请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Seed swap
释义

  1. Cultural and culinary significance

  2. Biological significance

  3. Restrictions in the European Union

  4. See also

  5. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}Seed swaps are events where gardeners meet to exchange seeds. Swapping can be arranged online or by mail,[1] especially when participants are spread out geographically. Swap meet events, where growers meet and exchange their excess seeds in person, are also growing in popularity. In part this is due to increased interest in organic gardening and heritage or heirloom plant varietals. This reflects gardeners' interest in "unusual or particular varieties of flowers and vegetables," according to Kathy Jentz of Washington Gardener Magazine (Maryland).[2]

Seed swaps also help consumers who, due to increases in the cost of living or cut down on expenditures, wish to grow their own food.[3][4] Some events are organized as part of an educational effort, where visitors are taught gardening and growing skills[5][6] and how to preserve an area's cultural heritage[7] and biodiversity.[8] In the United States, the last Saturday of January is "National Seed Swap Day."[9][10][11]

Cultural and culinary significance

Swapping seeds is of great cultural significance for many of the people involved, because it allows a culture which has become widely distributed, such as Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States, to continue to grow the food they are accustomed to, foods which often have great significance, and for which seeds are often transported over great distances. Mike Szuberla, organizer of a seed swap in Toledo, Ohio, noted, "Seeds are, in a sense, suitcases in which people can transport their cultures with them...Many families have brought their favorite seeds on tremendous journeys."[12]

In some cases seed swaps are annual events and function as community celebrations (they have been compared to potlucks[13]), such as the annual seed swap (in its eleventh year in 2008[8]) on the Oglethorpe farm near Athens, Georgia, organized by two anthropology professors from the University of Georgia (the university has a seedbank, the "Southern Seed Legacy"[8]). Participants share seeds of heirloom fruits and vegetables grown in their families or communities for generations; for some, the goal of such swaps is to preserve a "dying" heritage.[14] A similar goal is stated for a seed swap in Devon, England, where the North Devon Seed Swap has been held since 1 February 2004.[15][16]

The Dixon Community Seed Exchange, in Dixon, NM has been taking place annually since 2003. It distributes free seed of homegrown and commercial varieties as available and also provides a forum for the exchange of varieties peculiar to the high mountain areas of northern New Mexico. It attracts several hundred participants and photos may be viewed at its website.[17]

A distinct and less public kind of seed swap involves the seeds of marijuana.[18][19]

Biological significance

Some seed swaps explicitly have a biological goal—usually either educating the public in organic gardening or the attempt to maintain crop diversity.[8][14][16] The larger global relevance and beneficial long-range effects of ecological farming sustained by seed swaps, and the effects of such practices in countering the effects of agrichemical monoculture, are beginning to be studied.[20]

Restrictions in the European Union

The European Court of Justice ruled in 2012 that farmers in the European Union are allowed under restricted circumstances to both produce and market seeds from plant varieties that are not officially registered and approved. Sale of such seeds could not be categorically prohibited on the basis of an existing EU guideline on seed registering. The corporation Graines Baumax had taken the domestic farmers' network Kokopelli to court and demanded €50,000 (US$61,000).

[21] Kokopelli won this case.[22]France has the most strict implementation of the seed laws.[23]

Indications in 2011 is that even more restrictions are on their way.[24] European Pairlament rejected the European Commission's proposal for plant reproductive material law, also known as the "seed regulation" in 2014.[25][26]

See also

{{Portal|Gardening}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Community gardening
  • Crop diversity
  • Food swap
  • Gift economy
  • Organic gardening
  • Seedbank
  • Seed library
  • Seed saving
{{div col end}}

References

1. ^In England, the Cottage Garden Society organizes an annual seed exchange, where members mail in their seeds to the Society; members may then select a number of kinds of seed from a list of submissions. {{cite web | last = Bennett | first = Jill | authorlink = | title = Seed Distribution Programme | work = | publisher = Cottage Garden Society | date = July 2008 | url = http://www.thecgs.org.uk/seed_distribution | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
2. ^{{cite news | last = Dutton | first = Melissa Kossler | title = Up For Grabs: Gardeners Gather to Swap Seeds, Know-how | work = Montgomery Advertiser | place = | pages = D1 | language = | publisher = | date = 2009-05-29 | url = | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
3. ^{{cite news | last = Nicholson | first = Scott | title = Seed swap sprouts garden traditions | work = Watauga Democrat | place = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = 2008-03-24 | url = http://www.wataugademocrat.com/2008/0324/0324seedswap.php | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
4. ^{{cite book | last = Gray | first = Rich | authorlink = | title = The Frugal Senior: Hundreds of Creative Ways to Stretch a Dollar! | publisher = Quill Driver Books | date = 2005 | location = | page = 73 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xftPN05NdwkC&client=firefox-a | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-884956-49-2}}
5. ^{{cite news | last = Nicholson | first = Scott | title = Organic Growers School and Seed Swap coming up March 3 | work = Watauga Democrat | place = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = 2007-02-23 | url = http://www.wataugademocrat.com/2007/0219web/organicfarm.php | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
6. ^{{cite news | last = | first = | title = First seed-swap event for gardeners | work = Bristol Evening Post | place = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = 2006-01-19 | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12413332_ITM | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
7. ^{{cite news | last = Carrier | first = Susan | title = Seed Swap Day of Action events in Southern California | work = Los Angeles Times | place = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = 2009-01-24 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/24/home/hm-seedswapbox24 | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
8. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | last = Shearer | first = Lee | title = Seed swap maintains diversity, knowledge of Southern plants | work = Athens Banner-Herald | place = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = 2008-04-28 | url = http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/042908/news_2008042900133.shtml | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
9. ^{{cite news | last = Rufus | first = Anneli |author2=Kristan Lawson | title = Seed swapping: An established way to share and trade seeds | work = Plenty | place = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = April 2008 | url = http://www.mnn.com/food/farms-gardens/stories/seed-swapping | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
10. ^{{cite web|last= |first= |authorlink= |title=Seed Exchange Event |work=2007 |publisher=Rochester Civic Garden Center |url=http://www.rcgc.org/seedswap.htm |doi= |accessdate=2009-05-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508042618/http://rcgc.org/seedswap.htm |archivedate=8 May 2009 }}
11. ^{{cite book | last = The Editors of Chase's | first = | authorlink = | title = Chase's ... calendar of events | publisher = McGraw-Hill | date = 2004 | location = | page = 107 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oS4feMViTqwC&client=firefox-a | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-07-159956-6}}
12. ^{{cite news | last = Lane | first = Tahree | title = Good to grow: Annual seed swap is a kind of cultural exchange program | work = The Blade | place = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = 2006-02-24 | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-13340141_ITM | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
13. ^{{cite book | last = Flores | first = H.C. | authorlink = |author2=Jackie Holmstrom |author3=Toby Hemenway | title = Food Not Lawns: How to Turn Your Yard Into a Garden and Your Neighborhood Into a Community | publisher = Chelsea Green | date = 2006 | location = | page = 158 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M_DtwznYASwC&client=firefox-a | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-933392-07-3}}
14. ^1 {{cite news | last = | first = | title = Seed swap continues tradition on Oglethorpe farm | work = Athens Banner-Herald | place = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = 2002-05-06 | url = http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/050602/hga_20020506001.shtml | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
15. ^{{cite web|last= |first= |authorlink= |title=North Devon Seed Swap 1st February 2004 |work= |publisher=Permaculture Association (Britain) |url=http://www.permaculture.org.uk/mm.asp?nolinks=y&mmfile=news_seedswap |format= |doi= |accessdate=2009-05-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925164408/http://www.permaculture.org.uk/mm.asp?nolinks=y&mmfile=news_seedswap |archivedate=25 September 2006 }}
16. ^1 {{cite news | last = | first = | title = Seed swap aims to keep diversity of vegetables | work = Western Daily Press | place = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = 2007-02-16 | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-29662952_ITM | accessdate = 2009-05-29}}
17. ^Talon de Gato Farm
18. ^{{cite book | last = Preston | first = Brian | authorlink = | title = Pot Planet: Adventures in Global Marijuana Culture | publisher = Grove Press | date = 2002 | location = | pages = 103–104 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hsfCjIpRXb0C&client=firefox-a | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-8021-3897-2}}
19. ^{{cite book | last = Green | first = Greg | authorlink = | title = The Cannabis Grow Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing Marijuana for Recreational and Medical Use | publisher = Green Candy Press | date = 2003 | location = | pages = 291–92 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eQg9Bxb2D8UC&client=firefox-a&pgis=1 | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-931160-17-9}}
20. ^{{cite book | last = McMichael | first = Philip | authorlink = | title = Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective | publisher = Pine Forge Press | date = 2007 | location = | page = 201 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m7XigsBpSV0C&client=firefox-a | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-4129-5592-8}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=European court rules on trade in non-approved seeds|url=http://www.dw.de/european-court-rules-on-trade-in-non-approved-seeds/a-16090272|date=2012-07-12|accessdate=2013-02-19|publisher=dw.de}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Procès Kokopelli c. Graines Baumaux : Après presque 10 ans de procédure, la Cour d’Appel de Nancy donne enfin raison à Kokopelli !|url=http://blog.kokopelli-semences.fr/2014/09/proces-kokopelli-c-graines-baumaux-apres-presque-10-ans-de-procedure-la-cour-dappel-de-nancy-donne-enfin-raison-a-kokopelli/|date=2014-09-18|accessdate=2015-01-08|publisher=kokopelli-semences.fr}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=GRAIN — Seed laws in Europe: locking farmers out|url=http://www.grain.org/article/entries/541-seed-laws-in-europe-locking-farmers-out|accessdate=2013-02-19|publisher=grain.org}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=New EU Seed Law: "all power to the multinationals"|url=http://www.seed-sovereignty.org/PDF/New_EU_Seed_Law_EDH_111206_EN.pdf|date=2012-03-23|accessdate=2013-02-19|publisher=seed-sovereignty.org}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/content/20140307IPR38202/html/MEPs-reject-draft-seed-regulation|title=MEPs reject draft seed regulation|website=europarl.europa.eu|date=2014-03-11|accessdate=2015-01-08|publisher=European Pairlament}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=The Commissions proposal for a seed regulation is politically dead|url=http://www.seed-sovereignty.org/EN/|date=2014-03-11|accessdate=2015-01-08|publisher=seed-sovereignty.org}}

2 : Food sovereignty|Horticulture and gardening
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/12 8:08:50