词条 | Matrix management |
释义 |
OverviewThere are different types of matrix management, including strong, weak, and balanced,[2] hybrids between functional grouping and divisional or product structuring. [3]For example, by having staff in an engineering group who have marketing skills and who report to both the engineering and the marketing hierarchy, an engineering-oriented company produced "many ground-breaking computer systems."[4] This is an example of cross-functional matrix management, and is not the same as when, in the 1980s, a department acquired PCs and hired programmers.[4][5] Often senior employees, these employees are part of a product-oriented project manager's team but also report to another boss in a functional department. A senior employee who may have worked previously for an advertising agency, designing ads for computers, may now be part of a marketing department at a computer company, but be working with an engineering group. This is often called cross-functional matrix management.{{CN|date=December 2018}} Companies that have multiple business units and international operations, upon closer inspection may apply matrix structures in different ways.[6] Even function-based organizations may apply this arrangement for limited projects.[7] In popular culture
In practiceExamples of using matrix management:
As for why the term is not publicly and formally affiliated with large numbers of corporations, a 2007 book about how "matrix management made a big splash in the 1970s" said that, "for the most part... companies using matrix structures tend to keep quiet about it."[1] Scaling backTwo decades after pioneering in matrix management, Digital Equipment Corporation backed out, citing it as a source of "sapped energy and efficiency from product-development efforts."[13] Regarding earlier years, when it worked, the New York Times praised "consensus building that may have once helped Digital become the nation's second-largest computer maker" (after IBM). The same article noted the cutting of 20,000 jobs, and that what worked with the PC market didn't work as well with larger systems, such as Alpha. This does not take away from what, a week earlier, the same author wrote: "It fostered internal competition and resulted in many ground-breaking computer systems like the PDP and VAX lines."[14] In 2004, despite matrix management having become disfavored,[13], Nokia made an attempt at using a form of it, later described as "matrix management 2.0".[15] The focus is intended to be "leading without authority" so that "no one functional leader is in charge." Academic overview
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book |title=The Matrix Organization Reloaded: Adventures in Team and Project Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0275991334 |isbn=0275991334 |author=Marvin R. Gottlieb |date=2007}} 2. ^{{cite web |title=Types of Matrix Organizational Structure|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-matrix-organizational-structure.html}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=What are the 4 Types of Organizational Structures?|url=https://www.hierarchystructure.com/types-organizational-structures}} 4. ^{{cite magazine |quote=.. the explosion of stand-alone PCs in the '80s .. ensuing rise of departmental computing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sAUAAAAAMBAJ|magazine=CIO |date=April 1991 |page=66}} 5. ^{{cite web |website=NYTimes.com|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/15/technology/microsoft-enters-the-highperformance-computing-fray.html|title=Microsoft Enters the High-Performance Computing Fray|author=John Markoff |date=November 15, 2005}} 6. ^{{cite web|first1=Kristin M. |last1=Neff |first2=Ralph D. |last2=White|url=http://www.diaglobal.org/tools/viewer.aspx?type=eopdf&file=/productfiles/17090/08026.pdf|title=REDEFINING PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN A MATRIX ENVIRONMENT}} 7. ^Seet, Daniel. "Power: The Functional Manager’s Meat and Project Manager’s Poison?", PM Hut, February 6, 2009. Retrieved on March 2, 2010. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3000584/9-ways-great-companies-organize-their-teams-success|website=FastCompany.com|title=9 Ways Great Companies Organize Their Teams For Success}} 9. ^"early use of matrix management"{{cite book|title=DEC Is Dead, Long Live DEC: The Lasting Legacy of Digital Equiment Corporation|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1458777677 |isbn=1458777677|author=Edgar H. Schein |date=2010}} 10. ^gives MM components without using the term itself.{{cite web |author=Win Hindle, DEC sr. VP |date=2008|url=http://www.DECconnection.org/kensleadership.htm |title=Ken's Leadership}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=The Ultimate Entrepreneur: The Story of Ken Olsen and Digital Equipment Corporation|url=https://www.amazon.com/Ultimate-Entrepreneur-Digital-Equipment-Corporation/dp/0809245590|author=Glenn Rifkin}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://193.5.22.214/research/publications/upload/Marchand_Kettinger_WP_2005_02_Level_1.pdf |title=Leveraging Information Locally and Globally: The Right Mix of Flexibility and Standardization|first1=William J. |last1=Kettinger |first2=Donald A. |last2=Marchand |date=February 2002}} 13. ^1 {{cite newspaper |newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/20/business/business-technology-digital-shows-doctrine-the-door.html|title=BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY: Digital Shows Doctrine the Door|author=Glenn Rifkin |date=July 20, 1994}} 14. ^1 {{cite web |website=NYTimes.com|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/15/business/company-news-big-charge-to-be-taken-by-digital.html|title=COMPANY NEWS: Big Charge To Be Taken By Digital|author=Glenn Rifkin |date=July 15, 1994}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://odinnovator.com/restructuring/demise-nokia-cautionary-tale-restructuring-gone-wrong|title=The Demise of Nokia—A Cautionary Tale of Restructuring Gone Wrong}} 16. ^Matrix management: not a structure, a frame of mind. Barlett CA, Ghoshal S, Harvard Business Review [1990, 68(4):138-145] 17. ^Galbraith, J.R. (1971). "Matrix Organization Designs: How to combine functional and project forms". In: Business Horizons, February 1971, 29-40. 18. ^“Making the Matrix Work: How Matrix Managers Engage People and Cut Through Complexity”, by Kevan Hall {{ISBN|1904838421}} | {{ISBN|978-1904838425}} | External links
3 : Management by type|Organizational theory|Types of organization |
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