词条 | Mead |
释义 |
Mead was produced in ancient history throughout Europe, Africa and Asia,[8][9][10][11][12] and has played an important role in the mythology of some peoples. In Norse mythology, for example, the Mead of Poetry was crafted from the blood of the wise being Kvasir and turned the drinker into a poet or scholar. The terms "mead" and "honey-wine" often are used synonymously.[13][14] Some cultures, though, differentiate honey-wine from mead. For example, Hungarians hold that while mead is made of honey, water and beer-yeast (barm), honey-wine is watered honey fermented by recrement of grapes or other fruits.[15] HistoryPottery vessels dating from 7000 BC discovered in northern China have shown chemical signatures consistent with the presence of honey, rice, and organic compounds associated with fermentation.[16][17][18] In Europe, it is first described from residual samples found in ceramics of the Bell Beaker Culture (c. 2800–1800 BCE).[19] The earliest surviving description of mead is possibly the soma mentioned in the hymns of the Rigveda,[20] one of the sacred books of the historical Vedic religion and (later) Hinduism dated around 1700–1100 BC. During the Golden Age of ancient Greece, mead was said to be the preferred drink.[21] Aristotle (384–322 BCE) discussed mead in his Meteorologica and elsewhere, while Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) called mead militites in his Naturalis Historia and differentiated wine sweetened with honey or "honey-wine" from mead.[22] The Hispanic-Roman naturalist Columella gave a recipe for mead in De re rustica, about 60 CE. {{quote|Take rainwater kept for several years, and mix a sextarius[23] of this water with a [Roman] pound[24] of honey. For a weaker mead, mix a sextarius of water with nine ounces[25] of honey. The whole is exposed to the sun for 40 days, and then left on a shelf near the fire. If you have no rain water, then boil spring water.[26]}}There is a poem attributed to the Brythonic-speaking bard Taliesin, who lived around 550 CE, called the {{lang|cy|Kanu y med}} or "Song of Mead".[27] The legendary drinking, feasting and boasting of warriors in the mead hall is echoed in the mead hall Din Eidyn (modern day Edinburgh) as depicted in the poem Y Gododdin, attributed to the poet Aneirin who would have been a contemporary of Taliesin. In the Old English epic poem Beowulf, the Danish warriors drank mead. In both Insular Celtic and Germanic poetry mead was the primary heroic or divine drink, see Mead of poetry. Later, taxation and regulations governing the ingredients of alcoholic beverages led to commercial mead becoming a more obscure beverage until recently.[28] Some monasteries kept up the old traditions of mead-making as a by-product of beekeeping, especially in areas where grapes could not be grown. EtymologyThe English mead – "fermented honey drink" – derives from the Old English meodu or medu, and Proto-Germanic, *meduz.[29] The name has connections to Old Norse mjöðr, Middle Dutch mede, and Old High German metu, among others.[29] Fermentation processThe yeast used in mead making is often identical to that used in wine making. Many home mead makers choose to use wine yeasts (particularly those used in the preparation of white wines) to make their meads.[30] By measuring the specific gravity of the mead once before fermentation and throughout the fermentation process by means of a hydrometer or refractometer, mead makers can determine the proportion of alcohol by volume that will appear in the final product. This also serves another purpose. By measuring specific gravity throughout fermentation, a mead maker can quickly troubleshoot a "stuck" batch, one where the fermentation process has been halted prematurely.[31] Meads will often ferment well at the same temperatures in which wine is fermented. After primary fermentation slows down significantly the mead is then racked into a second container. This is known as secondary fermentation. Some larger commercial fermenters are designed to allow both primary and secondary fermentation to happen inside of the same vessel. Racking is done for two reasons: it lets the mead sit away from the remains of the yeast cells (lees) that have died during the fermentation process. Second, this lets the mead have time to clear. If the mead maker wishes to backsweeten the product or prevent it from oxidizing, potassium metabisulfite and potassium sorbate are added. After the mead clears, it is bottled and distributed. VarietiesMead can have a wide range of flavors depending on the source of the honey, additives (also known as "adjuncts" or "gruit") including fruit and spices, the yeast employed during fermentation, and the aging procedure.[32] Some producers have marketed white wine sweetened and flavored with honey after fermentation as mead, sometimes spelling it "meade."[32] This is closer in style to a hypocras. Blended varieties of mead may be known by the style represented; for instance, a mead made with cinnamon and apples may be referred to as either a cinnamon cyser or an apple metheglin. A mead that also contains spices (such as cloves, cinnamon or nutmeg), or herbs (such as meadowsweet, hops, or even lavender or chamomile), is called a metheglin {{IPAc-en|m|ɪ|ˈ|θ|ɛ|ɡ|l|ɪ|n}}.[34][35] A mead that contains fruit (such as raspberry, blackberry or strawberry) is called a melomel,[36] which was also used as a means of food preservation, keeping summer produce for the winter. A mead that is fermented with grape juice is called a pyment.[36] Mulled mead is a popular drink at Christmas time, where mead is flavored with spices (and sometimes various fruits) and warmed, traditionally by having a hot poker plunged into it.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} Some meads retain some measure of the sweetness of the original honey, and some may even be considered as dessert wines. Drier meads are also available, and some producers offer sparkling meads. There are faux-meads, which are actually wines with honey added after fermentation as a sweetener and flavoring.[37] Historically, meads were fermented with wild yeasts and bacteria (as noted in the recipe quoted above) residing on the skins of the fruit or within the honey itself. Wild yeasts can produce inconsistent results. Yeast companies have isolated strains of yeast which produce consistently appealing products. Brewers, winemakers and mead makers commonly use them for fermentation, including yeast strains identified specifically for mead fermentation. These are strains that have been selected because of their characteristic of preserving delicate honey flavors and aromas. Mead can also be distilled to a brandy or liqueur strength. A version called "honey jack" can be made by partly freezing a quantity of mead and straining the ice out of the liquid (a process known as freeze distillation), in the same way that applejack is made from cider. Regional variantsIn Finland, a sweet mead called {{lang|fi|sima}} (cognate with the root of zymurgy{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}) is still an essential seasonal fermented product connected with the Finnish Vappu (May Day) festival. It is usually spiced by adding both the pulp and rind of a lemon. During secondary fermentation, raisins are added to control the amount of sugars and to act as an indicator of readiness for consumption; they will rise to the top of the bottle when the drink is ready. However, the sugar used in modern practice is typically brown sugar, not honey.[38] Ethiopian mead is called tej (ጠጅ, {{IPA-am|ˈtʼədʒ|}}) and is usually home-made. It is flavored with the powdered leaves and bark of gesho, a hop-like bittering agent which is a species of buckthorn. A sweeter, less-alcoholic version called berz, aged for a shorter time, is also made. The traditional vessel for drinking tej is a rounded vase-shaped container called a berele. Mead known as iQhilika is traditionally prepared by the Xhosa of South Africa.{{cn|date=June 2017}} Mead in Poland is part of culinary tradition for over a thousand years.[39]In the United States, mead is enjoying a resurgence, starting with small home meaderies and now with a number of small commercial meaderies.[40] As mead becomes more widely available, it is seeing increased attention and exposure from the news media.[41][42] List of mead variants{{refimprove|section|date=April 2018}}
Festivals{{Importance section}}
In literature{{see also|Mead of poetry}}Mead is featured in many Germanic myths and folktales such as Beowulf, as well as in other popular works that draw on these myths. Notable examples include books by J.K. Rowling, J.R.R. Tolkien, George R. R. Martin, T. H. White, and Neil Gaiman. It is often featured in books using a historical Germanic setting and in writings about the Viking age. Mead is mentioned many times in Neil Gaiman's 2001 novel, American Gods; it is referred to as the drink of the gods. In The Inheritance Cycle series by Christopher Paolini, the protagonist, Eragon, often drinks mead at feasts. It is also referenced in The Kingkiller Chronicle novel series by Patrick Rothfuss. The protagonist Kvothe is known to drink metheglin. The non-existent "Greysdale Mead" is also drunk, although it is merely water. Mead is mentioned many times in Michael Crichton's Eaters of the Dead, published in 1976. See also{{Portal|Wine|Beer}}
References1. ^{{cite encyclopedia | title = mead | encyclopedia = The Oxford Universal Dictionary on Historical Principles | edition = 3rd | year = 1944 | publisher = Oxford University Press | page = 1222}} 2. ^Mead 3. ^Beer is produced by the fermentation of grain, but grain can be used in mead provided it is strained off immediately. As long as the primary substance fermented is still honey, the drink is still mead.{{cite book|title=Rites of Odin|first=Edward|last=Fitch|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Kg8nObaAZMEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9780875422244|page=290|location=St. Paul, Minnesota}} 4. ^Hops are better known as the bitter ingredient of beer. However, they have also been used in mead both ancient and in modern times. The Legend of Frithiof mentions hops: {{cite journal|title=Tegner's Legend of Frithiof|journal=The Foreign Quarterly Review|volume=III|date=September 1828 – January 1829|first=G.C.F.|last=Mohnike|publisher=Treuttel and Würtz, Treuttel, Jun and Richter|location=London|quote=He next ... bids ... Halfdan recollect ... that to produce mead hops must be mingled with the honey;}} That this formula is still in use is shown by the recipe for "Real Monastery Mead" in {{cite book|first=Elena|last=Molokhovets|others=Joyce Stetson (trans.)|title=Classic Russian Cooking |page=474 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ttlCGJxfLRUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0-253-21210-3}} 5. ^Lichine, Alexis. Alexis Lichine’s New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 328. 6. ^{{cite book| last=Gayre | first =Robert| title=Brewing Mead | publisher=Brewers Publications | year=1986 | page=158| url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brewing_mead.html?id=vyFHAAAAYAAJ | isbn=0-937381-00-4 | quote=...Therefore to our synopsis: Mead is the general name for all drinks made of honey. }} 7. ^{{cite book|first=Anthony H.|last=Rose|title=Alcoholic Beverages |page=413 |publisher=Academic Press|year=1977|location=Michigan}} 8. ^Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat (Anthea Bell, tr.) The History of Food, 2nd ed. 2009:30. 9. ^{{cite book| last=Hornsey | first =Ian| title=A History of Beer and Brewing | publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry | year=2003 | page=7| url=https://books.google.com/?id=QqnvNsgas20C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn=0-85404-630-5 | quote=...mead was known in Europe long before wine, although archaeological evidence of it is rather ambiguous. This is principally because the confirmed presence of beeswax or certain types of pollen ... is only indicative of the presence of honey (which could have been used for sweetening some other drink) – not necessarily of the production of mead. }} 10. ^http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/GrogGreeks.pdf 11. ^http://www.penn.museum/sites/Midas/feastremains.shtml 12. ^Lévi-Strauss, J. and D. Weightman, tr. From Honey to Ashes, London:Cape 1973 (Du miel aux cendres, Paris 1960) 13. ^{{cite book| last=Morse| first=Roger | title=Making Mead (Honey Wine) | publisher=Wicwas Press | year=1992 | isbn=978-1878075048}} 14. ^{{cite book| last=Schramm| first=Ken | title=The Compleat Meadmaker: Home Production of Honey Wine From Your First Batch to Award-winning Fruit and Herb Variations | publisher=Brewers Publications | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-937381-80-9}} 15. ^History of beer in Hungary {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20100928002015/http://pepin.blogter.hu/89805/a_sor_es_a_magyar_mult |date=28 September 2010 }} – difference between mead and honey-wine (in Hungarian) 16. ^{{cite book|last1=Odinsson|first1=Eoghan|title=Northern Lore: A Field Guide to the Northern Mind-Body-Spirit|date=2010|isbn=9781452851433|page=159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3sCCLcsJFkC&pg=PA159&dq=archaeological+evidence+mead+bc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiepISenfrTAhUDYlAKHaWuDP4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=archaeological%20evidence%20mead%20bc&f=false}} 17. ^[https://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=247]. Prehistoric China - The Wonders That Were Jiahu The World’s Earliest Fermented Beverage. Professor Patrick McGovern the Scientific Director of the Biomolecular Archaeology Project for Cuisine, Fermented Beverages, and Health at the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia. Retrieved on 3 January 2017. 18. ^{{cite journal| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| title=Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China | date=6 December 2004 | url=http://www.pnas.org/content/101/51/17593.abstract?sid=0111bfc3-e87b-411a-b12c-8d99d0efbfd9| pmid=15590771| doi=10.1073/pnas.0407921102| last1=McGovern| first1=P. E.| authorlink= | last2=Zhang| first2=J| last3=Tang| first3=J| last4=Zhang| first4=Z| last5=Hall| first5=G. R.| last6=Moreau| first6=R. A.| last7=Nuñez| first7=A| last8=Butrym| first8=E. D.| last9=Richards| first9=M. P.| last10=Wang | first10=C.-s. | last11=Cheng | first11=G. | last12=Zhao | first12=Z. | last13=Wang | first13=C. | volume=101| issue=51| pages=17593–8| pmc=539767| display-authors=8 }} 19. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3sCCLcsJFkC&pg=PA159|title=Northern Lore: A Field Guide to the Northern Mind-Body-Spirit|publisher=Eoghan Odinsson|author=Eoghan Odinsson|year=2010|isbn=1452851433}} 20. ^Rigveda Book 5 v. 43:3–4, Book 8 v. 5:6, etc 21. ^{{cite book| last=Kerenyi | first =Karl| title=Dionysus: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1976| page =35| isbn=0-691-09863-8 }} 22. ^{{cite book| last=Pliny the Elder | title=Natural History XIV | pages=XII:85 etc| nopp=true }} 23. ^about half a liter 24. ^about 1/3 kg 25. ^about ¼ kilograms 26. ^Columella, 60 AD De re rustica 27. ^Llyfr Taliesin XIX 28. ^{{cite book| last=Buhner| first=Stephen Harrod | title=Sacred and Herbal Healing Beers: The Secrets of Ancient Fermentation | publisher=Siris Books | year=1998 | isbn=0-937381-66-7}} 29. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/mead#etymonline_v_12487|title=Mead|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper| date=2018|accessdate=27 August 2018}} 30. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.bjcp.org/mead/makingmead.pdf | title=Making Mead: the Art and the Science | publisher=Beer Judge Certification Program | accessdate=18 February 2015}} 31. ^{{cite book | title=The Compleat Meadmaker | publisher=Brewers Publications | author=Schramm, Ken | year=2003 | pages=31, 37 | isbn=978-0-937381-80-9}} 32. ^1 Eoghan Odinsson, Northern Lore, [https://books.google.com/books?id=V3sCCLcsJFkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=bg#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 160] 33. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.startitup.sk/slovenska-medovina-sa-stala-najlepsou-svete/|title=Slovenská medovina sa stala najlepšou na svete|date=2017-03-19|work=StartItUp.sk|access-date=2017-12-21|language=sk-SK}} 34. ^{{cite book|last=Tayleur|first=W.H.T.|author2=Michael Spink|title=The Penguin Book of Home Brewing and Wine-Making|publisher=Penguin|year=1973|isbn=0-14-046190-6|page=292}} 35. ^Aylett, Mary (1953). Country Wines, Odhams Press. p. 79 36. ^1 Tayleur, p. 291. 37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gotmead.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1094 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-12-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215031113/http://www.gotmead.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1094 |archivedate=15 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://elisa.net/uutiset/ruoka/?id=4104 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605085106/http://elisa.net/uutiset/ruoka/?id=4104 |archivedate=5 June 2013 |df= }} 39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.smakizpolski.com.pl/chcialbys-wiedziec-miodzie-pitnym/|title=Polska miodem stała|website=www.smakizpolski.com.pl|language=pl-PL|access-date=2017-05-31}} 40. ^{{cite news | last = Gittleson | first = Kim | title = The drink of kings makes a comeback | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24184527 | publisher = BBC News Online | date = 2 October 2013 | accessdate = 3 October 2013}} 41. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ehlk45lii/mead/ | title=Top 10 Food Trends | work=Forbes | first=Andrew | last=Bender}} 42. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mead-the-honey-based-brew-producing-a-real-buzz/ | title=Mead, the honey-based brew producing a real buzz | date=24 November 2013 | work=CBS News}} 43. ^"Russian Honey Drink". EnglishRussia.com. Accessed May 2010. 44. ^{{Cite news|url=http://baltic-review.com/culinary-heritage-lithuanian-mead-the-worlds-oldest-alcoholic-drink/|title=Lithuanian Mead - The world's oldest alcoholic drink|date=2015-07-24|work=The Baltic Review|access-date=2018-02-24|language=en-US}} 45. ^{{Cite web|url=http://midus.lt/en/mead-balsam/|title=Lietuviškas midus {{!}} Mead balsam|website=midus.lt|access-date=2018-02-24}} 46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.saku.ee/eng/beverages/mead |title=Mead |publisher=Saku Brewery |accessdate=17 February 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309045006/http://www.saku.ee/eng/beverages/mead |archivedate=9 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 47. ^{{Cite journal|last=La Barre|first=Weston|date=1938|title=Native American Beers|url=http://www.samorini.it/doc1/alt_aut/lr/labarre_bir.pdf|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=40|issue=|doi=10.1525/aa.1938.40.2.02a00040|pmid=|access-date=18 September 2016|via=}} 48. ^{{cite web|author1=Gordon Strong|author2=Kristen England|title=2015 Mead Guidelines|url=http://www.bjcp.org/docs/2015_Guidelines_Mead.pdf|website=Beer Judge Certification Program|accessdate=7 December 2016|page=5|quote=A Pyment is a melomel made with grapes (generally from juice). Pyments can be red, white, or blush, just as with wine.}} 49. ^{{cite web|title=Mazer Cup Guidelines (commercial)|url=http://mead-makers.org/mazer-cup-guidelines-commercial|website=American MEad Makers Association|accessdate=7 December 2016|quote=Pyment: Honeywine made with grapes/grape juice/grape concentrate.}} 50. ^{{cite book|last1=Earnshaw|first1=Steven|title=The Pub in Literature: England's Altered State|date=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mV_Yc6eCtS0C&lpg=PA28&dq=%22piment%22%20wine&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=%22piment%22&f=false}} 51. ^Sack {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726232320/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2790 |date=26 July 2008 }} in the Oxford Companion to Wine 52. ^{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Saké |volume=24 |page=54}} 53. ^The Mazer Cup International official website 54. ^Real Ale Festival {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813121701/http://www.realalefestival.com/ |date=13 August 2006 }} official website 55. ^Orcas Island Cider and Mead Festival official website 56. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.svsjanacajdu.sk/article/default/2070|title=Výstava VČELÁRSTVO a súťaž v MEDOVINKE ROKA 2016 » Slovenská včelárska spoločnosť Jána Čajdu|website=www.svsjanacajdu.sk|access-date=2017-12-21}} Further reading{{Sister project links |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |species=no}}
12 : Germanic paganism|History of alcoholic drinks|Mead|Cuisine of Northern Ireland|Scottish cuisine|Welsh cuisine|Entheogens|Norwegian cuisine|Swedish alcoholic drinks|Danish cuisine|Icelandic cuisine|Finnish cuisine |
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