| 词条 | Massasauga | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Massasauga |image = Massasauga rattlesnake 1.jpg |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = [1] |genus = Sistrurus |species = catenatus |authority = (Rafinesque, 1818) |range_map = S. catenatus map.jpg |subdivision_ranks = Subspecies |subdivision = 3 sspp., see text |synonyms =
}} The massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus) is a rattlesnake species found in midwestern North America from southern Ontario to northern Mexico, and parts of the United States in between. Three subspecies are currently recognized including the nominate subspecies described here.[3] Like all rattlesnakes, it is a pit viper, and like all pit vipers, it is venomous. DescriptionAdults of S. catenatus are not large, ranging from {{convert|60|to|75|cm|abbr=on}} in length.[4] The color pattern consists of a grey or tan ground color with a row of large rounded brown/black blotches or spots down the center of the back and three smaller rows of alternating spots down each side. Solid black melanistic examples are also known, as well as cases where the back blotches join with those on the sides. Young massasauga are well-patterned but paler than the adults. It has heat-sensing pits on each side of its smallish head, the scales are keeled and the anal scale is single. Common namesCommon names of the massasauga include: massasauga rattlesnake, massasauga rattler (Ontario), black massasauga, black rattler, black snapper, gray rattlesnake (Iowa), little grey rattlesnake (Canada), muck rattler, prairie rattlesnake, spotted rattler, swamp rattler, víbora de cascabel (Mexico), dwarf prairie rattlesnake, eastern massasauga great adder, ground rattlesnake, Kirtland's rattlesnake, little black rattlesnake, Michigan point rattler (Michigan), prairie massasauga, rattlesnake, small prairie rattlesnake, snapper, swamp massasauga, swamp rattlesnake, and triple-spotted rattlesnake.[5][6] The Native American word, "massasauga", means "great river-mouth" in the Ojibwe language and was probably given to describe grasslands surrounding the river deltas in Ojibwe country.[7] Geographic rangeS. catenatus is found in North America from Ontario, Canada and western New York State southwest to southeastern Arizona in the United States and northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. In Mexico, isolated populations exist in southern Nuevo León, north-central Coahuila and in Samalayuca, Chihuahua.[8] It occurs in various habitats ranging from swamps and marshes to grasslands, usually below 1500 m elevation. The type locality given is "... on the prairies of the upper Missouri" (Valley, USA).[2]According to Campbell and Lamar (2004), a population also exists in southeastern Colorado that is morphologically somewhat intermediate between S. c. tergeminus and S. c. edwardsii.[5] Conservation statusThe species S. catenatus is classified as least concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend is unknown.[1] The eastern massasauga has been listed as a candidate species on the United States Endangered Species Act since 1999.[9] The eastern massasauga is listed as an endangered species in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri (also considered extirpated), New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.[10][11][12] Michigan, the only state in which it is not considered endangered, lists it as "special concern".[13] The subspecies is a candidate for federal listing.[14] As of 2016, the massasauga is listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act.[15] The massasauga is listed as threatened under both Ontario's Endangered Species Act, 2007, and the federal Species at Risk Act, and is protected under the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act.[4][16] It is found only near the eastern shore of Georgian Bay, the Bruce Peninsula, the North Shore of Lake Huron,[17] Wainfleet Bog, and Ojibway Prairie.[18] It is becoming rare in Canada due to persecution and loss of habitat and is designated as "threatened" by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC),[19] as well as the Committee on the Status of Species-at-risk in Ontario (COSSARO). In Pennsylvania, the species has experienced a rapid decline, largely because of habitat loss. Historically this has been due to human activity, and more recently primarily from natural forest succession. By 1988, the snake had disappeared from half of the counties that constituted its historical range.[20] A 2003-2005 survey showed only four locations in two counties with confirmed populations.[21] It is classified as "critically imperiled" to "imperiled" in the commonwealth.[22] DietThe diet of S. catenatus consists of a variety of small vertebrates, including mammals, lizards, and other snakes, as well as invertebrates such as centipedes. Mammals and reptiles make up the bulk of their diet. Adults feed mainly on rodents, while juveniles usually prey on reptiles: more often lizards in western populations and snakes in eastern ones. Frogs also constitute an important part of their diet: Ruthven (1928) mentioned that in Michigan they made up the main portion of their diet. According to Klauber (1956), S. catenatus feeds on frogs more frequently than any other rattlesnake. In general, however, frogs are not an important part of the diet, although this does seem to be more typical in certain northern and eastern populations.[5] VenomThe venom of S. c. catenatus is a cytotoxic venom, that destroys tissue. It also contains specialized digestive enzymes that disrupt blood flow and prevent blood clotting. Severe internal bleeding causes the death of the small animals that this snake eats. After envenomation, the rattlesnake is able to withdraw from the dangers of sharp toothed prey animals until they are subdued and even partially digested by the action of the venom. S. c. catenatus is rather shy and avoids humans when it can. Most massasauga snakebites in Ontario have occurred after people deliberately handled or accidentally stepped on one of these animals.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Both of these scenarios are preventable by avoiding hiking through areas of low visibility (in rattlesnake country) when not wearing shoes and long pants, and by leaving the massasaugas alone when they are found. There are only two recorded incidents of people dying from massasauga rattlesnake bites in Ontario and in both cases they did not receive proper treatment.[23] Recent studies indicate that Ontario hospitals in rattlesnake country often do not have anti-venom, as massasauga specific anti-venom is not easy to come by.[24]Subspecies
GalleryImages of S. c. catenatus: See also
References1. ^1 {{Cite journal | author = Frost, D.R. | author2 = Hammerson, G.A. | author3 = Santos-Barrera, G. | last-author-amp = yes | title = Sistrurus catenatus | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2007 | page = e.T64346A12772707 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2007 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/64346/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64346A12772707.en | access-date = 6 January 2018}} 2. ^1 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume). 3. ^1 2 {{ITIS |id=174304 |taxon=Sistrurus catenatus |accessdate=30 January 2007}} 4. ^1 Eastern Massasauga, Ontario Nature 5. ^1 2 3 Campbell JA, Lamar WW. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}. 6. ^1 Wright AH, Wright AA. (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Comstock Publishing Associates. (7th printing, 1985). 1105 pp. {{ISBN|0-8014-0463-0}}. 7. ^Behler JL, King FW. (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. LCCCN 79-2217. {{ISBN|0-394-50824-6}}. (Sistrurus catenatus, pp. 696-697 + Plates 632-633, 638.) 8. ^Report on Samalayuca Fauna Reporte de Fauna de la Region de Samalayuca UACJ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201035254/http://www.cofemermir.gob.mx/uploadtests/10843.66.59.14.Anexo%202%20de%20EPJ%20Samalayuca.pdf |date=2006-12-01 }} 9. ^{{Cite journal|url = |title = Spatial Ecology and Multi-scale Habitat Selection by a Threatened Rattlesnake: The Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus)|last = Moore|first = Jennifer|date = 2006|journal = Copeia|doi = 10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[742:seamhs]2.0.co;2|pmid = |access-date = |last2 = Gillingham|first2 = James |volume=2006 |pages=742–751}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/animals_plants/herps/AllertonMass.html|title=Illinois Natural History Survey Collections|publisher=}} 11. ^{{citation|author=Indiana Legislative Services Agency|year=2011|title=312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians|work=Indiana Administrative Code|accessdate=28 Apr 2012|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/iac/}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/easternmassasauga/tabid/6610/Default.aspx|title=Stockdale, December 21, 2014|publisher=}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://msutoday.msu.edu/feature/2016/sustaining-a-ssssssssspecies/ |title=Sustaining a Ssssssspecies |publisher=Michigan State University |format=Video |date=June 16, 2016 |accessdate=June 16, 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12145_12201-32995--,00.html#what%20to%20do |title=The massasauga is listed as a special concern in the U.S. state of Michigan |publisher=michigan.gov |accessdate=28 May 2012}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/eama/eama-fct-sht.html|title=Eastern Massasauga Fact Sheet|website=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service}} 16. ^Royal Ontario Museum: Massasauga Rattlesnake 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sootoday.com/content/news/details.asp?c=44995|title=Rattler makes rare appearance - on golf course|publisher=}} 18. ^Rouse, J.D. and Wilson, R.J. (2001). Update COSEWIC Status Report on the Eastern Massasauga, Sistrurus catenatus catenatus. Prepared for the Committee of the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), November 2001. v+18pp. 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=277 |title=Massasauga |work=Species at Risk |publisher=Canada |accessdate=June 16, 2016}} 20. ^Howard K. Reinert and Lauretta M. Bushar, "The Massasauga Rattlesnake in Pennsylvania: Continuing Habitat Loss and Population Isolation", International Symposium and Workshop on the Conservation of the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, Sistrurus catenatus catenatus, 1992 May 8–9 May, Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario. 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.paconserve.org/359/eastern-massasauga-research|title=Western Pennsylvania Conservancy - Eastern Massasauga Research|publisher=}} 22. ^"Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus)" Fact Sheet, Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.massasauga.ca/pub_docs/Snake_Safety_Tips.pdf |title=Eastern Masassauga Rattlesnake |format=PDF |accessdate=June 16, 2016}} 24. ^{{cite news |url=http://metronews.ca/health/3715/anti-venom-crisis-in-ontario/ |title=Anti-venom crisis in Ontario |first1=Celia |last1=Milne |work=Metro Canada |date=August 11, 2009 |accessdate=June 16, 2016}} 25. ^1 Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. First published in 1956, 1972. University of California Press, Berkeley. {{ISBN|0-520-21056-5}}. 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/eama/index.html|title=USFWS: Eastern Massasauga|first=U.S. Fish and Wildlife|last=Service|publisher=}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naherpetology.org/createdContent.aspx?cnahId%3D1883%7C6 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=February 10, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135045/http://www.naherpetology.org/createdContent.aspx?cnahId=1883%7C6 |archivedate=February 22, 2014 }} Further reading{{refbegin}}
External links{{Commons}}{{Wikispecies}}
7 : Sistrurus|Crotalinae by common name|Reptiles of Canada|Reptiles of the United States|Reptiles of Ontario|Reptiles described in 1818|ESA threatened species |
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