“Shimron”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Shimron was the name of a major city in the north of Israel in early antiquity. It is mentioned in the Bible by this name, and in other period sources as Shim'on.^[1] In late antiquity, it was known by the name Simonias ({{Lang-he-n|סימונייה}}).^[2] The city is identified with the tell called Tell Samunia in Arabic, also written Samunieh.^[3]^[4] The tell rises 60 meters above its surroundings, north-east of moshav Nahalal, on the border between the Lower Galilee, and the Jezreel Valley. Today the tell in not settled, Timrat was established alongside, to the east.

History

Bronze Age to Middle Ages

Shimron was one of the Bronze Age fortified Canaanite cities that controlled the Jezreel Valley, possibly the largest of them. All of these cities were located at an entrance to the valley, and controlled one of the roads leading into it.

In the Amarna letters and the Execration texts,^[5] the city is referred to as Shim'on. It is also mentioned as one of the cities that were attacked by Joshua ({{bibleverse||Joshua|12:20|HE}}), and also as belonging to the Tribe of Zebulun ({{bibleverse||Joshua|19:15|HE}}).

In the Hellenistic period, there was a large settlement at the foot of the tell, called Shimonia or Samunia. The city was central during First Jewish–Roman War, and in 66 CE a battle occurred here between the Jewish rebels and the Romans, who besieged the city. Josephus, mentioning the village by name, states that he was attacked there at night by the Roman decurion, Æbutius, who had been entrusted with the charge of the Great Plain and who had one-hundred horse and two-hundred infantry at his disposal. The Roman soldiers, however, were forced to withdraw since their horses were of little use in that terrain (Life of Flavius Josephus, § 24).

The name of the city occurs also elsewhere, in the Babylonian Talmud (Niddah 24b), and in the Middle Ages it is mentioned by Ishtori Haparchi ("Kaftor wa-Feraḥ", ch. xi, written in 1322).^[6]

Ottoman era

A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed a village here, named Sammouni.^[8] In 1838, Edward Robinson found here a small Arab village called Semunieh,^[9]^[10] and he noted it again in 1852.^[11]

In 1867, a group of German Templers attempted to establish a settlement on the site, which failed due to malaria.^[12]

"The present village has succeeded a small ancient city, now completely destroyed. East of the site which it occupied rises a round isolated hill, which commands the plain in every direction, and was once surrounded on its summit by a wall, of which a few traces still remain. This hill must probably have been fortified. Scarped towards the east, it slopes gently on the western side towards the town, which covered the lower hillocks at its feet. Among them I found, in the midst of the various debris which cover the soil, the remains of a building in cut stone, completely overthrown, once ornamented by columns, as is attested by two mutilated shafts lying on the spot. This edifice seems to have been constructed from east to west, so that it may have been a Christian church.

"In another place I saw an enclosure measuring thirty-five paces in length by twenty-five in breadth. From a distance it appears ancient. It is, however, of modern date, constructed of stones of all sizes and shapes ; among them pillars of broken sarcophagi".^[13]

In 1881, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as a small village on a knoll with three springs, having probably less than 100 inhabitants.^[14] A population list from about 1887 showed that Semunieh had about 100 inhabitants; all Muslims.^[15]

British Mandate era

In 1936, the site became an agricultural training station for the Moshavim Movement. One group that trained here came from Nahalal, and continued on to establish kibbutz Hanita.

In 1948, kibbutz Timorim was established on the site. Timorim became a moshav shitufi in 1953 and moved to the south of the country, due to lack of farming lands. When it was vacated, it became a Ma'abara (transit camp) for new immigrants destined for Migdal Ha'Emek and Ramat Yishai.

Nature reserve

In 1965, a 28-dunam nature reserve was declared,^[17] preserving the Apple-ring Acacia (syn. Acacia albida) trees that grow on the site. This is the northern-most occurrence of these trees in Israel. The Apple-ring Acacia, native to Africa and the Middle East, is used for nitrogen fixation, erosion control for crops, for food, drink and medicine. It sheds its leaves in the rainy season and is highly valued in agroforestry as it can grow among field crops without shading them.^[18]

Archaeology

In the years spanning 2004, 2008 and 2010, archaeological excavations were conducted at Tel Shimron by Nurit Feig and Alexander Yarde on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).^[19]

References

1. ^{{cite journal |last=Rainey |first=Anson |title= Review by: Anson F. Rainey|journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= 118|issue= 1 |pages= 73 |jstor= 606301 |date=1998|registration=yes }}
2. ^Josephus (Vita § 24); Jerusalem Talmud, Megillah 1:1 (2b); Midrash Rabba (Genesis Rabba 81:2)
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://bibleencyclopedia.com/shimron.htm|title=Shimron|publisher=The Bible Encyclopedia}}
4. ^Benjamin Maisler (Mazar), Qovetz: Journal of the Jewish Palestinian Exploration Society, 2nd year, volumes 1–4, article: Shimron – Simoniah, Jerusalem 1934–1935, pp. 1–7 (Hebrew).
5. ^{{Cite book|last=Aharoni|first=Yohanan|authorlink=Yohanan Aharoni|title=The land of the Bible: a historical geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC&pg=PA144|accessdate=18 October 2010|year=1979|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-24266-4|pages=144–147}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=804&letter=S&search=shimron|title=Simonias|publisher=The Jewish Encyclopedia}}
7. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/339/mode/1up 339]
8. ^Karmon, 1960, p. 163.
9. ^Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n218/mode/1up 201]
10. ^Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/132/mode/1up 132]
11. ^Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. [https://archive.org/stream/laterbiblicalre01smitgoog#page/n369/mode/1up 320]
12. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/355/mode/1up 355]
13. ^Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n397/mode/1up 384]-386; as given in Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/339/mode/1up 339]
14. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/280/mode/1up 280]
15. ^Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n208/mode/1up 183]
16. ^Schumacher, 1900, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme32pale#page/358/mode/1up 358]
17. ^{{cite web|title=List of National Parks and Nature Reserves|url=http://parks.org.il/sigalit/muchrazim.pdf|language=Hebrew|publisher=Israel Nature and Parks Authority|accessdate=2010-10-18|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007095221/http://parks.org.il/sigalit/muchrazim.pdf|archivedate=2009-10-07|df=}}
18. ^ILDIS LegumeWeb
19. ^Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2004, Survey Permit # A-4284; Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2008, Survey Permit # A-5334; Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010, Survey Permit # A-6060.