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词条 Sansha
释义

  1. Recent history

  2. Administrative divisions

  3. Industries and facilities

  4. Initiatives

     "Greening the islands" 

  5. Controversy and protests

  6. Facilities

  7. Transport

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{hatnote|For other places known by this name, see Sansha (disambiguation).}}{{use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}{{Infobox settlement
|name = {{raise|0.2em|Sansha}}
|official_name =
|native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh|三沙市}}}}}}
|other_name =
|settlement_type = Prefecture-level city
|nickname =
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|image_skyline = Aerial view of Woody Island.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Aerial view of Yongxing Island (Woody Island), the seat of Sansha, 2009
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|image_map = Location of Sansha Prefecture within Hainan (China).png
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location Sansha jurisdiction (in pink) in Hainan
|image_map1 = {{location map+ |South China Sea |float=center |height= |width=250|places={{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=6 |lat=16.83 |long=112.34 |label={{nowrap|Sansha (Pref. seat)}}
Yongxing |position=left}}{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=6 |lat=15.183333 |long=117.766667 |label=Huangyan |position=left}}{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=6 |lat=9.616667 |long=112.966667 |label=Yongshu |position=left}}{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=6 |lat=9.9 |long=115.533333 |label=Meiji |position=right}}{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=6 |lat=10.9133 |long=114.062 |label=Zhubi |position=left}}{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=6 |lat=8.883333 |long=112.851389|label=Huayang |position=bottom}}
}}
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 = Location of the major islands in Sansha
|pushpin_map =
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = People's Republic of China
|subdivision_type1 = Province
|subdivision_name1 = Hainan
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|seat_type = City seat
|seat = Woody Island
(Yongxing Dao)
|government_type =
|leader_title = CPC Municipal Party Secretary
|leader_name = Zhang Jun ({{lang|zh-hans|张军}})
|leader_title1 = Mayor
|leader_name1 = A Dong ({{lang|zh-hans|阿东}})
|established_title = Prefecture
|established_date = 24 July 2012[1]
|area_magnitude =
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|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_km2 = < 13
|area_land_sq_mi = < 5
|area_water_km2 = ~2,000,000
|area_water_sq_mi = ~772,000
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_as_of = 2013
|population_footnotes = [2]
|population_note =
|population_total = 1,443
|pop_est_as_of =
|population_est =
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|timezone = China Standard Time
|utc_offset = +8
|coordinates = {{coord|16|50|03|N|112|20|15|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-46|display=it}}
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|postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 573100
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|website = {{url|http://www.sansha.gov.cn/|www.sansha.gov.cn}}
|footnotes = Territorial Dispute: There are on-going territorial disputes in the entire area covered by the city, whose administrative authority is not internationally recognized.
}}{{Infobox Chinese
|pic=Sansha.svg
|piccap="Sansha", as written in Chinese
|picsize=125px
|title = Sansha
|c = {{linktext|三|沙}}
|psp = Samsha
|p = Sānshā
|j = saam1saa1
|y = Sāamsā
|wuu = sae1so1
|poj = sam-sua
|hsn = siã44 so44
|l = three sands (referring to the Chinese names for the three island groups)
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}}

Sansha is a prefecture-level city of Hainan province of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is located on Woody island and administers (actually or nominally) several island groups and undersea atolls in the South China Sea including the Spratly Islands, the Paracel Islands, Macclesfield Bank, Scarborough Shoal, and a number of other ungrouped maritime features.[4] The entire territory is disputed,[5][6][7] and the PRC's de facto control over the area varies.

Foreign reaction to the declaration was not positive. The United States Department of State called the change in the administrative status of the territory "unilateral", and the move has received criticism from nations engaged in the South China Sea dispute, particularly the Philippines and Vietnam.[8]

Sansha has equal administrative status to a prefecture-level city, and was created on 24 July 2012.[9] Reports in 2012 in the China daily stated that the establishment of Sansha was simply an upgrade of the administrative status of these island groups from the previous county-level Administrative Office,.[4] Subsequent developments have turned Sansha city (located on Woody island) into a small town with a small non commercial airport and a small harbor with two sets of breakwaters.[9][12] Sansha administers a group of 260 islands, reefs and beaches located in the Spratlys (Nansha), Paracel, Xisha islands and Zhongsha islands (Macclesfield bank).[10]

Recent history

Also see History of Woody island

In March 1953, as talks were proceeding with the French on the handing over of Hainan and territories south of Guangdong to the People's Republic of China, the Chinese State Council authorized the establishment of a separate "Guangdong Province Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Authority" as a county-level administrative division on Woody Island (Yongxing Dao). However, the island continued to support a threadbare population of fisherfolk at that time.[11] In March 1959, during China's Cultural Revolution, when Revolutionary Committees were being set up across the country, this authority was upgraded to the "Guangdong Province Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Revolutionary Committee".[11] In October 1984, the administration of Sansha consisting of Yong xing dao (Woody island) and other islands in the South China sea was transferred to Hainan. This coincided with the establishment of Hainan as a separate administrative region. In September 1988,the authority's name was officially changed to the "Hainan Province Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Authority". On 25 December 2006, Woody Island 'census-town's' first-ever "Residents' and Fishermen's Congress" was held. Three representatives at the township and village levels were selected to represent the census-town's Neighborhood Committee of the North and South Villages. The Neighborhood Committee began work on Woody Island the following day with an office at the Border Guards of the Paracels' Police Station. These were the first ever actual subdivisions created within the county-level authority.[11]

The prospect of the establishment of a "city" on Woody Island was first publicized on 19 November 2007 in a report by Mingpao, a Hong Kong-based newspaper, through a telephone interview with a Mr. Zhang of the Propaganda Department of Wenchang, Hainan. This report claimed that a county-level city was to be established by the PRC State Council in November 2007 to administer three disputed archipelagos in the South China Sea:[12] the Paracel Islands, Macclesfield Bank (Zhongsha Islands) and the Spratly Islands. This was to replace the county-level "Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Authority". The city of Wenchang would provide{{vague|date=October 2014}} supplies and logistics to the to-be-established city.

On 23 July 2012 the PRC Central Military Commission announced it had authorized the People's Liberation Army Guangzhou Military Command to form a "garrison command" in Sansha City. The troops would be responsible for managing the city's national defence mobilisation, military reserve, and carrying out military operations.[13]

On 24 July 2012, the PRC officially established the city of Sansha in Yongxing Island.[14]

Administrative divisions

Sansha is governed by a municipal congress of 60 delegates directly elected, with a standing committee of 15 members.[15] It is further subdivided into 3 islands-districts at county-level, 3 towns/management committees at the township-level, and further into 11 residential communities at village-level, based on the island groups:

Division code[16]
County-level divisions (International Name)		 Township-level divisions Village-level divisions
460321[17]
Xisha District (Paracel Islands)
{{lang|zh-cn|西沙群岛}}
Xīshā Qúndǎo
District seat: Yongxing		Yongxing Town Management Area
{{lang|zh-cn|永兴镇管理区}}
Yǒngxìng Zhèn Guǎnlǐqū		zh-cn|永兴社区}} Yǒngxìng Shèqū
zh-cn|营区社区}} Yíngqū Shèqū
Qilianyu Management Area
{{lang|zh-cn|七连屿管理区}}
Qīliányǔ Guǎnlǐqū		zh-cn|北岛社区}} Běidǎo Shèqū
zh-cn|赵述社区}} Zhàoshù Shèqū
Yonglequndao Management Area
{{lang|zh-cn|永乐群岛管理区}}
Yǒnglè Qúndǎo Guǎnlǐqū		zh-cn|晋卿社区}} Jìnqīng Shèqū
zh-cn|银屿社区}} Yínyǔ Shèqū
zh-cn|羚羊社区}} Língyáng Shèqū
zh-cn|甘泉社区}} Gānquán Shèqū
zh-cn|鸭公社区}} Yāgōng Shèqū
460322[18]
Nansha District (Spratly Islands)
{{lang|zh-cn|南沙群岛}}
Nánshā Qúndǎo
District seat: Yongshu		Direct Prefectural-controlledzh-cn|永暑社区}} Yǒngshǔ Shèqū
zh-cn|美济社区}} Měijì Shèqū
(unincorporated) Zhubi Island {{lang|zh-cn|渚碧岛}} Zhǔbì Dǎo
(unincorporated) Huangyang Island {{lang|zh-cn|华阳岛}} Huáyáng Dǎo
(unincorporated) Chigua Island {{lang|zh-cn|赤瓜岛}} Chìguā Dǎo
(unincorporated) Nanxun Island {{lang|zh-cn|南薰岛}} Nánxūn Dǎo
(unincorporated) Dongmen Island {{lang|zh-cn|东门岛}} Dōngmén Dǎo
460323[19]
Zhongsha District (Macclesfield Bank & Scarborough Shoal)
{{lang|zh-cn|中沙群岛的岛礁及其海域}}
Zhōngshā Qúndǎo De Dǎojiāo Jíqí Hǎiyù
District seat: Huangyan		(unincorporated) Huangyan Island {{lang|zh-cn|黄岩岛}} Huángyán Dǎo
(unincorporated) Zhongsha Bank {{lang|zh-cn|中沙大环礁}} Zhōngshā Dàhuán Jiāo

Industries and facilities

{{See also|Woody Island (South China Sea)}}

Less than 1000 people live in Sansha city (which is located on Woody Island, a small island in the Paracels). They tend to practice fishing, and selling products to the occasional cruise ship (MV Qionghai 3 and MV Sansha 1) whose tourists visit the island. In November 2016, the Hainan government started to allow large companies to register themselves in Sansha, by providing extensive tax benefits to them. This resulted in 157 large national and multinational companies registering themselves in Sansha.[20]

In 2016, a government school and a public library were opened in the island, primarily for children of the islanders.[21][22] In the same year, a desalinating plant was established to provide drinking water to the island's residents.[23]

Airports are built on several islands in Sansha City, including Yongxing Island (woody island), Meiji Island, Yongshu Island and Zhubi Island, all of which are capable for planes sizing up to 4E standards, theoretically capable of landing Boeing 777s as diversion airports. In practice, only Yongxing Island see scheduled commercial services, onboard Boeing 737 operated by Hainan Airlines.[24]

Initiatives

"Greening the islands"

The second stage of a greening project for Sansha was announced on 30 June 2014.[25] It states: "According to the investment plan, 18 million yuan (about 2.92 million U.S. dollars) will be used to build desalination systems and grow trees on Xishazhou Island (West Sand - NW Crescent Group) in the hope of turning the island into a new oasis." The article makes references to the greening of:

  • Ganquan Island (Robert Island) - W Crescent Group between Antelope Reef and Pattle Island, where an environmental protection station was set up in February 2014
  • Jinqin (Drummond Island) - E Crescent Group
  • Lingyangjiao (Antelope Reef) - W Crescent Group between Money and Robert Islands
  • Xishazhou Island (West Sand) - NW Crescent Group
  • Yagong Island - NE Crescent Group, between Tree Island and Observation Bank
  • Yinyu (Observation Bank / Silver Islet) - NE Crescent Group
  • Yongxing Island (Woody Island) - Centre of Amphitrite group
  • Zhaoshu (Tree Island) - N Crescent Group

It also mentions substantial infrastructure upgrades to Woody Island, including waste-water treatment, garbage aggregation and treatment, desalination (1 million litres/day) and upgrades to photovoltaic equipment.

Controversy and protests

Because Sansha's jurisdiction comprises island groups that several nations besides the PRC claim as their own, the "city" is considered by some as controversial.

In 2007, the Foreign Ministry of Vietnam protested against the city's proposed establishment, which had been recently [26] approved by the PRC's State Council, as Vietnam claims two of the three island groups that comprise Sansha.[27] This was later followed by student demonstrations at the Chinese embassy in Hanoi, and at a consulate in Ho Chi Minh City.[28]

Days prior to the official establishment of the city in late July 2012,[14] Vietnam again stated its opposition and was joined in its protests by the Philippines.[29] The United States Department of State also weighed in on the issue stating, "we remain concerned should there be any unilateral moves of this kind that would seem to prejudge an issue."[30] The chair of the US Senate Foreign Relations East Asian and Pacific Affairs Subcommittee, Jim Webb, also made a statement regarding Sansha and questioned whether the city's creation was a violation of international law.[31] While Senator Webb stated that the establishment of Sansha was China "creating a governmental system out of nothing",[31] the Chinese government has included the island groups that comprise Sansha in its administrative structure since 1959.[32] Before these island groups were under the nominal administration of Sansha, they were nominally administered by an administrative office under the provincial government of Hainan.[40]

Western reaction to the 2012 declaration of the Chinese government elevating the administrative status of Sansha was not positive. The United States Department of State called the change in the administrative status of the territory "unilateral", and the move has received criticism from nations engaged in the South China Sea dispute, particularly the Philippines and Vietnam.[33]

The centre of government for Sansha is located on Woody Island (Yongxing Dao) in the Paracels,[34] where about 1,000 Chinese (PRC) reside.[35] With a land area of 210ha, Woody Island is the largest contiguous land area in the South China Sea.[36] The total land area of Sansha, which includes the islands in the Paracel and Spratly groups, is less than {{convert|5|sqmi}}.[37] Nationally, Sansha is the smallest prefecture-level city, by both population and land area, but the largest by total area,[38] and is also the southernmost prefecture-level city of the PRC.

By January 2016, work was well advanced on developing a military base with a large harbour and a {{convert|2644|m}} runway, with the reclaimed land covering {{convert|558|ha}}.[39] A civilian test flight to the runway was conducted by a China Southern Airlines passenger jet on 13 July 2016.[40] On 16 February 2016, the New York Times reported that China had deployed HQ‑9 surface‑to‑air missiles on the island.[41]

In late 2016, photographs emerged which suggested that Mischief Reef was armed with anti-aircraft weapons and a CIWS missile-defence system.[42] In May 2018, the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, a US think tank, said satellite images showed China had deployed new military weapon platforms to Woody Island, the largest of the Paracels.

See also

{{Portal|China}}
  • Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China
  • South China Sea Islands
    • James Shoal
    • Macclesfield Bank
    • Paracel Islands
    • Scarborough Shoal
    • Spratly Islands
  • Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
  • Kalayaan, Palawan, Philippines
  • Trường Sa, Khánh Hòa, Vietnam

References

1. ^{{cite news |title=South China's Sansha City boasts improved infrastructure |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/11/c_135179563.htm |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=Xinhua |date=11 March 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web |language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:三沙概览|url=http://www.sansha.gov.cn/page.php?xuh=488|website=sansha.gov.cn|publisher=Government of Sansha|accessdate=13 March 2015}} not including the floating population of 2,000 and more; only residents are counted
3. ^
4. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://english.sina.com/china/2012/0621/479131.html |title= China sets up Sansha City to administer South China Sea islands |publisher= Sina |date=21 June 2012 |accessdate=21 June 2012}}
5. ^{{cite web | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/08/travel/china-island-tourism/ | title = China to open disputed islands to tourism | author = Hiufu Wong, CNN | date = | accessdate = 18 July 2015 | publisher = CNN | language = }}
6. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2178656/China-celebrates-birthday-Sansha-new-city-heart-disputed-South-China-Sea-course-neighbours-werent-invited.html | title = China throws 'birthday party' for new city at the heart of disputed South China Sea (of course, the neighbours weren't invited) | author = | date = | accessdate = 18 July 2015 | publisher = Mail Online | language = }}
7. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/24/sansha-china_n_1697523.html | title = China Declares New 'City' On Tiny, Remote Island | author = | date = | accessdate = 18 July 2015 | publisher = The Huffington Post | language = }}
8. ^*{{cite web | url = http://www.voanews.com/content/philippines-slams-chinese-establishment-of-city-in-south-china-sea/1443944.html | title = Philippines Slams China's Establishment of Sansha City in South China Sea | author = | date = 23 July 2012 | accessdate = 9 Dec 2014 | publisher = VOA | language = }}*{{cite web | url = http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120725000088&cid=1101 | title = Vietnam, Philippines refuse to recognize China's Sansha district | publisher = WantChinaTimes.com | author = | date = 25 July 2012 | accessdate = 9 Dec 2014 }}*{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/24/sansha-china_n_1697523.html | title = Sansha, China's New 'City', Strengthens Country's Foothold In Disputed Waters | author = Alexa Olesen | date = 24 July 2012 | accessdate = 9 Dec 2014 | publisher = The Huffington Post | language = }}*{{cite web | url = http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2012/07/vietnam-philippines-slam-chinas/ | title = Vietnam, Philippines Slam Garrison Plans | author = | date = 24 July 2012 | accessdate = 9 Dec 2014 | publisher = China Digital Times (CDT) | language = }}*{{cite web | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-24/vietnam-protests-china-s-plans-for-sansha-city-garrison.html | title = Vietnam Protests China’s Plans for Sansha City Garrison | author = Stephen Engle | date = 15 Aug 2012 | accessdate = 9 Dec 2014 | publisher = Bloomberg News | language = }}
9. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-07/27/content_15622435.htm | title=Sansha garrison | publisher=China Daily | date=7 July 2012 | accessdate=15 August 2012}}
10. ^{{cite web |title=Sansha Travel Guide |url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/hainan/sansha/ |website=www.travelchinaguide.com |publisher=Travel China |accessdate=31 May 2018}}
11. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=China's Jurisdiction over the South China Sea |url= http://www.bjreview.com.cn/Cover_Stories_Series_2012/2012-07/03/content_464506.htm |publisher=Beijing Review}}
12. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=299411&selected=Analyses |title=Vietnam, China: The Dispute over Significant Waterways |work=Free Intelligence Reports |publisher=Stratfor |date=4 December 2007 |accessdate=8 December 2007}}{{dead link|date=June 2014}}
13. ^BBC News, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18949941 China Approves Military Garrison], 23 July 2012
14. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-07/24/c_131734893.htm |title=China establishes Sansha City |date=24 July 2012 |publisher=Xinhua |accessdate=24 July 2012}}
15. ^{{cite web |title=Sansha government |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-07/17/c_131721193.htm |date= 17 July 2012 |publisher=Xinhua Net |accessdate=8 Aug 2012}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2013/46/4603.html |script-title=zh:2013国家统计局统计用区划代码 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of the PRC, 2013 |date=2013}}
17. ^Xisha District effectively maintains control over all the features of the Paracels.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
18. ^Nasha District has actual control over 7 islands reclaimed on top of reefs or atolls.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
19. ^Zhongsha District does not have actual control of this area.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Note also that there are no settlements and no inhabitants in this area, nor are there any islands, nor is there any land above water.
20. ^{{cite news |title=China's Sansha island draws world's largest companies |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-11/24/c_135855349.htm |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=Xinhua |date=24 November 2016}}
21. ^{{cite news |title=China's southernmost school opens inc |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-09/02/c_135654567.htm |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=Xinhua |date=2 November 2016}}
22. ^{{cite news |title=First library opened in Sansha in South China Sea |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-04/21/c_135300808.htm |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=Xinhua |date=21 April 2016}}
23. ^{{cite news |title=New desalinator put into use in China's Sansha |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-10/02/c_135729180.htm |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=Xinhua |date=2 November 2016}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/hu7417|title=Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map|last=Flightradar24|website=Flightradar24|language=en|access-date=2019-03-28}}
25. ^{{cite web |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-07/30/c_133520232.htm |title= China Focus: South China islands see green transformation |date= 30 July 2014 |accessdate= 13 September 2014 |work= news.xinhuanet.com}}
26. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/rare-vn-demo-over-sea-dispute-with-cn-06052011093311.html | title = Hà Nội và Sài Gòn biểu tình chống Trung Quốc | author = | date = | accessdate = 18 July 2015 | publisher = Đài Á Châu Tự do | language = vi}}
27. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/tt_baochi/pbnfn/ns071204135539 | title=Vietnam objects to China's establishment of San Sha city on the Hainan Island |work= Ministry of Foreign Affairs' spokesman Mr. Le Dzung answers questions on 3rd December 2007 | publisher=Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs | date=3 December 2007 | accessdate=7 August 2012}}
28. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/IL20Ad01.html | title=China, Vietnam churn diplomatic waters | work=Asia Times Online | date=20 December 2007 | accessdate=7 August 2012 | author=Symon, Andrew}}
29. ^* For Vietnamese stated opposition, see {{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/22/press-digest-vietnam-idUSL3E8HM0CW20120622 | title=REFILE-PRESS DIGEST – Vietnam newspapers – June 22 | work=Reuters | date=21 Jun 2012 | accessdate=7 August 2012}}* For Philippines stated opposition, see {{cite web |url=http://english.sina.com/world/2012/0705/483699.html |title=Philippines summons Chinese ambassador to protest Sansha city |publisher=Sina |date=6 July 2012 |accessdate=24 July 2012}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2012/07/195425.htm#CHINA |title=Victoria Nuland, Spokesperson: Daily Press Briefing, Washington, DC, July 24, 2012 |publisher=United States Department of State |date=24 July 2012 |accessdate=27 July 2012}}
31. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://webb.senate.gov/newsroom/pressreleases/2012-07-25-03.cfm |title=Senator Webb: China’s military and governmental expansion into South China Sea might be a "Violation of International Law" |publisher=United States Senate |date=25 July 2012 |accessdate=27 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215031546/http://www.webb.senate.gov/newsroom/pressreleases/2012-07-25-03.cfm | archivedate=15 December 2012}}
32. ^{{cite web |publisher=CCTV |date= 5 August 2012 |url= http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20120805/103205.shtml | title=China opposes US statement on S. China Sea | accessdate=7 August 2012}}
33. ^*{{cite web | url = http://www.voanews.com/content/philippines-slams-chinese-establishment-of-city-in-south-china-sea/1443944.html | title = Philippines Slams China's Establishment of Sansha City in South China Sea | author = | date = 23 July 2012 | accessdate = 9 Dec 2014 | publisher = VOA | language = }}*{{cite web | url = http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120725000088&cid=1101 | title = Vietnam, Philippines refuse to recognize China's Sansha district | publisher = WantChinaTimes.com | author = | date = 25 July 2012 | accessdate = 9 Dec 2014 }}*{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/24/sansha-china_n_1697523.html | title = Sansha, China's New 'City', Strengthens Country's Foothold In Disputed Waters | author = Alexa Olesen | date = 24 July 2012 | accessdate = 9 Dec 2014 | publisher = The Huffington Post | language = }}*{{cite web | url = http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2012/07/vietnam-philippines-slam-chinas/ | title = Vietnam, Philippines Slam Garrison Plans | author = | date = 24 July 2012 | accessdate = 9 Dec 2014 | publisher = China Digital Times (CDT) | language = }}*{{cite web | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-24/vietnam-protests-china-s-plans-for-sansha-city-garrison.html | title = Vietnam Protests China’s Plans for Sansha City Garrison | author = Stephen Engle | date = 15 Aug 2012 | accessdate = 9 Dec 2014 | publisher = Bloomberg News | language = }}
34. ^1 {{cite conference | url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/north-east-asia/229-stirring-up-the-south-china-sea-ii-regional-responses | title=Stirring up the South China Sea (II): Regional responses |work= Asia Report N°229 | publisher=International Crisis Group | accessdate=7 Aug 2012 |date=July 2012 | pages=5}}
35. ^1 {{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/25/us-china-southchinasea-idUSBRE86O1P020120725 | title=China's hawks gaining sway in South China sea dispute | work=Reuters | date=25 Jul 2012 | accessdate=7 Aug 2012 | author=Lague, David | location=Hong Kong}}
36. ^Pratas Island has an area of 240ha, but this includes a 60ha lagoon.
37. ^USA Today, [https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-07-12/usa-china/56161318/1 Tiny island in South China Sea is stirring up tensions], Calum MacLeod, 12 July 2012
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chron.com/news/article/China-dubs-tiny-island-new-city-in-sea-claim-bid-3729523.php |title=China dubs tiny island new city in sea claim bid |author=Alexa Olesen (Associated Press) |date=24 July 2012 |accessdate= 24 July 2012 |work=chron.com}}{{dead link|date=June 2014}}
39. ^{{cite web |url= http://amti.csis.org/airstrips-near-completion/ |title= Airstrips near Completion |publisher=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative |date=January 2016 |accessdate=2016-01-30}}
40. ^{{cite news | url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2016-07/13/c_135510656.htm | title= China conducts test flights on two new airports on Nansha Islands | newspaper= Xinhua |accessdate= 2016-07-14}}
41. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/18/world/asia/china-missiles-south-china-sea.html |title=Missiles Deployed on Disputed South China Sea Island, Officials Say |work=The New York Times |date=17 February 2016 |page=A6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218154756/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/18/world/asia/china-missiles-south-china-sea.html |archive-date=18 February 2016 |dead-url=no |first1=Michael |last1=Forsythe |first2=Jonathan |last2=Soble |first3=Mark |last3=Landler |first4=Yufan |last4=Huang |first5=Mia |last5=Li |issn=0362-4331}}
42. ^{{cite web |url= https://amti.csis.org/chinas-new-spratly-island-defenses/ |title= China’s New Spratly Island Defenses |publisher= Center for Strategic and International Studies |date= 2016-12-13 |accessdate= 2016-12-17}}
43. ^{{cite web |url= http://mnlfnet.com/Articles/BYC_08Oct2012_Historical%20&%20Human%20Wrong%20of%20Phil%20Colonialism.htm |title=HISTORICAL AND "HUMAN WRONG" OF PHILIPPINE COLONIALISM: HOW NOT TO RESPECT HISTORIC-HUMAN RIGHTS OF BANGSAMORO AND CHINA?| author= RRayhanR |date= 8 October 2012|website=mnlfnet.com |publisher= Moro National Liberation Front (Misuari faction) |accessdate=16 May 2014}}
44. ^{{cite web |url= http://mnlfnet.com/Articles/Editorial_11August2012_Impact%20of%20Possible%20China-Phil%20War%20Within%20Filipino-Moro%20War%20in%20Mindanao.htm |title=IMPACT OF POSSIBLE CHINA-PHILIPPINES WAR WITHIN FILIPINO-MORO WAR IN MINDANAO | author= RRayhanR |date= 11 August 2012|website=mnlfnet.com |publisher= Moro National Liberation Front (Misuari faction) |accessdate=16 May 2014}}
45. ^{{cite journal |last=Bray |first=Adam |last2= |first2= |date= June 16, 2014 |title= The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines |url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/06/140616-south-china-sea-vietnam-china-cambodia-champa/ |archiveurl=http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/169-the-cham-descendants-of-ancient-rulers-of-south-china-sea-watch-maritime-dispute-from-sidelines|archivedate=2014|journal= National Geographic News |publisher=National Geographic |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=3 September 2014}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/news-tin-t-c/100-mission-to-vietnam-advocacy-day |title=Mission to Vietnam Advocacy Day (Vietnamese-American Meet up 2013) in the U.S. Capitol. A UPR report By IOC-Campa |publisher=Chamtoday.com |date=2013-09-14 |accessdate=2014-06-17}}
47. ^{{cite journal |last= Taylor |first= Philip |last2= |first2= |date= December 2006|title= Economy in Motion: Cham Muslim Traders in the Mekong Delta|url= http://www.chamstudies.com/members/philiptaylor(chammuslimtraders).pdf |journal= The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology|publisher= The Australian National University |volume= 7 |issue= 3|page= 238 |doi=10.1080/14442210600965174 |ISSN=1444-2213 |accessdate=3 September 2014}}
48. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node27118/node27818/u22ai68259.html | title=Nation's newest city takes root in South China Sea | publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government | date=25 August 2012 | accessdate=8 August 2012}}
49. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVDUMH6i1_QC&q=yongxing |title=The Coming Conflict with China |author1=Bernstein, Richard |author2=Munro, Ross H. |year=1998 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0679776628 |page=74}}
50. ^1 CIA Factbook
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://mil.eastday.com/eastday/mil1/m/20120604/u1a6599839.html |script-title=zh:专家建议造浮岛机场让战机作战半径覆盖南海 |publisher=Eastday | language = zh-hans |date=4 June 2012 |accessdate=11 July 2012}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Analysis_Chinas_air-sea_buildup_999.html |title=Analysis: China's air-sea buildup |author=Chang, Andrei |date=26 September 2008 |publisher=Spacewar.com |accessdate=11 July 2012}}
53. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.angmalaya.net/world/2014/06/16/1053-chinese-government-to-start-building-a-school-in-disputed-island | title=Chinese government to start building a school in disputed island | publisher=Ang Malaya | date=16 June 2014 | accessdate=16 June 2014}}

External links

  • Sansha Government {{zh-cn icon}}
  • Administrative divisions of Hainan Province
  • Hainan Province Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Authority
  • Hainan Province Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Authority Woody Island Census Town
  • Subdivision Information of the Hainan Province Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Authority
  • US criticises China garrison
{{South China Sea}}{{Sansha topics}}{{Hainan topics}}{{Hainan}}{{Metropolitan cities of China}}{{Authority control}}

4 : Sansha|2012 establishments in China|States and territories established in 2012|Prefecture-level divisions of Hainan
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