| 释义 |
- Characteristics and criticism
- Guide Vowels Consonants Examples Exceptions that do not exactly follow pronunciation
- North Korean variant
- South Korean variant
- Other systems
- See also
- Footnotes
- External links
{{short description|Korean language romanization system}}{{Korean romanization}}McCune–Reischauer romanization ({{IPAc-en|m|ɪ|ˈ|k|j|uː|n|_|ˈ|ɹ|aɪ|ʃ|aʊ|.|əɹ}}) is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems. A modified version of McCune–Reischauer was the official romanization system in South Korea until 2000, when it was replaced by the Revised Romanization of Korean system. A variant of McCune–Reischauer is still used as the official system in North Korea.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} The system was created in 1937 by George M. McCune and Edwin O. Reischauer. With a few exceptions, it attempts not to transliterate Korean hangul but to represent the phonetic pronunciation. {{As of|September 2004}}, McCune–Reischauer was widely used outside Korea.{{Update inline|date=January 2019|reason=The sentence was inserted in 2004. At that time, this was surely true. What about 15 years later???}} Characteristics and criticism Korean has phonologically no distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants, but it phonetically distinguishes them. Aspirated consonants like p, k, and t' are distinguished by apostrophe from unaspirated ones, which may be falsely understood as a separator between syllables (as in {{lang|ko|뒤차기}} → twich'agi, which consists of the syllables twi, ch'a and gi). The apostrophe is also used to mark transcriptions of {{lang|ko|ㄴㄱ}} (n'g) as opposed to {{lang|ko|ㅇ}} (ng): {{lang|ko|잔금}} → chan'gŭm vs. {{lang|ko|장음}} → changŭm). Such common omissions were the primary reason the South Korean government adopted a revised system of romanization in 2000. Critics of the revised system claim it fails to represent {{lang|ko|어}} and {{lang|ko|으}} in a way that is easily recognizable. Also, it misrepresents the way that the unaspirated consonants are actually pronounced. Meanwhile, despite official adoption of the new system in South Korea, many in the Korean Studies community, both inside and outside South Korea, as well as international geographic and cartographic conventions, generally continue to use either the McCune–Reischauer or the Yale system. Also, North Korea uses a version of McCune–Reischauer. Even within South Korea, usage of the new system is less than universal, like the variant of McCune–Reischauer that was the official Romanization system between 1984/1988 and 2000 (sentence written 25 April 2004). Guide This is a simplified guide for the McCune–Reischauer system. It is often used for the transliteration of names but does not convert every word properly, as several Korean letters are pronounced differently depending on their position. Vowels | Hangul | ko|ㅏ}} | ko|ㅐ}} | ko|ㅑ}} | ko|ㅒ}} | ko|ㅓ}} | ko|ㅔ}} | ko|ㅕ}} | ko|ㅖ}} | ko|ㅗ}} | ko|ㅘ}} | ko|ㅙ}} | ko|ㅚ}} | ko|ㅛ}} | ko|ㅜ}} | ko|ㅝ}} | ko|ㅞ}} | ko|ㅟ}} | ko|ㅠ}} | ko|ㅡ}} | ko|ㅢ}} | ㅣ | | Romanization | a | ae | ya | yae | ŏ | e* | yŏ | ye | o | wa | wae | oe | yo | u | wŏ | we | wi | yu | ŭ | ŭi | i |
|---|
- {{lang|ko|ㅔ}} is written as ë after {{lang|ko|ㅏ}} and {{lang|ko|ㅗ}}. This is to distinguish {{lang|ko|ㅐ}} (ae) from {{lang|ko|ㅏ에}} (aë), and {{lang|ko|ㅚ}} (oe) and {{lang|ko|ㅗ에}} (oë). The combinations {{lang|ko|ㅏ에}} (aë) and {{lang|ko|ㅗ에}} (oë) very rarely occur except in sentences when a noun is followed by a postposition, as, for example, 회사에서 hoesaësŏ (at a company) and 차고에 ch'agoë (in a garage).
- The Korean surnames {{lang|ko|이/리(李)}} and {{lang|ko|이(異)}} are transcribed as Yi not I[1] (e.g. {{lang|ko|이순신}} as Yi Sunsin)
Consonants | Hangul | ko|ㄱ}} | ko|ㄲ}} | ko|ㄴ}} | ko|ㄷ}} | ko|ㄸ}} | ko|ㄹ}} | ko|ㅁ}} | ko|ㅂ}} | ko|ㅃ}} | ko|ㅅ}} | ko|ㅆ}} | ko|ㅇ}} | ko|ㅈ}} | ko|ㅉ}} | ko|ㅊ}} | ko|ㅋ}} | ko|ㅌ}} | ko|ㅍ}} | ko|ㅎ}} | | Romanization | Initial | k | kk | n | t | tt | r | m | p | pp | s | ss | – | ch | tch | ch | k | t | p | h |
|---|
| Final | k | k | n | t | – | l | m | p | – | t | t | ng | t | – | t | k | t | p | – |
|---|
- The consonant digraphs ({{lang|ko|ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄶ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ, ㄽ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅀ, ㅄ}}) exist only as finals and are transcribed by their actual pronunciation.
| Initial consonant of the next syllable |
|---|
| ko|ㅇ1 | ko|ㄱ
k | ko|ㄴ
n | ko|ㄷ
t | ko|ㄹ
(r) | ko|ㅁ
m | ko|ㅂ
p | ko|ㅅ2
s | ko|ㅈ
ch | ko|ㅊ
ch | ko|ㅋ
k | ko|ㅌ
t | ko|ㅍ
p | ko|ㅎ
h |
|---|
Final
consonant | ko|ㄱ k | g | kk | ngn | kt | ngn(S)/ngr(N) | ngm | kp | ks | kch | kch | kk | kt | kp | kh |
|---|
| ko|ㄴ n | n | n'g | nn | nd | ll/nn | nm | nb | ns | nj | nch | nk | nt | np | nh |
|---|
| ko|ㄷ t | d | tk | nn | tt | nn(S)/ll(N) | nm | tp | ss | tch | tch | tk | tt | tp | th |
|---|
| ko|ㄹ l | r | lg | ll/nn | ld3 | ll | lm | lb | ls | lj3 | lch | lk | lt | lp | rh |
|---|
| ko|ㅁ m | m | mg | mn | md | mn(S)/mr(N) | mm | mb | ms | mj | mch | mk | mt | mp | mh |
|---|
| ko|ㅂ p | b | pk | mn | pt | mn(S)/mr(N) | mm | pp | ps | pch | pch | pk | pt | pp | ph |
|---|
| ko|ㅇ ng | ng | ngg | ngn | ngd | ngn(S)/ngr(N) | ngm | ngb | ngs | ngj | ngch | ngk | ngt | ngp | ngh |
|---|
# ㅇ is an initial consonant before a vowel to indicate the absence of sound.
# 쉬 is romanized shwi.
# In Sino-Korean words, lt and lch respectively.
For ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ, the letters g, d, b, or j are used if voiced, k, t, p, or ch otherwise. Pronunciations such as those take precedence over the rules in the table above. Examples - Voiceless/voiced consonants
- 가구 kagu
- 등대 tŭngdae
- 반복 panbok
- 주장 chujang
- The initial consonant ㅇ is disregarded in romanization, since it is only used in order to indicate the absence of sound.
- 국어 (pronounced 구거) kugŏ (not kukŏ)
- 믿음 (pronounced 미듬) midŭm (not mitŭm)
- 법인 (pronounced 버빈) pŏbin (not pŏpin)
- 필요 (pronounced 피료) p'iryo (not p'ilyo)
- r vs. l
- r
- Between two vowels: 가로 karo, 필요 p'iryo
- Before initial ㅎ h: 발해 Parhae, 실험 sirhŏm
- l
- Before a consonant (except before initial ㅎ h), or at the end of a word: 날개 nalgae, 구별 kubyŏl, 결말 kyŏlmal
- ㄹㄹ is written ll: 빨리 ppalli, 저절로 chŏjŏllo
- Consonant assimilations
- 연락 (pronounced 열락) yŏllak
- 독립 (pronounced 동닙) tongnip
- 법률 (pronounced 범뉼) pŏmnyul
- 않다 (pronounced 안타) ant'a
- 맞히다 (pronounced 마치다) mach'ida
- Palatalizations
- 미닫이 (pronounced 미다지) midaji
- 같이 (pronounced 가치) kach'i
- 굳히다 (pronounced 구치다) kuch'ida
Exceptions that do not exactly follow pronunciation - The sequences -ㄱㅎ-, -ㄷㅎ- (only when palatalization does not occur)/-ㅅㅎ-, -ㅂㅎ- are written kh, th, ph respectively, even though they are pronounced the same as ㅋ (k), ㅌ (t), ㅍ (p).
- 속히 sokhi (pronounced 소키)
- 못하다 mothada (pronounced 모타다)
- 곱하기 kophagi (pronounced 고파기)
- When a plain consonant (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, or ㅈ) becomes a tensed consonant (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, or ㅉ) in the middle of a word, it is written k, t, p, s, or ch respectively, even though it is pronounced the same as ㄲ (kk), ㄸ (tt), ㅃ (pp), ㅆ (ss), or ㅉ (tch).
- 태권도 (pronounced 태꿘도) t'aekwŏndo
- 손등 (pronounced 손뜽) sontŭng
- 문법 (pronounced 문뻡) munpŏp
- 국수 (pronounced 국쑤) kuksu
- 한자 (漢字, pronounced 한짜) hancha
North Korean variant In North Korea's variant of McCune–Reischauer, aspirated consonants are not represented by an apostrophe but are instead by adding an "h".[2] For example, {{lang|ko|평성}} is written as Phyŏngsŏng. The original system would have it written as P'yŏngsŏng. However, the consonant {{lang|ko|ㅊ}} is transcribed as "ch", and not "chh", while {{lang|ko|ㅈ}} is transcribed as "j".[2] For example, {{lang|ko|주체}} is spelled "Juche", and not "Chuch'e", as it would be transcribed using the original system. - {{lang|ko|ㅉ}} is written as "jj" (for example, {{lang|ko|쪽발이}} is spelled as "jjokpari").
- {{lang|ko|ㄹㄹ}} is transcribed as "lr". Example: {{lang|ko|빨리}} is spelled "ppalri".
- {{lang|ko|ㄹㅎ}} is spelled "lh", and not "rh": e.g. 발해 is written as "palhae".
- When {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} is pronounced as ㄴ (e.g. 목란), it is transcribed as "n" by the original system (Mongnan). Nevertheless, the North Korean variant keeps it as "r" (Mongran).
- ㅇㅇ and ㄴㄱ are differentiated by using a "-". For example: 강인 is spelled "kang-in", and 인기 is spelled "in-gi".
- When "ng" is followed by "y" or "w", however, the hyphen is not used (평양 and 강원 are written as "Phyŏngyang" and "Kangwŏn").
The North Korean variant renders names of people with each syllable capitalized and no hyphenation between syllables of given names: e.g. "Kim Il Sung" for Kim Il-sung.[3] Native Korean names, however, are written without syllabic division. South Korean variant A variant of McCune–Reischauer was in official use in South Korea from 1984 to 2000. The following are the differences between the original McCune–Reischauer and the South Korean variant: - {{lang|ko|시}} was written as shi instead of the original system's si. When ㅅ is followed by ㅣ, it is realized as the {{IPA|[ɕ]}} sound (similar to the English {{IPA|[ʃ]}} sound (sh as in show)) instead of the normal {{IPA|[s]}} sound. The original system deploys sh only in the combination {{lang|ko|쉬}}, as shwi.
- {{lang|ko|ㅝ}} was written as wo instead of the original system's wŏ in this variant. Because the diphthong w ({{lang|ko|ㅗ}} or {{lang|ko|ㅜ}} as a semivowel) + o ({{lang|ko|ㅗ}}) does not exist in Korean phonology, the South Korean government omitted a breve in wŏ.
- Hyphens were used to distinguish between {{lang|ko|ㄴㄱ}} and {{lang|ko|ㅇㅇ}}, between {{lang|ko|ㅏ에}} and {{lang|ko|ㅐ}}, and between {{lang|ko|ㅗ에}} and {{lang|ko|ㅚ}} in this variant system, instead of the apostrophes and ë in the original version. Therefore, apostrophes were used only for aspiration marks and ë was not used in the South Korean system.
- When {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} is followed by {{lang|ko|ㅎ}}, the {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} was written as l in the South Korean variant. Under the original McCune–Reischauer system, it is written as r.
- Assimilation-induced aspiration by an initial {{lang|ko|ㅎ}} is indicated. {{lang|ko|ㄱㅎ}} is written as kh in the original McCune–Reischauer system and as k in the South Korean variant.
The following table illustrates the differences above. | Word | McCune–Reischauer | South Korean variant | Meaning |
|---|
| ko|시장}} | sijang | shijang | market | | ko|쉽다}} | shwipta | swipta | easy | | ko|소원}} | sowŏn | sowon | wish, hope | | ko|전기}} | chŏn'gi | chŏn-gi | electricity | | ko|상어}} | sangŏ | sang-ŏ | shark | | ko|회사에서}} | hoesaësŏ | hoesa-esŏ | at a company | | ko|차고에}} | ch'agoë | ch'ago-e | in a garage | | ko|발해}} | Parhae | Palhae | Balhae | | ko|직할시}} | chikhalsi | chik'alshi | directly governed city[4] | | ko|못하다}} | mothada | mot'ada | to be poor at | | ko|곱하기}} | kophagi | kop'agi | multiplication |
Other systems A third system, the Yale Romanization system, which is a transliteration system, exists but is used only in academic literature, especially in linguistics. The Kontsevich system, based on the earlier Kholodovich system, is used for transliterating Korean into the Cyrillic script. Like McCune–Reischauer romanization it attempts to represent the pronunciation of a word, rather than provide letter-to-letter correspondence. See also - Hangul
- New Korean Orthography
- List of Korea-related topics
Footnotes 1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/korean.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-07-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616030539/http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/korean.pdf |archivedate=2015-06-16 |df= }} page 13
2. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2017/11/words-words-north-and-south-koreas-differing-romanization/|first=Fyodor|last=Tertitskiy|title=Words, words: North and South Korea's differing romanization|work=NKNews.org|date=2017-11-21|access-date=2018-10-23}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=John|title=North Korea Undercover: Inside the World's Most Secret State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7B2jQz5RxR8C&pg=PA11|year=2013|publisher=Bantam Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-4481-7094-4|page=11}}
4. ^{{lang|ko|직할시}} ({{lang|ko|直轄市}}; "a directly governed city"; jikhalsi in the Revised Romanization) is one of a former administrative divisions in South Korea, and one of a present administrative divisions of North Korea. In 1995, it was replaced by {{lang|ko|광역시}} ({{lang|ko|廣域市}}; gwangyeoksi; "metropolitan city") in South Korea.
External links - A Practical Guide to McCune–Reischauer Romanization: Rules, guidelines, and font
- Comparison table of different romanization systems from UN Working Group on Romanization Systems (PDF file)
- PDF files of the 1939 paper, and the 1961 paper
- {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327130423/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Korean.pdf |date=March 27, 2009 |title=Romanization System of Korean: McCune Reischauer (with minor modifications) BGN/PCGN 1945 Agreement }}
- Online tool for McCune–Reischauer romanization (with BGN modifications)
{{Portal bar|Korea|Language}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mccune-Reischauer}} 1 : Romanization of Korean |