“Saudi foreign assistance”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Since the 1980s Saudi Arabia has provided foreign assistance to many countries and organizations.

Between 1976 and 1987, Saudi developmental aid amounted to USD49 billion,^[1] second only to the United States of America. The ODA/GNP ratio averaged 4.2% over this period, well above the highest amount provided by Development Assistance Committee countries (the DAC average is 0.35%).^[2] On a per-capita basis, the country is the biggest worldwide donor, though the aid has only been given to Muslim countries.^[1]

In 2005, IMF Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato appreciated Saudi Arabia's role in providing economic and financial support to regional nations and developing countries in general.^[3]

Saudi fund for development

The Saudi Fund was set up by royal decree in October 1974, to stimulate economic growth in developing nations. In the next four years it gave soft loans totaling $3.1 billion to 51 countries, many of them with the lowest per-capita income bracket in the world. Almost 60 percent of approved loans earmarked for transport, power and water projects. By 1979, the fund accounted for about 30 percent of the kingdom's foreign economic aid.^[4]

Middle East

Saudi Arabia pledged $1 billion in export guarantees and soft loans to Iraq. For Lebanon, it pledged a total of $1.59 billion in assistance and deposits to the Central Bank of Lebanon in 2006 and pledged an additional $1.1 billion in early 2007.^[5] Of that aid, $500 million were intended for reconstruction.^[6]

After the 2003 Bam earthquake, Saudi Arabia pledged more than $200,000 to the victims.^[7]

Saudi Arabia is one of the largest providers of aid to the Palestinian people.^[8] In just the three-year period 1987 to 1989 Saudi Arabia provided $1.8billion in financial support to the anti-government fighters in Afghanistan around twice the amount it had given to the PLO in the previous 14 years. .^[9] Since 2002, Saudi Arabia has given more than $480 million in monetary support to the Palestinian Authority, and has supported Palestinian refugees by contributing to the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). Through the Arab League it has provided more than $250 million for the Palestinians, and pledged $500 million in assistance over the next three years at the Donors Conference in Dec 2007.^[5] Unlike aid from other nations, Saudi Arabian aid to Palestinians was not disrupted by the election of Hamas.^[8]

South Asia

After the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the resulting massive tsunamis, the Saudi government gave $30 million in aid to aid the victims, including a $5 million private donation by King Fahd (Saudis in total, including citizens, donated more than $80 million).^[10]

In the aftermath of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, Saudi Arabia donated over US$3.3 million, more than any other country,^[11] and promised an additional $573 million, also the maximum amount of money pledged.^[12] Saudi Arabia also provided 4000 pre-fabricated houses to Pakistan through the Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake Victims (SPAPEV). The houses, which were to be equipped with all required facilities, cost over $16.7 million.^[13] The SPAPEV also distributed 230,000 blankets, 150,000 quilts, 10,000 ordinary tents, 2,500 special winterized waterproof tents, 100,000 stoves, 100,000 food.^[14]

The Saudi government pledged $230 million to development in Afghanistan. It has also pledged $133 million in direct grant aid, $187 million in concessional loans, and $153 million in export credits for Pakistan earthquake relief.^[5]

In the aftermath of the 2010 Pakistan floods, Saudi Arabia has donated more than US $361.99 million for the relief operation, topping the list of all donating countries.^[15] Saudi royal family donated $20 million on the first day whereas Saudi citizens donated more than $107 million were collected in the first three days.^[16] Saudi Arabia started the largest air relief bridge in the history and also donated two hospital consisting of 100 beds.^[17]

Balkans

Bosnian War and Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Bosnian Muslims received support from Muslim countries and Islamist organizations during the Bosnian War (1992–1995). Military operations, including Al-Qaeda activity (see Al-Qaeda in Bosnia and Herzegovina), were funded and supported by the Saudi High Commission (SHC), founded by Saudi prince Salman bin Abdul-Aziz.^[18] Pakistan supported Bosnia while providing technical and military support; Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) allegedly ran an active military intelligence program during the Bosnian War which started in 1992 lasting until 1995. Executed and supervised by Pakistani General Javed Nasir, the program provided logistics and ammunition supplies to various groups of Bosnian mujahideen during the war. The ISI Bosnian contingent was organized with financial assistance provided by Saudi Arabia according to the British historian Mark Curtis.^[19]

According to Washington Post, Saudi Arabia provided $300 million in weapons to government forces in Bosnia with the knowledge and tacit cooperation of the United States, a claim denied by officials.^[20]

According to some media reports, the Active Islamic Youth was described as a front for the Saudi High Commission for Relief and the Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation.^[21]

Kosovo War and Republic of Kosovo

The Saudi Joint Committee for the Relief of Kosovo used $5 million to finance projects in rehabilitation, foodstuffs, relief materials, educational and religious programs, sponsorship of orphans, health care programs and development. Freights from Jeddah took 400,000 liters of milk as well as 900 cartons of clothing, 1,000 blankets, 25 water cisterns, medical supplies and surgical appliances such as wheelchairs to Pristina.^[22] Saudi citizens donated $20 million to Kosovo in cash as well as food and medical supplies, and the Saudi Red Crescent sent medical volunteers.^[23]

Since the Kosovo War, there has been an increasing radicalization of Islam in Kosovo.{{sfn|Testa|2016}} Wahhabism, which is dominant in Saudi Arabia, has gained a foothold in Kosovo through Saudi diplomacy.{{sfn|Testa|2016}} Saudi money has paid for new mosques, while Saudi-educated imams have arrived since the end of the war in 1999.{{sfn|Testa|2016}} During UN administration, Saudi Arabian organizations sought to establish a cultural foothold in Kosovo.{{sfn|Mincheva|Gurr|2013|p=34}} 98 Wahhabist schools were set up by Saudi organizations during UN administration.{{sfn|Mincheva|Gurr|2013|pp=34–35}} Hundreds of Kosovo Albanians have joined jihad in the Middle East.

Africa

In 2006, the Saudi government gave $10 million in aid to the horn of Africa, through the World Food Programme, of which Kenya received $2 million.^[24] Saudi prince Al-Walid bin Talal donated $1 million to help feed 3.5 million Kenyans during the drought.^[25]

See also

References

1. ^¹[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/1514026/Saudis-donate-aid-to-non-Muslims.html Barton, Jack]
2. ^Saudi Aid to the Developing World
3. ^De Rato concludes multi-country visit. IMF.
4. ^Lawton, John (1979). "[Arab Aid - Who Gives It]". Aramco magazine 30 (6): 26-27.
5. ^¹²[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2062.html Field Listing - Economic aid - donor]. CIA World Factbook.
6. ^Saudi Arabia Announces Massive Aid for Lebanon. VOA News, 25 July 2006.
7. ^AGFUND announces $200,000 relief aid to earthquake victims in Iran
8. ^¹Labott, Elise. Saudis join Egypt in support for Hamas. CNN.
9. ^[https://danglazebrook.com/2017/05/26/british-collusion-with-sectarian-violence-part-one-with-sukant-chandan/ Dan Glazebrook - British Collusion with Sectarian Violence].
10. ^Saudis boost aid to wave victims. BBC News.
11. ^Earthquake aid window slamming shut, WFP warns. World Food Programme, 27 October 2005.
12. ^Sengupta, Somini; Rohde, David. [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/20/international/asia/20quake.html Pledges Exceed Goal for Pakistan Quake Aid]. New York Times. November 20, 2005
13. ^Pakistan: Saudi Arabia to provide 4000 pre-fabricated houses, contract signed. Relief Web. October 12th, 2006
14. ^About SPAPEV
15. ^{{cite web|title=Countrywise update of Foreign Assistance for Flood Affectees|date=17 September 2010|last=Government of Pakistan|first=Economic Affairs Division|url=http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Flood%20Relief%20Fund/17_9_2010ForeignAssistance_a.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807052843/http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Flood%20Relief%20Fund/17_9_2010ForeignAssistance_a.pdf|archivedate=7 August 2011|df=}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://pkonweb.com/2010/08/saudi-flood-aid-to-pakistan-first-largest-not-politicized/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-09-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824134256/http://pkonweb.com/2010/08/saudi-flood-aid-to-pakistan-first-largest-not-politicized/ |archivedate=2011-08-24 |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web |last=Masood |first=Azhar |url=http://arabnews.com/world/article118995.ece |title=Alwaleed visits flood-hit regions of Pakistan |publisher=Arab News |date=2010-08-30 |accessdate=2010-09-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902043701/http://arabnews.com/world/article118995.ece |archivedate=2010-09-02 |df= }}
18. ^{{Cite book|first=Michael|last=Newton|year=2010|title=Terrorism - International Case Law Reporter 2008|url=https://books.google.no/books?id=zNhMAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=no&pg=PA1091#v=onepage&q&f=false|volume=2|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=1091|isbn=9780195398335}}
19. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QfFrZ2_KnnwC&lpg=PA212|title=Secret Affairs Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam.|last=Curtis|first=Mark|publisher=Profile|isbn=1847653014|edition=New updated|location=London|page=212}}
20. ^Molotsky, Irvin. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E5DA1739F931A35751C0A960958260 U.S. Linked To Saudi Aid For Bosnians ]. New York Times, February 2, 1996
21. ^Harry de Quetteville in Sarajevo, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bosnia/1467897/US-hunts-Islamic-militants-in-Bosnia.html "US hunts Islamic militants in Bosnia"], Daily Telegraph, London, 26 July 2004.
22. ^Saudi aid to Kosovo continues. Saudi Embassy, 31 October 1999.
23. ^Gardner, Frank. World: Middle East Gulf Arabs aid Kosovo refugees. BBC News, April 24, 1999.
24. ^Saudi relief aid for Kenya, Afghanistan
25. ^Saudi prince gives US$1 million to feed Kenyans. World Food Programme