“Medici Chapel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Medici Chapels (Cappelle medicee) are two structures at the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy, dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, and built as extensions to Brunelleschi's 15th-century church, with the purpose of celebrating the Medici family, patrons of the church and Grand Dukes of Tuscany. The Sagrestia Nuova ("New Sacristy") was designed by Michelangelo. The larger Cappella dei Principi ("Chapel of the Princes"), though proposed in the 16th century, was not begun until the early 17th century, its design being a collaboration between the family and architects.

The Sagrestia Nuova

The Sagrestia Nuova^[1] was intended by Cardinal Giulio de' Medici and his cousin Pope Leo X as a mausoleum or mortuary chapel for members of the Medici family. It balances Brunelleschi's Sagrestia Vecchia, the "Old Sacristy" nestled between the left transept of San Lorenzo, with which it consciously competes, and shares its format of a cubical space surmounted by a dome, of gray pietra serena and whitewashed walls. It was the first essay in architecture (1519–24) ^[2] of Michelangelo, who also designed its monuments dedicated to certain members of the Medici family, with sculptural figures of the four times of day^[3] that were destined to influence sculptural figures reclining on architraves for many generations to come. The Sagrestia Nuova was entered by a discreet entrance in a corner of San Lorenzo's right transept, now closed.^[4]

Though it was vaulted over by 1524, the ambitious projects of its sculpture and the intervention of events, such as the temporary exile of the Medici (1527), the death of Giulio, now Pope Clement VII and the permanent departure of Michelangelo for Rome in 1534, meant that Michelangelo never finished it. Though most of the statues had been carved by the time of Michelangelo's departure, they had not been put in place, being left in disarray across the chapel, and later installed by Niccolò Tribolo in 1545.^[5] By order of Cosimo I, Giorgio Vasari and Bartolomeo Ammannati finished the work by 1555.^[6]

There were intended to be four Medici tombs, but those of Lorenzo the Magnificent and his brother Giuliano (modestly buried beneath the altar at the entrance wall) were never begun. The result is that the two magnificent existing tombs are those of comparatively insignificant Medici: Lorenzo di Piero, Duke of Urbino and Giuliano di Lorenzo, Duke of Nemours. Their architectural components are similar; their sculptures offer contrast. On an unfinished wall, Michelangelo's Madonna and Child flanked by the Medici patron saints Cosmas and Damian,^[7] executed by Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli and Raffaello da Montelupo respectively, to Michelangelo's models, are set over their plain rectangular tomb.

In a statement in the Michelangelo's biography published in 1553 by his disciple, Ascanio Condivi, and largely based on Michelangelo own recollections, Condivi gives the following description: "The statues are four in number, placed in a sacristy . . . the sarcophagi are placed before the side walls, and on the lids of each there recline two big figures, larger than life, to wit, a man and a woman; they signify Day and Night and, in conjunction, Time which devours all things… And in order to signify Time he planned to make a mouse, having left a bit of marble upon the work (which [plan] he subsequently did not carry out because he was prevented by circumstances), because this little animal ceaselessly gnaws and consumes just as time devours everything”.^[8]

A concealed corridor with drawings on the walls by Michelangelo was discovered under the New Sacristy in 1976.^[10]^[11]

Cappella dei Principi

The octagonal Cappella dei Principi surmounted by a tall dome, 59 m. high, is the distinguishing feature of San Lorenzo when seen from a distance. It is on the same axis as the nave and chancel to which it provides the equivalent of an apsidal chapel. Its entrance is from the exterior,^[12] in Piazza Madonna degli Aldobrandini, and through the low vaulted crypt planned by Bernardo Buontalenti before plans for the chapel above were made.^[13]

The opulent Cappella dei Principi, an idea formulated by Cosimo I, was put into effect by Ferdinand I de' Medici. It was designed by Matteo Nigetti, following some sketches tendered to an informal competition of 1602 by Don Giovanni de' Medici, the natural son of Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, which were altered in the execution by the aged Buontalenti.^[14] A true expression of court art, it was the result of collaboration among designers and patrons.

For the execution of its astonishing revetment of marbles inlaid with colored marbles and semi-precious stone, the Grand Ducal hardstone workshop, the Opificio delle Pietre Dure was established. The art of commessi, as it was called in Florence, assembled jig-sawn fragments of specimen stones to form the designs of the revetment that entirely cover the walls. The result was disapproved of by 18th- and 19th-century visitors, but has come to be appreciated for an example of the taste of its time.^[15] Six grand sarcophagi are empty; the Medici remains are interred in the crypt below. In sixteen compartments of the dado are coats-of-arms of Tuscan cities under Medici control. In the niches that were intended to hold portrait sculptures of Medici, two (Ferdinando I and Cosimo II) were executed by Pietro Tacca (1626–42).

The lantern

The lantern at the top of the Medici Chapel is made out of marble and has an "...unusual polyhedron mounted on the peak of the conical roof".^[16] The orb that is on top of the lantern has seventy-two facets and is about two feet in diameter. The orb and cross, that is on top of the orb, are traditional symbols of the Roman and Christian power, and recalls the similar orbs on central dome plan churches like St. Maria del Fiore and St. Peter's. But because it is on a private mausoleum, the Medici family is promoting their own personal power with the orb and cross, laurel wreath and lion heads, which are all symbols of status and power.

The lantern that holds up the orb helps to accentuate the height and size of the chapel, which is fairly small. The lantern is a bit less than seven meters tall and "...is equal to the height of the dome it surmounts".^[16] The lantern metaphorically expresses the themes of death and resurrection. The lantern is where the soul could escape and go from "...death to the afterlife".^[16]

See also

Notes

1. ^Charles de Tolnay, Michelangelo, vol. III "The Medici Chapel" (Princeton, 1948); James S. Ackerman, The Architecture of Michelangelo
2. ^William E. Wallas, Michelangelo at San Lorenzo. The Genius as Entrepreneur, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.
3. ^Michelangelo left no note of his "allegories" as he called them; the identification as Night and Day, Dawn and Dusk was first offered by Benedetto Varchi, 1549
4. ^Modern entrance, which requires a ticket, is through the Cappella dei Principi.
5. ^{{cite book|first=Charles|last= Avery|title= Florentine Renaissance Sculpture|publisher=John Murray Publishing|year= 1970|page= 190}}
6. ^Antonio Paolucci. The Museum of the Medici Chapels and the Church of San Lorenzo. Sillabe Publishing 1999.
7. ^The doctor-saints (medici) hold their doctor's boxes of salves and nostrums.
8. ^{{cite journal |author = Panofsky, Erwin. |editor= |format= |url= http://www.florentine-society.ru/pdf/The_Mouse_Michelangelo_Failed_to_Carve.pdf |title= The Mouse That Michelangelo Failed to Carve |type= |origyear= | agency = |edition= Essays In Memory of Karl Lehmann |location= N.Y. |year= 1964 |publisher= Institute of Fine Arts, New York University |at= |volume= |issue= |number= |pages = 242–255 |page= |series= |isbn = |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |ref= |archiveurl = |archivedate = |language= |quote= }}
9. ^{{cite journal |author = Barenboim P. D. / Peter Barenboim. |editor= |url= http://www.florentine-society.ru/The_Mouse_that_Michelangelo_Did_Carve.htm |title= The Mouse that Michelangelo Did Carve in the Medici Chapel: An Oriental Comment to the Famous Article of Erwin Panofsky |type= |origyear= | agency = |edition= |location= |year= 2017 |publisher= |at= |volume= |issue= |number= |pages = |page= |series= |isbn = |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |ref= |archiveurl = |archivedate = |language= |quote= }}
10. ^Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan, Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel, SLOVO, Moscow, 2006. {{ISBN|5-85050-825-2}}
11. ^Peter Barenboim, "Michelangelo Drawings – Key to the Medici Chapel Interpretation", Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006, {{ISBN|5-98856-016-4}}
12. ^A sequence of small spaces leads from the Sagrestia Nuova also.
13. ^In the separate, earlier crypt beneath the nave of the basilica itself are buried Cosimo de' Medici and Donatello.
14. ^Touring Club Italiano, Firenze e dintorni (Milan, 1964) p. 285f.
15. ^TCI, Firenze e dintorni 1964:286: "indeed, conceived according to the Baroque aim of arousing stupefaction" (concepita già secondo il fine barocco di destare stupore).
16. ^¹²{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=William|date=1989|title=The Lantern of Michelangelo's Medici Chapel|url=|journal=Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen Institutes in Florenz|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}

The Sagrestia Nuova

Cappella dei Principi

The lantern

See also

Notes

References

External links