| 词条 | Schnitzler syndrome |
| 释义 |
| name = Schnitzler syndrome | synonyms = Schnitzler's syndrome | image = | caption = | pronounce = | field = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Schnitzler syndrome or Schnitzler's syndrome is a rare disease characterised by onset around middle age of chronic hives (urticaria) and periodic fever, bone pain and joint pain (sometimes with joint inflammation), weight loss, malaise, fatigue, swollen lymph glands and enlarged spleen and liver.[1] Schnitzler syndrome is considered an autoinflammatory disorder and is generally treated with anakinra, which inhibits interleukin 1. This treatment controls the condition but does not cure it. Around 15% of people develop complications, but the condition generally does not shorten life.[1] ClassificationSchnitzler syndrome is a late-onset autoinflammatory disorder.[1] Signs and symptomsThe typical onset is at around 55 years old, and the symptoms are recurrent hives, mostly on the torso and limbs, often with recurring fever, joint pain, bone pain, muscle pain, headache, fatigue, and loss of weight.[1] CauseAs of 2017 the cause of the disease was not understood.[1] DiagnosisBlood tests show a high concentration of specific gamma-globulins (monoclonal gammopathy) of the IgM type. It almost always has light chains of the κ-type. A variant in which IgG is raised has been described, which appears to be one-tenth as common. The immunoglobulins may show up in the urine as Bence Jones proteins. Signs of inflammation are often present: these include an increased white blood cell count (leukocytosis) and a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. There can be anemia of chronic disease.[6] Bone abnormalities can be seen on radiological imaging (often increased density or osteosclerosis) or biopsy.[1]There are two sets of diagnostic criteria, the Lipsker criteria published in 2001 and the Strasbourg criteria that were produced at a meeting in that city in 2012.[1] The Lipsker criteria require hives, the presence of monoclonal IgM, and at least 2 of the following: fever, joint pain or arthritis, bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen or liver, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high levels of white blood cells, and findings of problems in bone imaging.[1][2] In the Strasbourg criteria, the person must have hives and the presence of monoclonal IgM or IgG. Schnitzlers is diagnosed if the person has IgM and two of the following, or IgG and three of the following: recurrent fevers, abnormalities in bone imaging, with or without bone pain, findings of neutrophil infiltration in a skin biopsy, high levels of white blood cells or C-reactive protein.[1][3] Other conditions which can cause periodic fevers, paraproteins or chronic hives that should be ruled out, include (and are not limited to) autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders such as adult-onset Still's disease, angioedema, hematological disorders such as lymphoma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), other causes of hives, cryoglobulinemia, mastocytosis, chronic neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease or Muckle–Wells syndrome.[1][4]TreatmentAs of 2017 no drug was approved to treat Schnitzlers. Drugs that inhibit interleukin 1 activity have been the preferred treatment since they emerged in 2005; since 2012 a consensus guideline has recommended treatment with anakinra. Immunosuppressant drugs such as corticosteroids, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, interferon alpha may be effective.[1] In June 2018 NHS England published a Clinical Commissioning Policy: Anakinra to treat periodic fevers and autoinflammatory disorders (all ages) which stated that "Anakinra may be used as a first line treatment in patients with a documented diagnosis of Schnitzler syndrome".[5] OutcomesGenerally treatment with anakinra prevents outbreaks but they resume if treatment is stopped.[1] In around 15-20% of people, a lymphoproliferative disorder as a complication, most commonly Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, develops. AA amyloidosis has also been reported in people with Schnitzler syndrome.[1] The life span in patients with Schnitzler syndrome has not been shown to differ much from the general population.[6] EpidemiologyIt is a rare condition; as of September 2014, 281 cases had been reported[7] and as of 2017 around 300 cases had been reported.[1] HistoryThe disease is named after the French dermatologist Liliane Schnitzler who first described this syndrome in 1972.[8][7] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite journal | vauthors = Gusdorf L, Lipsker D | title = Schnitzler Syndrome: a Review | journal = Current Rheumatology Reports | volume = 19 | issue = 8 | pages = 46 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28718061 | doi = 10.1007/s11926-017-0673-5 }} 2. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Lipsker D, Veran Y, Grunenberger F, Cribier B, Heid E, Grosshans E | title = The Schnitzler syndrome. Four new cases and review of the literature | journal = Medicine | volume = 80 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–44 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11204501 | doi = 10.1097/00005792-200101000-00004 }} 3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Simon A, Asli B, Braun-Falco M, De Koning H, Fermand JP, Grattan C, Krause K, Lachmann H, Lenormand C, Martinez-Taboada V, Maurer M, Peters M, Rizzi R, Rongioletti F, Ruzicka T, Schnitzler L, Schubert B, Sibilia J, Lipsker D|display-authors = 6 | title = Schnitzler's syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up | journal = Allergy | volume = 68 | issue = 5 | pages = 562–8 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23480774 | doi = 10.1111/all.12129 }} 4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kurian A, Lee JK, Vadas P | title = Schnitzler syndrome with cold-induced urticaria | journal = Journal of Dermatological Case Reports | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 50–3 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21886751 | pmc = 3157821 | doi = 10.3315/jdcr.2010.1060 }} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=NHS England |title=Clinical Commissioning Policy: Anakinra to treat periodic fevers and autoinflammatory disorders (all ages) |date=29 June 2018 |url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/1713-anakinra-for-periodic-fever.pdf |accessdate=11 July 2018|page=18}} 6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = de Koning HD, Bodar EJ, van der Meer JW, Simon A | title = Schnitzler syndrome: beyond the case reports: review and follow-up of 94 patients with an emphasis on prognosis and treatment | journal = Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | pages = 137–48 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 17586002 | doi = 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2007.04.001 }} 7. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = de Koning HD | title = Schnitzler's syndrome: lessons from 281 cases | journal = Clinical and Translational Allergy | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = 41 | date = 2014 | pmid = 25905009 | pmc = 4405827 | doi = 10.1186/2045-7022-4-41 }} 8. ^L. Schnitzler, Lésions urticariennes chroniques permanentes (érythème pétaloïde?) Cas cliniques No 46 B, J Dermatol Angers (1972) Abstract 46. External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = 31345 | ICD10 = | ICD9 = {{ICD9|273.1}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = derm | eMedicineTopic = 489 | MeshID = D019873 | Orphanet = 37748 }} 3 : Autoinflammatory syndromes|Urticaria and angioedema|Rare diseases |
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