“Mayor of London”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Mayor of London is the executive of the Greater London Authority. The current Mayor is Sadiq Khan, who took up office on 9 May 2016. The position was held by Ken Livingstone from the creation of the role on 4 May 2000, until he was defeated in May 2008 by Boris Johnson, who served two terms before being succeeded by Khan.

The role, created in 2000 after the London devolution referendum in 1998, was the first directly elected mayor in the United Kingdom.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

The Mayor is scrutinised by the London Assembly and, supported by their Mayoral cabinet, directs the entirety of Greater London, including the City of London (for which there is also the ceremonial Lord Mayor of the City of London). Each London Borough also has a ceremonial Mayor or, in Hackney, Lewisham, Newham and Tower Hamlets, an elected Mayor.

Background

The Greater London Council, the elected government for Greater London, was abolished in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985. Strategic functions were split off to various joint arrangements. Londoners voted in a referendum in 1998 to create a new governance structure for Greater London. The directly elected Mayor of London was created by the Greater London Authority Act 1999 in 2000 as part of the reforms.

Elections

The Mayor is elected by the supplementary vote method for a fixed term of four years, with elections taking place in May. As with most elected posts in the United Kingdom, there is a deposit, in this case of £10,000, which is returnable on the candidate's winning at least 5% of the first-choice votes cast.

Most recent election

The most recent London mayoral election was held on 5 May 2016.^[2] The results were announced officially on 7 May at 00:30 a.m. after British television news channel Sky News had announced Sadiq Khan as the winner hours earlier. Sadiq Khan, a member of the Labour Party, is the first Muslim to be elected Mayor of London.

Incumbent Mayor Boris Johnson did not run for reelection for a third term in office, as he had been elected the Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party in Uxbridge and South Ruislip in the 2015 general election.

List of mayors

Timeline

Powers and functions

Most powers are derived from the Greater London Authority Act 1999, with additional functions coming from the Greater London Authority Act 2007, the Localism Act 2011 and Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011.

The remaining local government functions are performed by the London borough councils. There is some overlap, for example the borough councils are responsible for waste management, but the mayor is required to produce a waste management strategy.^[7] In 2010, the Mayor launched an initiative in partnership with the Multi-academy Trust AET to transform schools across London. This led to the establishment of London Academies Enterprise Trust (LAET) which was intended to be a group of ten academies, but it only reached a group of four before the Mayor withdrew in 2013.

Initiatives

Ken Livingstone

Initiatives taken by Ken Livingstone as Mayor of London included the London congestion charge on private vehicles using city centre London on weekdays, the creation of the London Climate Change Agency, the London Energy Partnership and the founding of the international Large Cities Climate Leadership Group, now known as C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. The congestion charge led to many new buses being introduced across London. In August 2003, Livingstone oversaw the introduction of the Oyster card electronic ticketing system for Transport for London services.^[8]

They have also included the London Partnerships Register which was a voluntary scheme without legal force for same sex couples to register their partnership, and paved the way for the introduction by the United Kingdom Parliament of civil partnerships. Unlike civil partnerships, the London Partnerships Register was open to heterosexual couples who favour a public commitment other than marriage.

As Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone was also a supporter of the London Olympics in 2012, and is known to encourage sport in London; especially when sport can be combined with helping charities like The London Marathon and British 10K charity races. However, Livingstone, in a Mayoral election debate on the BBC's Question Time in April 2008 did state that the primary reason he supported the Olympic bid, was to secure funding for the redevelopment of the East End of London. In July 2007, he brought the Tour de France cycle race to London.

Boris Johnson

In May 2008, Boris Johnson introduced a new transport safety initiative to put 440 high visibility police officers on bus hubs, and the immediate vicinity.^[9] A ban on alcohol on underground, bus, Docklands Light Railway, and tram services and stations across the capital was announced.^[10]

Also in May 2008, he announced the closure of The Londoner newspaper, saving approximately £2.9 million. A percentage of this saving will be spent on planting 10,000 new street trees.^[11]

In 2010, he extended the coverage of Oyster card electronic ticketing to all National Rail overground train services.^[12] Also in 2010, he opened a cycle hire scheme (originally sponsored by Barclays, now Santander) with 5,000 bicycles available for hire across London. Although initiated by his predecessor, Ken Livingstone, the scheme rapidly acquired the nickname of "Boris Bikes".

In 2011, Boris Johnson set up the Outer London Fund, a money pot of up to £50 million designed to help facilitate better, more effective local high streets.^[13] Areas in London were given the chance to submit proposals for two separate pots of money, which would be granted to them if their bid was successful. Successful bids for Phase 1 included Enfield,^[14] Muswell Hill^[15] and Bexley Town Centre.^[16] The recipients of Phase 2 funding are still to be announced.

In January 2013, he appointed journalist Andrew Gilligan as the first Cycling Commissioner for London.^[17] In March 2013, Johnson announced £1 billion of investment in infrastructure to make cycling safer in London, including a {{convert|15|mi|adj=on}} East to West segregated 'Crossrail for bikes'.^[18]

At the General Election of 7 May 2015, Boris Johnson was elected as MP for Uxbridge and Ruislip South, with 50.2% of the vote on a turnout of 63.4%,^[19] and he continued to serve as Mayor until the mayoral election in May 2016, when Sadiq Khan was elected as his successor.

Salary

The Mayor of London's salary is £143,911 per year, which is similar to that of a Government Cabinet minister.^[20]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/professions/regional-and-local-administration/mayor-london|title=Mayor of London|author=|date=|work=debretts.com|accessdate=6 April 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329135601/http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/professions/regional-and-local-administration/mayor-london|archivedate=29 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.londonelects.org.uk/about-london-elects|title=About London Elects|author=|date=|work=londonelects.org.uk|accessdate=6 April 2016}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://londonelects.org.uk/sites/default/files/Part%201%20Election%20of%20the%20London%20Mayor.pdf |title=Official election result declaration, London Elects |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-07-01}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1691893/sadiq-khan-vows-to-be-mayor-for-all-londoners|title=Sadiq Khan Vows To Be 'Mayor For All Londoners'|publisher=Sky News|date=7 May 2016|accessdate=9 May 2016|quote=But because of the processes involved, he won't be technically in office until just after midnight on Monday.}}
5. ^Playing a strategic role in planning | Greater London Authority {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062641/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/planning-london/playing-strategic-role-planning-0 |date=16 October 2013 }}. London.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
6. ^What can the Mayor of London actually do?. Full Fact (2012-04-03). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
7. ^The Mayor's Waste Management Strategies | Greater London Authority {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104061051/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/environment/publications/the-mayors-waste-management-strategies |date=4 November 2013 }}. London.gov.uk (2011-11-18). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
8. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240052235/London-fare-freeze-to-boost-smartcard-use |title=London fare freeze to boost smartcard use |author=James Rogers |newspaper=Computer Weekly |date=19 August 2003 |accessdate=19 September 2014}}
9. ^GLA Press Release – New action on transport safety {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528233456/http://www.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=16933 |date=28 May 2008 }}
10. ^GLA Press Release – Plan to ban alcohol on the transport network {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513000000/http://www.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=16793 |date=13 May 2008 }}
11. ^GLA Press Release – Closure of The Londoner newspaper {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517104647/http://www.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=16873 |date=17 May 2008 }}
12. ^Oyster Oyster pay as you go on National Rail {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327045219/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/microsites/investments/11.aspx |date=27 March 2012 }}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Outer London Fund |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/business-economy/investing-future/outer-london-town-centres |work=www.london.gov.uk|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224173124/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/business-economy/investing-future/outer-london-town-centres |archivedate=24 December 2011 }}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Successful Outer London Bids |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/business-economy/investing-future/outer-london-town-centres/successful-bids |work=www.london.gov.uk|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130210800/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/business-economy/investing-future/outer-london-town-centres/successful-bids |archivedate=30 January 2012 }}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Will Muswell Hill have a Town Square?|url=http://www.mymuswell.com/articles/show/a-new-town-square-for-muswell-hill|work=My Muswell|date=23 December 2011}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Bexley Outer London Fund |date=5 August 2011|author=James Cleverly|url=http://jamescleverly.blogspot.com/2011/08/outer-london-fund-projects-in-bexley.html |work=www.jamescleverly.blogspot.com|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925142437/http://jamescleverly.blogspot.com/2011/08/outer-london-fund-projects-in-bexley.html |archivedate=25 September 2011 }}
17. ^Andrew Gilligan appointed 'Cycling Czar' by mayor Johnson. BikeRadar (2013-01-28). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-21697423|title='Crossrail for bikes' set for London|author=|date=7 March 2013|work=BBC News|accessdate=6 April 2016}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Uxbridge & Ruislip South|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14001007|publisher=BBC website}}
20. ^Greater London Authority – Annual Budget {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411062125/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/budget/ |date=11 April 2007 }}