| 词条 | SAR supergroup |
| 释义 |
| name = SAR | display_parents=2 | taxon = SAR | authority = Burki et al., 2007 | image = Harosa.png | image_caption = | fossil_range = {{long fossil range|736|0|earliest=1577|ref=[1]}} | subdivision_ranks = Clades | subdivision =
| synonyms =
}}Sar or Harosa (informally the SAR supergroup) is a clade that includes stramenopiles (heterokonts), alveolates, and Rhizaria.[2][3][4][5] The first letter of each group provides the "SAR" in the name (alternatively spelled "RAS").[6][6] The term "Harosa" (at the subkingdom level) has also been used for this grouping by Cavalier-Smith (2010).[7] Adl et al. (2012) formalized the SAR supergroup as the node-based taxon Sar. They defined it as:[8] {{quote|Sar: the least inclusive clade containing Bigelowiella natans Moestrup & Sengco 2001 (Rhizaria), Tetrahymena thermophila Nanney & McCoy 1976 (Alveolata), and Thalassiosira pseudonana Cleve 1873 (Stramenopiles). This is a node-based definition in which all of the specifiers are extant.}}Members of the SAR supergroup were once included under the separate supergroups Chromalveolata and Rhizaria, until phylogenetic studies confirmed that stramenopiles and alveolates diverged with Rhizaria. This apparently excluded haptophytes and cryptomonads, leading Okamoto et al. (2009) to propose the clade Hacrobia to accommodate them.[9] PhylogenyBased on a compilation of the following works.[10][11][12][13] {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%|label1=TSAR |1={{clade |1=Telonemia |label2=SAR/ |sublabel2=Harosa |2={{Clade |label1=Rhizaria |1={{Clade |1=Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl 1897 em. Cavalier-Smith 1993 |2={{Clade |1=Vampyrellida West 1901 emend. Hess et al. 2012 {Vampyrellidea Cavalier-Smith 2017} |2={{Clade |1=Filosa Leidy 1879 s.s. |2={{Clade |1=Marimyxia Cavalier-Smith 2017 |2=Retaria Cavalier-Smith 2002 s.s. }} }} }} }} |label2=Halvaria |2={{Clade |label1=Alveolata |1={{Clade |1=Ciliophora Doflein 1901 stat. n. Copeland 1956 |2=Myzozoa Cavalier-Smith and Chao 2004 |label2=Heterokonta |2={{Clade |1=Platysulcidae Shiratori, Nkayama & Ishida 2015 |2={{Clade |1=Sagenista Cavalier-Smith 1995 stat. n. 2006 |2={{Clade |1=Bikosea Cavalier-Smith 2013 |2={{Clade |1=Placidozoa Cavalier-Smith 2013 |label2=Gyrista |2={{Clade |1=Bigyromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1998 |2={{Clade |1=Oomycota Arx 1967 |2={{Clade |1=Hyphochytriomycota Whittaker 1969 |2={{Clade |1=Pirsoniales Cavalier-Smith 1998 |2=Ochrophyta Cavalier-Smith 1986 (Brown, golden & yellow algae) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} See also
References1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Parfrey|first1=Laura Wegener|last2=Lahr|first2=Daniel J. G.|last3=Knoll|first3=Andrew H.|last4=Katz|first4=Laura A.|title=Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=August 16, 2011|volume=108|issue=33|pages=13624–13629|doi=10.1073/pnas.1110633108|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/108/33/13624.abstract|pmid=21810989|pmc=3158185|bibcode=2011PNAS..10813624P}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q137323|from2=Q18397957}}{{Authority control}}{{Eukaryota classification}}{{Heterokont}}{{Alveolata}}{{Rhizaria}}{{SAR-stub}}2. ^{{cite journal |author=Archibald JM |title=The puzzle of plastid evolution |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=R81–8 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19174147 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.067 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960-9822(08)01485-1}} 3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge M, etal |editor1-last=Butler |editor1-first=Geraldine |title=Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=e790 |year=2007 |pmid=17726520 |pmc=1949142 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000790 |bibcode = 2007PLoSO...2..790B }} 4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Hampl V, Hug L, Leigh JW, etal |title=Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups" |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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Cavalier-Smith |title=Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=342–5 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20031978 |pmc=2880060 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948 |url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20031978}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Sina M. Adl |author2=Alastair G.B. Simpson |author3=Christopher E. Lane |author4=Julius Lukeš |author5=David Bass |author6=Samuel S. Bowser |author7=Matthew W. Brown |author8=Fabien Burki |author9=Micah Dunthorn |author10=Vladimir Hampl |author11=Aaron Heiss |author12=Mona Hoppenrath |author13=Enrique Lara |author14=Line Le Gall |author15=Denis H. Lynn |author16=Hilary McManus |author17=Edward A.D. Mitchell |author18=Sharon E. Mozley-Stanridge |author19=Laura W. Parfrey |author20=Jan Pawlowski |author21=Sonja Rueckert |author22=Laura Shadwick |author23=Conrad L. Schoch |author24=Alexey Smirnov |author25=Frederick W. Spiegel |last-author-amp=yes |year=2012|title=The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes|journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|volume=59|issue=5|pages=429–493|doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x|url=http://www.semicrobiologia.org/protistologia/files/Clasificacion%20de%20Eucariotas.pdf|pmid=23020233|pmc=3483872}} 9. ^{{cite journal|author=Fabien Burki|year=2014|title=The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology|pages=1–17|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a016147 |pmid=24789819|url=http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/5/a016147.full|volume=6|issue=5|pmc=3996474}} 10. ^{{citation | date=2015| author = Ruggiero | title = Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms | volume=10 |issue=4 |pages= e0119248|journal=PLoS ONE | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 |display-authors=etal | pmid=25923521 | pmc=4418965| bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1019248R }} 11. ^{{citation | date=2016| author = Silar, Philippe| title = Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes| url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01263138| volume= |issue= |pages=1–462 |journal=HAL Archives-ouvertes | doi=}} 12. ^{{Cite journal |last=Cavalier-Smith |first=Thomas|date=5 September 2017 |title=Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences |journal=Protoplasma |volume=255|issue=1|pages=1–61 |doi=10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3|pmid=28875267|pmc=5756292}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Strassert|first=Jürgen F. H.|last2=Jamy|first2=Mahwash|last3=Mylnikov|first3=Alexander P.|last4=Tikhonenkov|first4=Denis V.|last5=Burki|first5=Fabien|date=2018-08-30|title=New phylogenomic analysis of the enigmatic phylum Telonemia further resolves the eukaryote tree of life|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/08/30/403329|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|language=en|pages=msz012|doi=10.1093/molbev/msz012}} 1 : SAR supergroup |
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