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词条 Shilluk language
释义

  1. Phonology

      Vowels    Advanced and retracted tongue root    Consonants    Tone  

  2. Morphology

      Syllable structure  

  3. Orthography

  4. Sample text

  5. References

{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with the Sillok language.}}{{Infobox language
|name= Shilluk (Chollo)
|nativename=Dhøg Cøllø
|pronunciation={{IPA|Zɔg ʃɔllɔ}}
|states=South Sudan & Sudan
|region=Upper Nile State & White Nile State
|ethnicity=Shilluk people
|speakers= 175,000
|date=1982
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Nilo-Saharan
|fam2=Eastern Sudanic
|fam3=Nilotic
|fam4=Western Nilotic
|fam5=Luo
|fam6=Northern
|script=Latin
|nation=Shilluk Kingdom
|iso3=shk
|glotto=shil1265
|glottorefname=Shilluk
}}Shilluk (natively Dhøg Cøllø or d̪ɔ́cɔ̀llɔ̀)[1] is a Luo language spoken by the Shilluk people of South Sudan and Sudan. It is closely related to other Luo and Nilotic peoples' languages. The term Shilluk is a pronunciation of Arabic origin.[2]

Phonology

Vowels

FrontCentralBack
Close[i]}} i̠ {{IPA|[i̠]}}[u̠]}}
Mid[ɛ]}} e {{IPA|[ɛ̠]}}[o]}}

ɔ {{IPA|[ɔ]}} ɔ̠ {{IPA|[ɔ̠]}}

Open[a]}} a̠ {{IPA|[a̠]}}

Each of these vowels also exists in a long form and an overlong form which are phonemic.[3][4]

Advanced and retracted tongue root

Shilluk, like most Nilotic languages, differentiates vowels according to their place of articulation. They are either pronounced with advancement of the root of the tongue or with retraction of the root of the tongue. Gilley uses the terms "extended larynx" or "blown vowel".

The vowels with advancement of the root of the tongue are {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[e]}}, {{IPA|[o]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, {{IPA|[a]}} and their corresponding long variants. The vowels with retraction of the root of the language are denoted by a macron below the letter: {{IPA|[i̠]}}, {{IPA|[e̠]}}, {{IPA|[o̠]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ̠]}}, {{IPA|[u̠]}} and {{IPA|[a̠]}} and their corresponding long variants.

Consonants

LabialDentalAlveolarLateralDorsal
PalatalVelar
StopVoiceless[p]}}t̪}} {{IPA|[t̪]}}[t]}}[k]}}
Voiced[b]}}d̪}} {{IPA|[d̪]}}[d]}}[g]}}
Fricative[s]}}
AffricateVoiceless[t͡ʃ]}}
Voiced[d͡ʒ]}}
Nasal[m]}}n̪}} {{IPA|[n̪]}}[n]}}[ɲ]}}[ŋ]}}
Liquid[r]}}[l]}}
Approximant[w]}}[j]}}

Tone

Shilluk has a rich inventory of tones, with at least seven distinctive tone patterns or tonemes.[4]

There are three level tonemes: Low, Mid and High. In addition, there are four contours – the Rise and three falling configurations: Fall, High Fall and Late Fall. These are denoted by the following diacritics:

Tone descriptionDiacriticTone bars
LevelLowcv̀c (grave accent) ꜖
Midcv̄c (macron) ꜔
Highcv́c (acute accent) ꜒
ContouredRisingcv̌c (caron) ꜖꜔
Fallingcv̂c (circumflex) ꜔꜖
High Fallingcv̂́c (circumflex with acute accent) ꜒꜖
Late Fallingcv́c̀ (acute accent followed by grave accent) ꜒꜒꜖

Morphology

Syllable structure

Uninflected native stem syllables are overwhelmingly monosyllabic. With few exceptions, these monosyllabic stems typically consist of an onset, a vowel (nucleus), and a coda. Their structure is as follows:[4]

C (Cj/w) V (V) (V) C

The monosyllabic stems give rise to polysyllabic words through processes of derivation or inflection. For verbs and nouns alike, the most common prefixes are /a- ʊ-/, and the most common suffixes are /-Cɪ -ɪ -a (-ɔ)/.[4]

Orthography

A Latin alphabet was developed for Shilluk by Christian missionaries in the early 20th century.[5] There are 29 characters in Shilluk orthography; 10 vowels and 19 consonants.[6]

aáàäaabcddhdhheéèëeeg
íìïiijklmngnggnhnhhnynyyo
óöøooprtthuúùuuvwy

Sample text

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.openroad.net.au/languages/chollo|title=Chollo (Dhøg Cøllø)|work=openroad.net.au|accessdate=26 March 2015}}
2. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=92847458920|title=An autosegmental approach to Shilluk phonology|last=Gilley|first=Leoma G.|publisher=|year=1992|isbn=0-88312-106-9|editor-last=Summer Institute of Linguistics|location=Dallas, Texas|pages=214|type=revised text of a thesis, University of London}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Cynthia L.|last2=Gilley|first2=Leoma G.|date=2001|title=Evidence for ergativity in Shilluk|url=|journal=Journal of African languages and linguistics|volume=22|issue=1|pages=33–68|via=|doi=10.1515/jall.22.1.33}}
4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Remijsen|first=Bert|last2=Ayoker|first2=Otto G.|last3=Mills|first3=Timothy|date=2011|title=Illustrations of the IPA – Shilluk|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0025100310000289|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=41|issue=1|pages=|via=|doi=10.1017/s0025100310000289}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/shilluk.htm|title=Shilluk language and pronunciation|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=2017-05-29}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://shilluk.webonary.org/overview/alphabet/|title=Cøllø (aka Shilluk) Dictionary » Alphabet|website=shilluk.webonary.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-29}}
{{Eastern Sudanic languages}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Shilluk Language}}

3 : Luo languages|Languages of Sudan|Languages of South Sudan
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