| 词条 | Matra Durandal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Matra Durandal | image = | caption = An American F-111 carrying BLU-107 Durandals in December 1981. | origin = France | type = Anti-runway bomb | is_ranged = | is_bladed = | is_explosive = | is_artillery = | is_vehicle = | is_missile = "yes" | is_UK = | service = 1977–present | used_by = United States, France, Israel | wars = Gulf War (1991) | designer = | design_date = | manufacturer = Matra (now MBDA) | unit_cost = | production_date = | number = | variants = | spec_label = | weight = {{convert|200|kg|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|2.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}} | part_length = | width = | height = | diameter = {{convert|22.3|cm|abbr=on}} | crew = | passengers = | filling_weight = {{convert|100|kg|abbr=on}} primary charge {{convert|15|kg|abbr=on}} secondary charge }} Named for a mythical medieval French sword, the Durandal is an anti-runway penetration bomb developed by the French company Matra (now MBDA), designed to destroy airport and airfield runways and exported to a number of countries worldwide. As a simple crater in a runway could be just filled in, the Durandal deliberately uses two explosions in order to displace the concrete slabs of a runway, damage that is far harder to repair. Overview{{refimprove section|date=July 2011}}Designed to be dropped from low altitudes, the bomb's fall is slowed by a parachute. The maximum release speed is {{convert|550|kn|km/h mph|abbr=out}} and the minimum release altitude is {{convert|200|ft|abbr=out}}. When the bomb has reached a 40° angle due to the parachute's drag, it fires a rocket booster that accelerates it into the runway surface. The {{convert|100|kg|abbr=out|adj=on}} primary charge explodes once the weapon has penetrated the concrete and drives the secondary charge even deeper. The {{convert|15|kg|abbr=out|adj=on}} secondary charge then explodes after a one-second delay. Later production weapons have a programmable fuze that can delay the secondary detonation up to several hours. The weapon can penetrate up to {{convert|40|cm|abbr=out}} of concrete, and creates a crater {{convert|2|m|abbr=out}} deep and approximately {{convert|5|m|abbr=out}} in diameter. In addition, concrete slabs around the crater are disturbed in an area approximately {{convert|15|m|abbr=out}} in diameter. The disturbed slabs are displaced up to {{convert|50|cm|abbr=out}} above the original surface, making repair more difficult than the simple crater from a conventional bomb.[1] Service historyThere is a persistent story that the first use of the current Matra Durandal was by Israeli Mirages during the Six-Day War. This is inaccurate as this war in 1967 took place ten years before the Durandal was first available on the arms market.[2] Rather, the prototype French/Israeli anti-runway weapon program which actually cratered Egyptian runways in 1967 is related but distinct from the Durandal. The Israeli weapon used rocket rather than parachute braking over the target. The Matra development branch which was in development from 1971 on and would form the basis for the Durandal which uses parachute braking.[3][4] The Durandal was adopted by the US in a slightly modified form (with a steeper impact angle and a higher 630 knot deployment speed) as the BLU-107/B in the 1980s, and carried by F-111 and F-15E strike aircraft.[5]
In addition, the Durandal is in service with Argentina, Turkey, and at least 14 other nations. The Durandal has been used by the French Armée de l'Air for the bombing of the Libyan base at Wadi Doum (Northern Chad) on February 16, 1986. The vectors were Dassault Mirage F-1. It was used by the USAF in Desert Storm, delivered by F-111E's of the 20th Fighter Wing operating out of Turkey. 20th Wing flight commander Captain George Kelman said "there is nothing better at destroying a runway than a Durandal."[8] It has been reported{{who|date=May 2014}} that China has developed its own anti-runway bombs, the Type 200A, using Durandals as models. In the 1980s, China purchased a number of Durandals from France.[9] Users{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Ordnance & Munitions Forecast |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |accessdate=23 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143921/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Jane's Air Launched Weapons|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Durandal-BLU-107-B-France.html|publisher=Jane's Information group|accessdate=2011-07-23|date=12 January 2010}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143921/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |archivedate=2013-10-19 |df= }} 4. ^"Dassault Mirage: The Combat Log", Salvador Mafe Huertas, page-41, {{ISBN|978-0764301681}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Ordnance & Munitions Forecast |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |accessdate=23 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143921/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df= }} 6. ^[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005360444;view=1up;seq=477 Department of Defense appropriations for 1983], pt. 7, p. 483. 7. ^{{cite web|title=MBDA (Matra) BLU-107/B Durandal|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/blu-107.html|accessdate=23 July 2011}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=BLU-107 Durandal - Dumb Bombs|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/blu-107.htm |accessdate=23 July 2011}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=U.S. out of anger: After Chinese copy of Russian weapons and turned to France|url=http://www.9abc.net/index.php/archives/7736|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130221030259/http://www.9abc.net/index.php/archives/7736|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-02-21}} External links
3 : Aerial bombs of France|Anti-runway weapons|Matra |
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