| 词条 | Medicago |
| 释义 |
| image = Medicago littoralis2.jpg | image_caption = Medicago littoralis | image2 = Medicago granadensis 2.jpg | image2_caption = Medicago granadensis bur | taxon = Medicago | authority = L. | type_species = Medicago sativa | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 87–105; see text. | synonyms_ref = [1] | synonyms = * Crimaea Vassilcz.
}}Medicago is a genus of flowering plants, commonly known as medick or burclover, in the legume (Fabaceae) family. It contains at least 87 species and is distributed mainly around the Mediterranean basin.[2][3] The best-known member of the genus is alfalfa (M. sativa), an important forage crop,[4] and the genus name is based on the Latin name for that plant, {{lang|la|medica}}, from {{lang-el|μηδική (πόα)}} Median (grass).[5] Most members of the genus are low, creeping herbs, resembling clover, but with burs (hence the common name). However, alfalfa grows to a height of 1 meter, and tree medick (M. arborea) is a shrub. Members of the genus are known to produce bioactive compounds such as medicarpin (a flavonoid) and medicagenic acid (a triterpenoid saponin).[3] Chromosome numbers in Medicago range from 2n = 14 to 48.[6] The species Medicago truncatula is a model legume[7] due to its relatively small stature, small genome (450–500 Mbp), short generation time (about 3 months), and ability to reproduce both by outcrossing and selfing. Comprehensive descriptions of the genus are Lesinš and Lesinš 1979[8] and Small and Jomphe 1989.[9] Major collections are SARDI (Australia),[10] USDA-GRIN (United States),[11] ICARDA (Syria),[12] and INRA (France).[13] EvolutionMedicago diverged from Glycine (soybean) about 53–55 million years ago (in the early Eocene),[14] from Lotus (deervetch) 49–51 million years ago (also in the Eocene),[14] and from Trigonella 10–22 million years ago (in the Miocene).[15]Ecological interactions with other organismsSymbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobiaBéna et al. (2005) constructed a molecular phylogeny of 23 Sinorhizobium strains and tested the symbiotic ability of six strains with 35 Medicago species.[16] Comparison of these phylogenies indicates many transitions in the compatibility of the association over evolutionary time. Furthermore, they propose that the geographical distribution of strains limits the distribution of particular Medicago species. Agricultural usesOther than alfalfa, several of the creeping members of the family (such as Medicago lupulina and Medicago truncatula) have been used as forage crops.[17] {{Commons|Medicago}}{{Wikispecies|Medicago}}Insect herbivoresMedicago species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the common swift, flame, latticed heath, lime-speck pug, nutmeg, setaceous Hebrew character, and turnip moths and case-bearers of the genus Coleophora, including C. frischella (recorded on M. sativa) and C. fuscociliella (feeds exclusively on Medicago spp.).{{Citation needed | date = September 2007 }} SpeciesThis list is compiled from:[9][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] {{div col|colwidth=350px}}Section BucerasSubsection Deflexae
Subsection Erectae
Subsection Isthmocarpae
Subsection Reflexae
Section Carstiensae
Section Dendrotelis
Section Geocarpa
Section Heynianae
Section Hymenocarpos
Section Lunatae
Section Lupularia
Section Medicago{{anchor|SectioMedicago}}
Section Orbiculares
Section Platycarpae
Subsection Rotatae
Section SpirocarposSubsection Intertextae
Subsection Leptospireae
Subsection Pachyspireae
Species names with uncertain taxonomic statusThe status of the following species is unresolved:[9]
Recent molecular phylogenic analyses of Medicago indicate that the sections and subsections defined by Small & Jomphe, as outlined above, are generally polyphyletic.[2][15][16][29][30][31][32][33] However, with minor revisions sections and subsections could be rendered monophyletic.[15][29][30][31][32][33] Notes1. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1558 | accessdate = 9 September 2010 | title = Genus Nomenclature in GRIN }} 2. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Steele KP, Ickert-Bond SM, Zarre S, Wojciechowski MF | title = Phylogeny and character evolution in Medicago (Leguminosae): Evidence from analyses of plastid trnK/matK and nuclear GA3ox1 sequences | journal = Am J Bot | volume = 97 | issue = 7 | pages = 1142–1155 | year = 2010 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/97/7/1142.abstract | pmid = 21616866 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1000009 }} 3. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Gholami A, De Geyter N, Pollier J, Goormachtig S, Goossens A | title = Natural product biosynthesis in Medicago species | journal = Natural Product Reports | year = 2014 | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 356–380 | pmid = 24481477 | doi = 10.1039/C3NP70104B }} 4. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/cgc_reports/alfalfa/alfalfacgc2000.htm |title=Alfalfa Crop Germplasm Committee Report, 2000 |access-date=2009-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505235641/http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/cgc_reports/alfalfa/alfalfacgc2000.htm |archive-date=2009-05-05 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 5. ^New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1054, s.v. medick. 6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosato M, Galián JA, Rosselló JA | title = Amplification, contraction and genomic spread of a satellite DNA family (E180) in Medicago (Fabaceae) and allied genera | journal = Ann Bot | volume = 109 | issue = 4 | pages = 773–82 | year = 2012 | url = http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/109/4/773.abstract | doi = 10.1093/aob/mcr309 | pmid = 22186276 | pmc = 3286279 }} 7. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.medicago.org/ | accessdate = 21 November 2008 | title = Medicago truncatula }} 8. ^{{cite book |vauthors=Lesinš KA, Lesinš I | title = Genus Medicago (Leguminosae): A Taxogenetic Study | publisher = Dr. W. Junk B. V. Publishers | year = 1979 | location = The Hague, The Netherlands | pages = 132 | url = | isbn = 978-90-6193-598-8 }} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Small E, Jomphe M | title = A Synopsis of the Genus Medicago (Leguminosae) | journal = Can J Bot | volume = 67 | issue = 11 | pages = 3260–94 | year = 1989 | doi = 10.1139/b89-405 }} 10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/ | accessdate = 21 November 2008 | title = SARDI }} 11. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/ | accessdate = 21 November 2008 | title = GRIN National Genetic Resources Program }} 12. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.icarda.org/ | accessdate = 21 November 2008 | title = ICARDA Sustainable Agriculture for the Dry Areas }} 13. ^{{cite web | url = http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/BRC-MTR/ | accessdate = 21 November 2008 | title = INRA }} 14. ^1 {{cite book | author = Cannon S. | editor = Stacey G | title = Genetics and Genomics of Soybean | url = https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-0-387-72298-6 | series = Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models | volume = II | year = 2008 | publisher = Springer | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-387-72298-6 | page = 38 | chapter = 3. Legume Comparative Genomics | chapterurl = http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/17513/1/IND44083204.pdf }} 15. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Maureira Butler IJ, Pfeil BE, Muangprom A, Osborn TC, Doyle JJ | title = The reticulate history of Medicago (Fabaceae) | journal = Syst Biol | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 466–482 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18570039 | doi = 10.1080/10635150802172168 }} 16. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Béna G, Lyet A, Huguet T, Olivier I | title = Medicago–Sinorhizobium symbiotic specificity evolution and the geographic expansion of Medicago | journal = J. Evol. Biol. | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 1547–58 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16313467 | doi = 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00952.x }} 17. ^{{cite journal |last1=Lawson |title=Suitability of Medicago clover species as a forage crop: a study of controlled dietary intake on livestock health over time |journal=International Journal of Agricultural Research |date=2001 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=33–44}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb|accessdate=2008-11-18|title=ILDIS LegumeWeb|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991007023041/http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/|archivedate=1999-10-07|df=}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/names/npall/npall_445.shtml |accessdate=2008-11-18 |title=Genera Containing Currently Accepted Names: Medicago |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930231937/http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/names/npall/npall_445.shtml |archivedate=September 30, 2008 }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genform.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990501235849/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genform.pl |dead-url=yes |archive-date=1999-05-01 |accessdate=2008-11-18 |title=Species Nomenclature in GRIN }} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=Medicago&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch|accessdate=2008-11-22|title=IPNI Plant Name Query Results}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.agroatlas.spb.ru/en/content/related/#M|accessdate=2008-11-22|title=AgroAtlas - Relatives}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/index.html |accessdate=2009-09-16 |title=ITIS |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606043808/http://www.itis.gov/index.html |archivedate=2016-06-06 |df= }} (enter Medicago as the search term) 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Medicago|accessdate=2010-05-11|title=Discover Life}} 25. ^eFloras 26. ^The Biota of North America Program{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 27. ^The Plant List 28. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Gillespie DJ, McComb JA | title = Morphology and distribution of species in the Medicago murex complex | journal = Can J Bot | volume = 69 | issue = 12 | pages = 2655–2662 | year = 1991 | doi = 10.1139/b91-333 }} 29. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Béna G, Lejeune B, Prosperi JM, Olivieri I | title = Molecular phylogenetic approach for studying life-history evolution: the ambiguous example of the genus Medicago L. | journal = Proc Biol Sci | volume = 265 | issue = 1401 | pages = 1141–1151 | year = 1998 | url = http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/265/1401/1141.abstract | pmid = 9684377 | pmc = 1689169 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1998.0410 }} 30. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Downie SR, Katz-Downie DS, Rogers EJ, Zujewski HL, Small E | title = Multiple independent losses of the plastid rpoC1 intron in Medicago (Fabaceae) as inferred from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences | journal = Can J Bot | volume = 76 | issue = 5 | pages = 791–803 | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1139/b98-047 }} 31. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Béna G, Prosperi JM, Lejeune B, Olivieri I | title = Evolution of annual species of the genus Medicago: a molecular phylogenetic approach | journal = Mol Phylogenet Evol | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 552–559 | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1006/mpev.1998.0493 }} 32. ^1 {{cite journal | author = Béna G. | title = Molecular phylogeny supports the morphologically based taxonomic transfer of the "medicagoid" Trigonella species to the genus Medicago L. | journal = Plant Syst Evol | volume = 229 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 217–236 | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1007/s006060170012 }} 33. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Yoder JB, Briskine R, Mudge J, Farmer A, Paape T, Steele K, Weiblen GD, Bharti AK, Zhou P, May GD, Young ND, Tiffin P | title = Phylogenetic signal variation in the genomes of Medicago (Fabaceae) | journal = Syst Biol | volume = 62 | issue = 3 | pages = 424–38 | year = 2013 | url = http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/3/424.abstract | doi = 10.1093/sysbio/syt009 }} References{{Reflist|2}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q159549}} 3 : Medicago|Plant models|Fabaceae genera |
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