", and some states and municipalities require a license to practice any form of massage.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

Between 1980 and 2009, massage parlors in Rhode Island (also known there as "spas") were known to be involved in prostitution. Prostitution in Rhode Island was legal at that time as long as it was "behind closed doors".^[17] The 2009 documentary Happy Endings? follows women who worked in the Asian massage parlors of Rhode Island. The film focuses on "full service" massage parlors, although "rub and tug" massage parlors (where only handjobs are offered) are also covered.

As of 2010, there were an estimated 525 massage parlors in New Jersey acting as fronts for the prostitution industry.^[18]

An ongoing study of the prostitution business in New York City by the Sociology Department of Columbia University found that, between 1991 and 2010, the rise of the Internet and mobile phones “have enabled some sex workers to professionalize their trade”, with a shift from street walking to "indoor" markets (including massage parlors and escort agencies), a geographical change in the concentration of sex work, and the growth of a more expensive luxury market.^[19] In January 2011, an investigation by Time Out New York found New York City massage parlors charging a "house fee" (which is usually paid, up front to the parlor's mama-san) of $60 to $100 per visit, with an extra tip for the sex workers (usually around $40) for a massage and a basic “happy ending” (or manual stimulation of the penis until orgasm). Most of the massage parlors reviewed were very strict about the female masseuse not being touched by the male client, but, in some parlors, further contact could be negotiated.^[20]

In many large US cities there are Asian massage parlours, some advertising traditional Thai massage. In some cases these establishments are fronts for prostitution.{{sfn|Kara|2010|pages=179–180}} As of 2005, more than forty Asian massage parlors (mostly Korean) operated as fronts for in-call brothels in Washington, D.C., and each earned an average of $1.2 million a year. More than 200 other massage parlors (that did not openly advertise and were operated largely out of private homes and apartments) serving mainly Latino clients made an average of at least $800,000 a year.^[21]^[22]

Sex acts performed at massage parlors can range from a basic "happy ending" to oral sex or "full service". Some, mostly Asian, massage parlors offer a naked "table shower" or an "Asian body slide" as well as access to a sauna before a massage and/or any sexual activity takes place.^[22]^[23]^[24]

The classified advertising website Craigslist removed all of their personal advertisments^[25] after the Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act became law on 11 April 2018.^[26] Another classified advertising website, Backpage, was shut down by federal officials during the same month.^[27] Other publications in major metropolitan areas of the US have also been under pressure in the past to not advertise massage parlor operations.^[28]

Law enforcement agencies in the US attempt to shut down or fine massage parlor establishments that break federal, state or local laws.^[24]^[28] The penalty for breaking the law in these instances can be as high as life imprisonment in some cases, especially those that involve human trafficking.^[29]

See also

References

1. ^Callaway and Burgess, S. 2009. History of massage. Chapter 2 In: Casanelia, L and Stelfox, D (editors). Foundations of massage, 3rd edition. Harcourt Publishers Group (Australia). {{ISBN|978-0729578691}}.
2. ^Coleman-Kennedy, Carol, and Amanda Pendley. "Assessment and diagnosis of sexual addiction." Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 8.5 (2002): 143-151.
3. ^{{cite book|title= Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LL4kfg6CPuwC|first=Siddharth|last=Kara|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780231139618|page=96|ref=harv}}
4. ^Kritaya Archavanitkul, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, the Passage of Women in Neighbouring Countries into the Sex Trade in Thailand, "Academic urges action in war against flesh trade," Yindee Lertcharoenchok, Mukdawan Sakboon, The Nation, 28 May 1997
5. ^(World Vision¹s Bansit Thathorn, the coordinator of the NGO Burmese women, Aphaluck Bhatiasevi, "Influx of Burmese sex workers via Mae Sai," Bangkok Post, 2 June 1997)
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Chinmaneevong|first1=Chadamas|title=Spas cry foul over sale of sex services|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/987137/spas-cry-foul-over-sale-of-sex-services|accessdate=25 May 2016|work=Bangkok Post|date=2016-05-25}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=Prostitution: Third Report of Session 2016–17 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhaff/26/26.pdf |publisher=House of Commons Home Affairs Committee |accessdate=3 September 2018 |date=1 July 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web |last1=James |first1=David |title='Police turn blind eye to brothels' |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/police-turn-blind-eye-brothels-2206351 |website=walesonline |accessdate=3 September 2018 |date=31 January 2008}}
9. ^{{cite web |last1=Bennetto |first1=Jason |title=Police turn blind eye to 'brothels' as prostitutes come in from cold |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/police-turn-blind-eye-to-brothels-as-prostitutes-come-in-from-cold-1331024.html |website=The Independent |accessdate=3 September 2018}}
10. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7597232.stm | work=BBC News | title=Brothel industry is 'spreading' | date=4 September 2008}}
11. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Shun sex ads, local papers urged |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7238130.stm |newspaper=BBC News |location= |date=11 February 2008 |access-date=9 August 2015 }}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Prostitution and Exploitation of Prostitution|url=http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/p_to_r/prostitution_and_exploitation_of_prostitution/|publisher=The Crown Prosecution Service|accessdate=13 July 2014}}
13. ^{{cite news |author=[unattributed] |title=Police turn a blind eye to brothels |url=http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/men/news/s/177/177492_police_turn_a_blind_eye_to_brothels.html |work=Manchester Evening News|date=2005-10-12|accessdate=2007-01-22}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/39561|title=Newspapers promise action on sex slavery|publisher=Press Gazette|date=25 November 2007|accessdate=9 December 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005254/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/39561|archivedate=8 January 2016|df=}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=The Growing Massage Therapy Industry|url=http://teachingmassage.com/why-massage-school.html|publisher=Central Maryland School of Massage|accessdate=8 July 2013}}
16. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/15/business/yourmoney/15spa.html| title = Beyond the Body Wrap: What Makes a Spa Stand Out? | last = Stellin | first = S. | publisher = New York Times| date =2007-07-15 | accessdate = 2007-09-20}}
17. ^{{cite news|author=Arditi, Lynn |title='Behind Closed Doors" How RI Decriminalized Prostitution |url=http://www.projo.com/news/content/PROSTITUTION_LAW31_05-31-09_NVEHGBH_v161.3e90048.html |work=Providence Journal |date=2009-05-31 |accessdate=2009-07-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601211914/http://www.projo.com/news/content/PROSTITUTION_LAW31_05-31-09_NVEHGBH_v161.3e90048.html |archivedate=2009-06-01 |df= }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.havocscope.com/prostitution-brothels-in-new-jersey/ |title=Prostitution brothels in New Jersey|publisher=Havocscope Black Market|date=2011-05-09|accessdate=2011-06-11}}
19. ^{{cite news|title=How tech tools have changed today’s prostitution business|author=Sudhir Venkatesh|publisher=Wired|date= 31 January 2011|url=https://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/01/ff_sextrade/all/1|accessdate=13 January 2016}}
20. ^{{citation |url=http://newyork.timeout.com/sex-dating/42097/best-happy-ending-parlors |title=Best happy-ending parlors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705081130/http://newyork.timeout.com/sex-dating/42097/best-happy-ending-parlors |work=Time Out New York |date=25 January 2011 |archive-date=5 July 2011 |access-date=1 December 2016 }}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.havocscope.com/earnings-of-an-asian-massage-parlor-in-washington-dc |title=Earnings of an Asian Massage Parlor in Washington DC|publisher=Havocscope Black Market|date=2005-11-05|accessdate=2011-06-11}}
22. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/x-rated-dcs-underground-sex-industry |title=X RATED: DC's Underground Sex Industry|date=2005|accessdate=17 March 2013}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.enterprisenews.com/news/x694775327/West-Bridgewater-spa-advertised-table-showers-on-Craigslist|title=West Bridgewater spa advertised ‘table showers’ on Craigslist|date=22 February 2013|accessdate=16 March 2013}}
24. ^¹{{cite newspaper|newspaper=Washington Times|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/feb/6/police-barely-decent-in-massage-parlor-sting/?page=all|title=Police barely decent in massage parlor sting|date=6 February 2011|accessdate=16 March 2013}}
25. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/23/596460672/craigslist-shuts-down-personals-section-after-congress-passes-bill-on-traffickin | title = Craigslist Shuts Down Personals Section After Congress Passes Bill On Trafficking | first = Merrit | last = Kennedy | date = 23 March 2018 | publisher = National Public Radio | location = Washington, DC, USA}}
26. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/11/us/backpage-sex-trafficking.html?&moduleDetail=section-news-3&action=click&contentCollection=Politics®ion=Footer&module=MoreInSection&version=WhatsNext&contentID=WhatsNext&pgtype=article |title=Trump Signs Bill Amid Momentum to Crack Down on Trafficking|author=Elizabeth Dias |work=New York Times |date=2018-04-11 |access-date=2018-04-11 |language=en}}
27. ^{{cite web | url = https://chicago.suntimes.com/business/some-sex-workers-worry-about-their-business-after-feds-shut-down-backpage-com/ | title = Some sex workers worry about their business after feds shut down Backpage.com | first = Andy | last = Grimm | date = 22 April 2018 | publisher = The Chicago Sun-Times | location = Chicago, Illinois, USA}}
28. ^¹{{cite newspaper|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/25/AR2006082501261.html|title=Time to Drop the Massage Parlor Ads|date=27 August 2006|accessdate=16 March 2013}}
29. ^{{cite newspaper|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-26/news/chi-mt-prospect-massage-parlor-owner-gets-life-sentence-20121126_1_prospect-massage-parlor-prostitution-life-sentence|title=Mt. Prospect massage parlor owner gets life sentence|date=26 November 2012|accessdate=16 March 2013}}