| 词条 | Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War |
| 释义 |
|conflict= Second Goryeo–Khitan War |partof= Goryeo-Khitan Wars |image= |caption= |date=1010-1011 |place=Northern Korean Peninsula |casus=Gang Jo's coup d´etat |territory= |result=Khitan tactical victory followed by withdrawal
|combatant1=Goryeo |combatant2=Liao Dynasty |commander1=Gang Jo† Yang Gyu† Kim Suk-heung† Dae Do-su{{POW}} Ha Gong-jin |commander2=Emperor Shengzong Xiao Baiya[2] |strength1= |strength2=400,000[2] |casualties1=severe. main force annihilated |casualties2= 15,000 < |notes= }} The Second Goryeo-Khitan War was an 11th-century conflict between the kingdom of Goryeo and the Liao dynasty (the Khitan Empire) near what is now the border between China and North Korea. It was the second of the Goryeo-Khitan Wars, with the First Goryeo-Khitan War occurring in 993, the second in 1010, and the third in 1018. When King Seongjong died in 997, Liao invested his successor Wang Song as king of Goryeo (King Mokjong, r. 997-1009).[3] In 1009, he was assassinated by the forces of the general Gang Jo.[4] Using it as a pretext, the Liao attacked Goryeo in the next year.[5] They lost the first battle but won the second one, and Gang Jo was captured and killed.[2] The Liao occupied and burnt the Goryeo capital Kaesong,[6][7][8] but the Goryeo king had already escaped to Naju.[1] The Khitan withdrew then afterward Goryeo promised to reaffirm its tributary relationship with the Khitan.[9] Unable to establish a foothold and to avoid a counterattack by the regrouped Korean armies, the Khitan forces withdrew.[4] Afterward, the Goryeo king sued for peace, but the Liao emperor demanded that he come in person and also cede key border areas; the Goryeo court refused the demands, resulting in a decade of hostility between the two nations, during which both sides fortified their borders in preparation of war.[10][11] Liao attacked Goryeo in 1015, 1016, and 1017, but the results were indecisive.[12] See also
Notes1. ^1 {{harvnb|Nahm|1988}}, p. 89. 2. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Twitchett|Tietze|1994}}, p.111. 3. ^{{harvnb|Twitchett|Tietze|1994}}, p.104. 4. ^{{harvnb|Hyun|2013}}, p. 191. 5. ^{{harvnb|Twitchett|Tietze|1994}}, p. 111: "The Khitan sent an expeditionary army ... to punish the murderer of their former vassal". 6. ^1 {{harvnb|Simons|1995}}, p. 95: "a prelude to more invasions during the reign of King Hyonjong (1010-1031) and the occupation of Kaesong, the Koryo capital." 7. ^{{harvnb|Hatada|Smith Jr|Hazard|1969}}, p. 52: "in the reign of King Hyŏnjong (1010-1031) there were numerous Khitan invasions, and even the capital Kaesŏng was occupied." 8. ^{{harvnb|Ebrey|Walthall|2014}}, {{Google books|6F2XLmIVAaYC||page=171}}: "In 1010, on the pretext that the rightful king had been deposed without the approval of the Liao court, the Khitan emperor personally led an attack that culminated in the burning of the Goryeo capital." 9. ^1 {{harvnb|Simons|1995}}, p. 93: "a second Liao incursion resulted in heavy losses, the sacking of Kaesong, and the imposition of Liao suzerainty over the Koryo state." 10. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Twitchett|first1=Denis C.|last2=Franke|first2=Herbert|last3=Fairbank|first3=John King|title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521243315|page=111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&q=%22The+Kory6+court+refused%2C+and+a+decade+of+hostility+ensued.%22#v=snippet&q=%22The%20Kory6%20court%20refused%2C%20and%20a%20decade%20of%20hostility%20ensued.%22&f=false|accessdate=30 July 2016|language=en}} 11. ^{{harvnb|Simons|1995}}, p. 93: "a second Liao incursion resulted in heavy losses, the sacking of Kaesong, and the imposition of Liao suzerainty over the Koryo state." p. 95: "a prelude to more invasions during the reign of King Hyonjong (1010-1031) and the occupation of Kaesong, the Koryo capital." 12. ^{{cite book|last1=Twitchett|first1=Denis C.|last2=Franke|first2=Herbert|last3=Fairbank|first3=John King|title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521243315|page=111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=30 July 2016|language=en|quote=From 1015 to 1019 there was incessant warfare, with attacks on Koryŏ in 1015, 1016, and 1017 in which victory went sometimes to Koryŏ, sometimes to the Khitan, but in sum were indecisive.}} References{{refbegin}}
3 : Goryeo–Khitan War|Conflicts in 1010|Conflicts in 1011 |
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