| 词条 | Senecio angulatus |
| 释义 |
|image = Senecio_angulatus_002.jpg |image_caption = |taxon = Senecio angulatus |authority = L.f. (1781) |range_map = Range of Senecio angulatus-Current.svg |range_map_caption = Range of S. angulatus |synonyms = Senecio macropodus DC. Sources: IPNI,[1] AFPD,[2] GRIN,[3] NZPND,[4] ALUKA[5] |}}Senecio angulatus also known as creeping groundsel[6] and sometimes as Cape ivy[7] is a climbing succulent perennial from the family Asteraceae of the genus Senecio; a native of South Africa[8] an alien in Australia,[9] a problem weed in New Zealand,[10] naturalized in North Africa,[2] and cultivated elsewhere.[11][12] Senecio tamoides has been misapplied in Australia and is currently considered to be Senecio angulatus.[13]DescriptionDescribed as scrambling[10] and as a twining herb[9] whose form is a dense tangled shrub {{convert|2|m|ft}} tall[14] or a climber to {{convert|6|m|ft}} high,[9] that can become an aggressive weed once established[4] smothering the existing native vegetation both in the ground layer and canopy and altering the light climate in the invaded community and sometimes suppressing the regeneration of native plants.[14] Stems and leaves: Succulent, pale green stems, often variegated with pale yellow green and purple, slightly angular[5] (not upright) and usually sparingly branched.[4] Neither stems nor leaves are hairy.[4][5][15] Thick, glossy, fleshy, coarsely toothed leaves, with one to three teeth each side[4] and bluntly lobed,[14] with upper leaves becoming smaller with fewer teeth or none at all.[4] Leaves are {{convert|3.7|cm|in}} to {{convert|22|cm|in}} long and {{convert|1|cm|in}} to {{convert|14|cm|in}} wide and occur in 1-4 pairs.[5] Leaf stalks are {{convert|1|cm|in}} to {{convert|4|cm|in}} long.[15] The leaves have stalks or stems which embrace the larger leaf surface which is not lobed, oval to triangularly shaped or very blunt to pointed at the tips and blunt to flat at the base. The leaves have a frosted look from a powdery coating on the lower side.[5] Senecio angulatus will climb if suitable support available.[14]It can be distinguished vegetatively from Senecio mikanioides by the lack of lobes at the leaf stalk base, the fleshy leaf surface, the outwardly curved leaf teeth.[4] Flowers: Senecio angulatus produces numerous flowers[5]in open clusters at the end of its branches or stems.[4] Strongly scented flowers on an elongated stem that continue to open in succession from the base up as the stem continues to grow; the mass of clusters ending more flat at the top than pyramid-like,[5] {{convert|4|cm|in}} to {{convert|8|cm|in}} in diameter.[15] Often the cluster droops with the flower heads at the end of the cluster turning upwards.[5] Flower stalks are mostly hairless or with some short hairs, {{convert|6.5|mm|in}} to {{convert|10.5|mm|in}} long. Flower heads are attached to flower stalk by fine pointed 8-11 bracts {{convert|5|mm|in}} to {{convert|6|mm|in}}[4] which are surrounded by 4-7 pale green and sometimes purple tinged at the base supplementary bracts, 1.5 millimetres to 2.5 millimetres which make a cup shape around the base of the involucre.[5] Each stalk is capable of producing 10-15 disc florets.[15] Flower-heads are radiate and urn-shaped,[15] ray florets are nearly always absent[5] yellow ligule when they occur. The corolla has a yellow disc[4] surrounded by 4–6 dull golden yellow disc florets {{convert|5.5|mm|in}} to {{convert|9.5|mm|in}} long with hairless tubes, a slight expansion below the middle and lobes 1.3 millimetres to 2 millimetres wide.[5] Flowering from April to May in Africa[9] and May to July in New Zealand;[15] S. angulatus flower heads have rays[4](that look like petals) that make it more daisy-like[14] unlike S. mikanioides which doesn't.[15] Fruits and reproduction: Creeping groundsel is easily dispersed by wind-blown seed, stem fragments, and dumped garden waste.[14] Achenes are 3 millimetres to 4 millimetres long,[4][5] ribbed or grooved with short hairs in the grooves[4][5] and a tapering cylindrical shape.[4][15] The parachute like hairs, the pappus, are 5 millimetres to 7 millimetres long.[4][15] Common names
DistributionPreferring soils of black calcareous and grey sand, sandy clay and limestone; and finding homes with these soils in coastal areas on cliff faces, mudflats, wet depressions in dunes, near swamps,[9] in landfills and scrubland and near settlements[15] especially near the sea.[4] Native: Afrotropic CurrentSouthern Africa: South Africa Afrotropic East Tropical Africa: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania Southern Africa: South Africa Australasia Western Australia: (Esperance Plains, Warren, Swan Coastal Plain), New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania. New Zealand: New Zealand North, New Zealand South (Nelson City, Wairau Bar (Marlborough), Banks Peninsula) Palearctic Macaronesia: Canary Islands (Gran Canaria, Hierro, Tenerife), Balearic Islands (Ibiza, Formentera, Mallorca, Menorca) Southwestern Europe: Corsica, Channel Islands, France & Monaco, Portugal Southeastern Europe: Italy, Sardinia, Sicily and surrounding islands Sources: GRIN,[3] ALUKA,[5] FBAF,[9] NSWF,[15] NZPND,[4] BGB[12] References1. ^{{IPNI | id = 243791-1 | date = 2008-05-29}} 2. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=97995 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130116074459/http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=97995 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2013-01-16 |title = Senecio angulatus L.f. record n° 97995 |accessdate = 2008-03-31 |work = African Flowering Plant Database}} 3. ^1 {{GRIN | accessdate = 2008-03-31 }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite web | url = http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_50e4f74e-a0b2-4dbe-9d34-112367ca3cbf&fileName=Flora%204.xml | title = Senecio angulatus L.f. Suppl. 369 (1781) | accessdate = 2008-04-01 | author = Landcare Research | work = Flora of New Zealand: Taxa | publisher = Landcare Research Allan Herbarium and New Zealand Plant Names Database }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web |url = http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.SENECIO.ANGULATUS |title = Senecio angulatus L.f. |accessdate = 2008-03-31 |date = 2006-01-13 |doi = 10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.SENECIO.ANGULATUS}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 6. ^1 {{cite book | last = Muyt | first = Adam | title = Bush invaders of south-east Australia: a guide to the identification and control of environmental weeds in south-east Australia | url = http://www.weedinfo.com.au/bk_bushi.html | accessdate = 2008-03-31 | year = 2001 | publisher = R.G. and F.J. Richardson | isbn = 0-9587439-7-5 | pages = 304 pages}} 7. ^1 {{cite book | last = Quattrocchi | first = Umberto | title = CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 | year = 2000 | accessdate = 2008-04-14 | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 0-8493-2673-7 | chapter = Page 2456 | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC&pg=PA2456&lpg=PA2456&source=web&ots=2_01ZpOfIm&sig=VXR3ApmWCcqjvMDNiDlh9fhETcU&hl=en}} 8. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.VISUAL.PREART0001908 |title = Senecio angulatus L.f. |accessdate = 2008-03-31 |date = July 1931 |doi = 10.5555/AL.AP.VISUAL.PREART0001908 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130801230337/http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.VISUAL.PREART0001908 |archive-date = 2013-08-01 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | url = http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/20665 | title = Senecio angulatus L.f. | accessdate = 2008-03-31 | author = Western Australian Herbarium | authorlink = Western Australian Herbarium | date = 2007-09-11 | work = FloraBase | publisher = Government of Western Australia}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|title=Cape ivy (Senecio angulatus) |work=Controlling problem weeds in riparian zones |publisher=Greater Wellington Regional Council |year=2004 |url=http://www.gw.govt.nz/story10945.cfm |accessdate=2008-03-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015101701/http://gw.govt.nz/story10945.cfm |archivedate=October 15, 2008 }} 11. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.latalaia.net/arbres/parcs.asp?l=en&ID=242 |title = Parks where cultivated Senecio angulatus |accessdate = 2008-03-31 |publisher = Institut Botànic de Barcelona}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 12. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=7000627&PTRefFk=7000000 | title = Details for: Senecio angulatus | accessdate = 2008-03-31 | author = Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem | authorlink = Botanical Garden in Berlin | work = Euro+Med PlantBase | publisher = Freie Universität Berlin }} 13. ^{{cite web | url = http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/current/20665 | title = Senecio angulatus L.f. | accessdate = 2008-03-31 | author = Western Australian Herbarium | authorlink = Western Australian Herbarium | date = 2007-09-11 | work = FloraBase | publisher = Government of Western Australia}} 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | url = http://pebb.das.state.or.us/ODA/PLANT/WEEDS/docs/pdf/weed_card_vines.pdf | title = Kudzu Pueraria lobata | accessdate = 2008-03-31 | author = Tom Forney, Steve Hurst | year = 2007 | format = PDF | publisher = Government of Oregon}} 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web | url = http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Senecio~angulatus | title = Senecio angulatus L. | accessdate = 2008-03-31 | author = National Herbarium of New South Wales | work = New South Wales FloraOnline | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney}} External links
| url = http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/vrrc/?page=view&id=7237 | title = Herbarium record | accessdate = 2008-04-22 | work = Neotropical Herbarium Specimens | publisher = fieldmuseum.org{{Taxonbar|from=Q1402425}} 3 : Senecio|Flora of Southern Africa|Creepers of South Africa |
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