| 词条 | Sheikh Mohammad Rohani |
| 释义 |
The demise of the Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad in 1258 AD triggered a mass exodus of Islamic scholars and spiritual leaders from Baghdad fearing persecution at the hands of Turko-Mongol invaders. Some of the Abbasid members migrated westward and established yet another dynasty in Egypt that lasted until 1519. Most of the Abbasid cadre migrated southeastward to Iran, Central Asia, Afghanistan, and parts of India.[3] The descendants of Sheikh Mohammad Rohani in the Bannu region of Pakistan and parts of Western Afghanistan identify as "Shah," "Said" or "Sheikh" to claim hereditary spiritual honor. Afghan ethnographers refer to the descendants of Sheikh Mohammad Rohani as Sayyid. [4] [5][6][7] The ancestors of the Fermuli tribe were guided to Islam by Sheikh Mohammad Rohani.[8] He was the spiritual leader, "Pir," of the Banuchi tribe in Bannu where the cleric is still held in great esteem.[9]According to Mohammad Hayat Khan, the author of the acclaimed reference book on Afghan tribes Hayat-i-Afghani, Sheikh Mohammad Rohani and his son Sheikh Naikbin aided the Banuchi tribe gain control of the Bannu region after Mangal and Hani tribes reneged on their promises to deliver the customary ten percent tax to the family of the Sheikh.[10] The descendants of the Sheikh were allowed to collect and appropriate local taxes during the reign of Mogul emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir but the emperor's son Bahadur Shah discontinued this trend. Nevertheless the Sheikhan of Bannu were exempt from Mogul and later Durrani taxes until 1847 when Sir Herbert Edwardes, a British colonial officer, levied six percent tax on the annual income of the tribe.[11] Following the imposition of colonial taxes large numbers of this community migrated to southern Afghanistan.[12] References1. ^Shah, Habib ul Rahman. Afghan Tribes, Peshawar Press, 1983, P. 5-8 2. ^Khan, Mohammad Hayat. Hayat-i-Afghani, Danish Khparandoya Tolana, 2007, P. 509-510 3. ^Hourani, Albert. "A History of the Arab Peoples", Warner Books, 1992 4. ^Khan, Muhammad Hayat. "Afghanistan and Its Inhabitants", Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1981 (Original publication in 1874), p. 295 5. ^Khan, Muhammad Hayat. Hayat-i-Afghani, Danish Khparandoya Tolana, 2007, P. 455 6. ^KakaKhail, Said Bahadur Shah Zafar. Pashtana, University Book Agency, 1964, P. 1088 7. ^MianKhail, Mohammad Omar Rawand. Da Pashtano Qabilo Shajaray Aw Maini, P. 273-274 8. ^Neametullah. "History of the Afghans", Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1829, p. 57 9. ^http://www.surani.20m.com/index_1.html 10. ^Khan, Mohammad Hayat. Hayat-i-Afghani, Danish Khparandoya Tolana, 2007, P.509-510 11. ^Khan, Mohammad Hayat. Hayat-i-Afghani, Danish Khparandoya Tolana, 2007, P.519-520 12. ^Marwat, Mohammad Sadiq. Zmong Qabail, (Publishers unknown), 1995, P.112-113 External linksSee alsoSayyidRukn-e-AlamAbbasid Caliphate{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammad Rohani}} 4 : Afghan Sufi religious leaders|Afghan Sufis|1220 births|1305 deaths |
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