| 词条 | Senoi |
| 释义 |
|group = Senoi |native_name = Sengoi / Sng'oi / Sakai |image = File:Pagan races of the Malay Peninsula (1906) (14594908837).jpg |image_upright = 1 |image_caption = Sakai of southern Perak showing face-paint and nose-quill, 1906. |total = 60,000 |total_ref = [1] |popplace = {{flag|Malaysia}} |region1 = Peninsular Malaysia |pop1 = 60,000 |ref1 = [1] |region2 = |pop2 = |ref2 = |rels = |langs = Senoic languages (Lanoh, Semai, Temiar), Jah Hut, Semaq Beri, Mah Meri, Che Wong, Temoq, Malay |related = Lanoh people, Semai people, Temiar people }} The Senoi (also spelled Sengoi and Sng'oi) are a group of Malaysian peoples classified among the Orang Asli, the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia. They are the most numerous of the Orang Asli and widely distributed across the peninsula. The Senois speak various branches of Aslian languages which in turn a branch of Austroasiatic languages, many of them are also bilingual in the national language, Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia). Their main means of subsistence is swidden agriculture, which may be supplemented with hunting, fishing, gathering, and the processing and sale of forest products. The Senoi people are also known as Sakai people among the locals.[2] For the Malay people, the term sakai is a derogatory term in Malay language and its derivative word menyakaikan means "to treat with arrogance and contempt". However, for the Senoi people mensakai means "to work together".[3] During the colonial British administration, Orang Asli living in the northern Malay Peninsula were classified as Sakai and to a point later it was also a term to refer to all Orang Asli.[4] It is often misunderstood that Senoi people who have abandoned their own language for the Malay language are called the Blandas, Biduanda or Mantra people.[5] The Blandas people are of the Senoi race from Melaka.[6] The Blandas language or Bahasa Blandas, which is a mixture of Malay language and Sakai language;[7] is probably used predating the first arrivals of the Malay people in Melaka.[5] DemographyThe Senoi tribes live in the central part of the Malay Peninsula,[8] and consist of six different groups, the Semai, Temiar, Mah Meri, Jah Hut, Semaq Beri and the Cheq Wong and have a total population of about 60,000.[1] An example of a typical Senoi (Central Sakai) people, the purest of the Sakai are found in Jeram Kawan, Batang Padang District, Perak.[9] LanguageThe Senois speak various sub-branches of Aslian languages. The Aslian languages are divided into several branches namely Jahaic, Semelaic, Senoic and Jah Hut. Most Senois speak a branch of Semelaic, Senoic and Jah Hut branches. Almost all Senoic and Semelaic branches are spoken by Senoi peoples (with the exception of the Lanoh people (also known as Sakai Jeram people)[10] which is classified as Semang but speak a branch of Senoic languages[11] and Semelai which is classified as Proto-Malay but speak a branch of Semelaic languages. Jah Hut language is an isolate within Aslian languages. HistoryTheir ancestors are believed to have arrived from southern Thailand about 4,500 years ago.[12] During the Malayan Emergency, the guerrilla war fought from 1948 to 1960 a small fighting force, the Senoi Praaq was created, which is now part of the General Operations Force of the Royal Malaysia Police.[13] Lucid dreamingKilton Stewart, who had travelled among the Senoi before the Second World War wrote about the Senoi in his 1948 doctoral thesis[14] and his 1954 popular book Pygmies and Dream Giants. This work was publicised by parapsychologist Charles Tart and pedagogue George Leonard in books and at the Esalen Institute retreat center, and in the 1970s Patricia Garfield describes use of dreams among Senoi, based on her contact with some Senoi at the aborigine hospital in Gombak, Malaysia in 1972.[15] Later researchers were unable to substantiate Stewart's account and in 1985 G. William Domhoff argued[16][17] that the anthropologists who have worked with the Temiar people report that although they are familiar with the concept of lucid dreaming, it is not of great importance to them, but others have argued that Domhoff's criticism is exaggerated.[18][19] Domhoff does not dispute the evidence that dream control is possible, and that dream-control techniques can be beneficial in specific conditions such as the treatment of nightmares: he cites the work of the psychiatrists Bernard Kraków[20][21] and Isaac Marks[22] in this regard. He does, however, dispute some of the claims of the DreamWorks movement, and also the evidence that dream discussion groups, as opposed to individual motivation and ability, make a significant difference in being able to dream lucidly, and to be able to do so consistently. See also
References1. ^1 2 "POPULATION STATISTICS" 2. ^{{cite book|author=Ivor Hugh Norman Evans|title=The Negritos of Malaya|year=1968|contribution=|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=07-146-2006-8|page=}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Salma Nasution Khoo & Abdur-Razzaq Lubis|title=Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development|year=2005|contribution=|publisher=Areca Books|isbn=98-342-1130-9|page=355}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Ooi Keat Gin|title=Historical Dictionary of Malaysia|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0-8108-6305-7}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|author=Sandra Khor Manickam|title=Taming the Wild: Aborigines and Racial Knowledge in Colonial Malaya|year=2015|contribution=|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=99-716-9832-3|page=124}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Walter William Skeat & Charles Otto Blagden|title=Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula: Preface. Introduction. pt. 1. Race. pt. 2. Manners and customs. Appendix. Place and personal names|year=1906|contribution=|publisher=Macmillan and Company, Limited|oclc=574352578|page=60}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=|title=The Selangor Journal: Jottings Past and Present, Volume 3|year=1895|contribution=|publisher=|isbn=|page=226}} 8. ^Map {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118135634/http://www.keene.edu/library/orangasli/map1.cfm |date=18 November 2011 }}, Keen State College 9. ^{{cite journal|author=Ivor Hugh Norman Evans|title=Notes on the Sakai of the Ulu Sungkai in the Batang Padang District of Perak|journal=Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, Volume 6|year=1915|contribution=Selangor State Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya|publisher=|isnn=|page=86}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Hamid Mohd Isa|title=The Last Descendants of The Lanoh Hunter and Gatherers in Malaysia|year=2015|publisher=Penerbit USM|isbn=98-386-1948-5}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=|title=Pacific Linguistics, Issue 42|year=1976|contribution=Linguistic Circle of Canberra. Publications. Series C: Books, Linguistic Circle of Canberra, Australian National University, Australian National University. Research School of Pacific Studies. Dept. of Linguistics|publisher=Australian National University|isbn=|page=78}} 12. ^"ECONOMIC PATTERNS OF NEOLITHIC LIFE" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215001612/http://www.encyclopedia.com.my/volume4/neolithiclife.html |date=15 February 2012 }}, The Encyclopedia of Malaysia 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/02/24/small-town-with-many-links/ |author=Chang Yi |title=Small town with many LINKS |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=24 February 2013 |accessdate=2016-12-11}} 14. ^"Magico-Religious Beliefs and Practices in Primitive Society - a Sociological Interpretation of their Therapeutic Aspects", LSE 15. ^[https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Dreaming-Patricia-Garfield-Ph-D/dp/0345331443 Creative Dreaming, Patricia Garfield, Ph.D.] 16. ^In The Mystique of Dreams: A Search for Utopia Through Senoi Dream Theory 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.ucsc.edu/dreams/Library/senoi.html |title=Senoi Dream Theory: Myth, Scientific Method, and the Dreamwork Movement |author=G. William Domhoff |publisher=University of California Santa Cruz |date=March 2003 |accessdate=2017-10-26}} 18. ^Revisiting the Senoi Dream Theory:The Bad Logic of Sir G. William Domhoff, Strephon Kaplan-Williams 19. ^Do Senoi practice "Senoi dream theory"?", G. William Domhoff 20. ^B. Krakow, R. Kellner, D. Pathk, and L. Lambert, "Imagery rehearsal treatment for chronic nightmares," Behaviour Research & Therapy 33 (1995):837-843 21. ^B. Krakow et al., "Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial," JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 286 (2001):537-545 22. ^Isaac Marks, "Rehearsal relief of a nightmare," British Journal of Psychiatry 133 (1978):461-465. Further reading
3 : Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia|Ethnic groups in Malaysia|Orang Asli |
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