| 词条 | Shark sanctuary | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
A shark sanctuary is an area that forbids commercial fishing operations from targeting and retaining caught sharks, including their fins. The first shark sanctuary was created by Palau in 2009. It was followed by Maldives, Honduras, The Bahamas and Tokelau. Background{{further|Threatened sharks}}Every year, fishermen pull "up to 73 million"[1] or "some 100 million" sharks from the world's oceans.[2] The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that more than half of shark species are overexploited or depleted.[1] Globally, 21% of shark species whose extinction risk has been assessed fall into the "threatened" categories, and 18% are "near threatened", while 35% lack sufficient data to decide, leaving 26% in the unthreatened category. The search for shark fins drives the illegal hunting trade. Some jurisdictions permit fishing for fins and food. Sharks are also caught as bycatch when fishing for marlin, tuna and other varieties.[2] Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after several years of life and produce very few offspring in comparison to other harvested fish. Harvesting sharks before they reproduce has severe impacts on future populations. National and international statusMany nations restrict shark catches and shark finning. Pacific IslandsPalau created the world’s first so-named "shark sanctuary" on September 25, 2009.[2][2] Palau forbids all commercial shark fishing within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) waters. The sanctuary protects about {{Convert|600000|km2|sqmi}} of ocean,[3] an area similar to the country of France.[8][4][5] President Johnson Toribiong made the announcement at a meeting of the United Nations.[6][7][8] President Toribiong also requested a worldwide ban on shark fishing.[6] Palau is home to 135 endangered or vulnerable shark and ray species.[9]The Maldives created a sanctuary in March, 2010.[10] Tokelau declared its entire EEZ a shark sanctuary in 2011.[11] On February 25, 2011, Guam, a US island territory, voted to ban commerce in fins. Guam's Senate passed a bill banning the sale, possession and distribution of the fins.[12] In August, 2011, Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Guam announced plans to join Palau in a region-wide sanctuary that covers {{convert|2000000|sqmi}} of ocean.[13] Kiribati, another Pacific island state, and the US operate Earth's largest marine reserve.[3]Americas{{wikinews|Bahamas become fourth country to ban shark fishing}}Honduras prohibited the taking of sharks in its national waters as of February 2010.[14] The U.S. bans shark finning on all U.S.-flagged vessels, forbids the taking 19 species of sharks including white, whale, and basking sharks and shares lists of illegal vessels with established fishing companies, helping them report illegal activities. The U.S. also assesses the health of many of its shark populations and includes sharks in its various Fishery Management Plans.[15] Hawaii has banned the sale and possession of shark fins. The states of California, Oregon and Washington are considering similar bans.[16] AfricaIn 1991 South Africa became the first country in the world to declare great white sharks a legally protected species.[17] EuropeIn February 2009, the European Commission proposed first-ever shark conservation rules for European waters, although these are not outright bans. EU countries account for one-third of global shark meat exports. Shark steaks are increasingly served in restaurants. Shark parts are also used in lotions and leather sports shoes.[9] AsiaTaiwan banned shark finning in 2012.[18]Shark fisheryAfter reaching about 0.9 million tonnes in 2003, catches of the “sharks, rays and chimaeras” group declined to 0.75 million tonnes in 2006, a drop of 15 percent.,[19] numbering some 100 million fish.[20]
Drivers of the shark tradeSharks are a common seafood in many places around the world, including China (shark-fin soup), Japan, Australia (fish and chips under the name flake), in India (under the name sora in Tamil language and Telugu language), and Icelanders eat Greenland sharks as hákarl. The practice of live finning, where a fisherman removes the fin with a hot metal blade and releases the dying animal occurs with some frequency,[20] but is not a prevalent practice, with most fins taken with the entire animal.[22] Around 80% of shark fins are derived as accidental by-catch, which are quickly sold to the market due to their high price.[22] Shark finning has become a major trade within black markets all over the world with shark fins going at about $300/lb in 2009.[23] European consumers consume dogfishes, smoothhounds, catsharks, makos, porbeagle and also skates and rays.[24] However, the U.S. FDA recommends that children and women who are or may be pregnant should refrain from eating shark. For details see mercury in fish. In the South Asian region, use of shark cartilage in preparing soups is considered a health tonic. Hong Kong imports it from North and South American countries, particularly for use in either a cooked format or to prepare boiled soup, as a health fad, by mixing it with herbals supplements. Another large demand for shark cartilage is for manufacture of "Shark Cartilage Powder" or pills as a cure for cancer. The anti cancer claims of such powders marketed in many parts of the world has been discounted by the US Food and Drug Administration, Federal Trade Commissions and medical studies.[25] In spite of such injunctions, the trade in this powder continues and the shark cartilage powder is still widely marketed as a cancer cure, stated to be selling at US$145 per gram.[26] It is also stated that in Costa Rica, one single firm alone processed 235,000 sharks every month to manufacture cartilage pills.[26] Seafood Watch recommends that everyone avoid eating shark.[27]The majority of shark fisheries around the globe have little monitoring or management. With the rise in demand for shark products there is a greater pressure on fisheries.[28] Sharks experience a long interval between birth and sexual maturity, such that many sharks never reach maturity. In some species, populations have declined by over 90% over the past 20–30 years with decline of 70% not unusual.[29] The practice of shark finning, attracts much controversy and regulations are being enacted to prevent it from occurring. The acclaimed 2007 documentary, Sharkwater exposed how sharks are being hunted to extinction, in part due to the massive Asian demand for shark fin soup.[30] See also
Notes1. ^{{cite news|title=World's first shark sanctuary created by Pacific island of Palau|publisher=TimesOnline|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6848627.ece|date=September 26, 2009|accessdate=September 27, 2009| location=London| first=Sophie| last=Tedmanson}} {{fishery science topics|expanded=management}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Shark Sanctuary}}2. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=508795&publicationSubCategoryId=200 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130104125625/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=508795&publicationSubCategoryId=200 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2013-01-04 |title = Palau creates world's first shark haven |date = 2009-09-26 |accessdate = 2009-09-28 |publisher = The Philippine Star}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |last = Black |first = Richard |title = Palau pioneers 'shark sanctuary' |publisher = BBC |date = 25 September 2009 |url = http://usproxy.bbc.com/2/hi/science/nature/8272508.stm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091001201027/http://usproxy.bbc.com/2/hi/science/nature/8272508.stm |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 1 October 2009 |accessdate = 25 September 2009}} 4. ^{{cite news|author=Sophie Tedmanson|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6848627.ece|title=World's first shark sanctuary created by Pacific island of Palau|date=2009-09-26|accessdate=2009-09-28|publisher=The Times| location=London}} 5. ^{{cite web|author=Ker Than|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/09/090925-sharks-sanctuary-palau.html|title=France-Size Shark Sanctuary Created -- A First|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2009-09-28|publisher=National Geographic}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/27/content_12117618.htm |title = Palau's EEZ becomes shark sanctuary |date = 2009-09-27 |accessdate = 2009-09-28 |publisher = Xinhua News Agency |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090930054317/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/27/content_12117618.htm |archivedate = 2009-09-30 |df = }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=49344|title=Palau creates shark sanctuary to protect tourism and prevent overfishing|date=2009-09-27|accessdate=2009-09-28|publisher=Radio New Zealand}} 8. ^{{cite news|author=Cornelia Dean|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/25/science/earth/25shark.html|title=Palau to Ban Shark Fishing|date=2009-09-24|accessdate=2009-09-28|publisher=The New York Times}} 9. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jYMje1-rh2wiolsO0rE2MOgZ-8nAD9AU1TN00|title=Palau creates world's first shark sanctuary|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=September 27, 2009|date=September 25, 2009}} 10. ^{{cite web|last=Jolly|first=David|title=Maldives Ban Fishing of Sharks|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/10/world/asia/10iht-shark.html|publisher=New York Times|date=March 9, 2011|accessdate=November 27, 2011}} 11. ^PEW: Tokelau Declares Shark Sanctuary, 7 September 2011 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5itxSWojvMUcfZdMmwLeZ0eELGtdw?docId=CNG.b8be1fa9ceeaf77e3700b0e75ec87ead.a91|title=Guam islands vote to protect sharks|date=February 25, 2011|publisher=AFP|accessdate=February 2011}} 13. ^{{cite news|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/04/pacific-islands-band-together-on-a-shark-sanctuary/|title=Pacific Islands Band Together on a Shark Sanctuary|first=JOANNA M. |last=FOSTER|publisher=New York Times|date=August 4, 2011 |accessdate=August 4, 2011}} 14. ^1 {{cite news|title=Honduras and Micronesia Throw Down Global Challenge to Save Sharks|publisher=Deep Sea News|url=http://deepseanews.com/2010/09/honduras-and-micronesia-throw-down-global-challenge-to-save-sharks/|first=RICK |last=MAC |date=September 22, 2010|accessdate=September 2010}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Shark Web Site|url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sharks/FS_management.htm|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=September 30, 2009}} 16. ^{{cite news|publisher=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/us/06fin.html|title=Soup Without Fins? Some Californians Simmer|first=PATRICIA LEIGH |last=BROWN|date=March 5, 2011 |accessdate=March 5, 2011}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.greatwhiteshark.co.za/pages/conservation.html |title=White Shark Trust - Conservation |publisher=Greatwhiteshark.co.za |accessdate=2011-07-29}} 18. ^{{cite news|title=Taiwan to Establish Shark Finning Ban |url=https://news.yahoo.com/taiwan-establish-shark-finning-ban-193610255.html |accessdate=2 December 2011 |newspaper=PR Newswire |date=October 21, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0250e/i0250e00.htm|title=THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE|publisher=Food And Agriculture Organization|year=2008|accessdate=September 30, 2009}} 20. ^1 {{cite news|title=Shark fin soup alters an ecosystem|publisher=CNN|last=Linn |first=Lisa|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/10/pip.shark.finning/index.html| date=2008-12-15| accessdate=2010-05-23}} 21. ^FAO Fishery statistics Capture Production Vol.90/1 2000 22. ^1 {{Cite web| last = Mahtani| first = Shibani| title = Experts Swim Against Shark Fin Debate| work = WSJ| accessdate = 2016-08-21| url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiarealtime/2012/02/21/experts-swim-against-the-current-in-shark-fin-debate/}} 23. ^[https://archive.is/20130903003354/http://actionnetwork.org/pewenvironmentgroup/notice-description.tcl?newsletter_id=35263072] 24. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.sharkalliance.org/do_download.asp?did=1090| title=Shark fisheries and trade in Europe: Fact sheet on Italy| accessdate = 2007-09-06}} 25. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/health/03cancer.html|title=Shark Cartilage, Not a Cancer Therapy|last=Pollack|first=Andrew|date=3 June 2007|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2009-08-29}} 26. ^1 {{cite book|first=Gene S. |last=Helfman|title=The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyehAR6hsUUC&pg=PA226|accessdate=4 January 2011|date=4 May 2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-2494-2|page=226}} 27. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_NationalGuide.pdf |title = Seafod WATCH, National Sustainable Seafood Guide July 2009 |date = July 2009 |accessdate = 2009-08-29 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100418161105/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_NationalGuide.pdf |archivedate = 2010-04-18 |df = }} 28. ^{{Cite book| last=Pratt| first=H. L. Jr. |author2=Gruber, S. H. |author3=Taniuchi, T.|year=1990| title=Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries|publisher=NOAA Tech Rept. (90)}} 29. ^{{Cite book| last=Walker| first=T.I.|year=1998|title=Shark Fisheries Management and Biology}} 30. ^{{cite web|author=Owen Gleiberman |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20155947,00.html |title=Sharkwater Review | Movie Reviews and News |publisher=EW.com |date=2007-10-31 |accessdate=2011-07-29}} 4 : Sharks|Fisheries science|Marine reserves|Marine conservation |
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