| 词条 | Shoulder impingement syndrome | |||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = | synonyms = Subacromial impingement, painful arc syndrome, supraspinatus syndrome, swimmer's shoulder, thrower's shoulder | image = Shoulder joint.svg | caption = Shoulder joint | pronounce = | field = Orthopedics, sports medicine | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Shoulder impingement syndrome is a syndrome involving tendonitis (inflammation of tendons) of the rotator cuff muscles as they pass through the subacromial space, the passage beneath the acromion. It is particularly associated with tendonitis of the supraspinatus muscle.[1] This can result in pain, weakness and loss of movement at the shoulder.[2][3] Signs and symptomsThe most common symptoms in impingement syndrome are pain, weakness and a loss of movement at the affected shoulder.[2] The pain is often worsened by shoulder overhead movement and may occur at night, especially when lying on the affected shoulder. The onset of the pain may be acute if due to an injury or insidious if due to a gradual process such as an osteoarthritic spur. The pain has been described as dull rather than sharp, and lingers for long periods of a time, making it hard to fall asleep.[2] Other symptoms can include a grinding or popping sensation during movement of the shoulder.[6] The range of motion at the shoulder may be limited by pain. A painful arc of movement may be present during forward elevation of the arm from 60° to 120°.[4] Passive movement at the shoulder will appear painful when a downwards force is applied at the acromion but the pain will ease once the downwards force is removed.[2] Causes
When the arm is raised, the subacromial space (gap between the anterior edge of the acromion and the head of the humerus) narrows; the supraspinatus muscle tendon passes through this space.[6] Anything that causes further narrowing has the tendency to impinge the tendon and cause an inflammatory response, resulting in impingement syndrome. Such causes can be bony structures such as subacromial spurs (bony projections from the acromion), osteoarthritic spurs on the acromioclavicular joint, and variations in the shape of the acromion. Thickening or calcification of the coracoacromial ligament can also cause impingement. Loss of function of the rotator cuff muscles, due to injury or loss of strength, may cause the humerus to move superiorly, resulting in impingement. Inflammation and subsequent thickening of the subacromial bursa may also cause impingement.[2] Weight training exercises where the arms are elevated above shoulder height but in an internally rotated position such as the upright row have been suggested as a cause of subacromial impingement.[7] Another common cause of Impingement syndrome is restrictions in the range movement of the scapulo-thoracic surfaces. Commonly, a rib (or ribs) between rib 2 and rib 7/8 on the side of the impingement, may jut out slightly and/or feel hard when the person springs on it/them. When this occurs, the scapula is raised and anteverted (angled forwards). This in turn pushes the acromion and the humeral head out of its usual anatomical position placing pressure downwards at the head of the humerus at the position of the nerve thus causing the impingement syndrome. This is visibly demonstrated by a slightly raised and protracted shoulder girdle. Note: the humerus anteverts in this position causing a more protrusive section of the humerus to press upwards towards the acromion. MechanismThe scapula plays an important role in shoulder impingement syndrome.[8] It is a wide, flat bone lying on the posterior thoracic wall that provides an attachment for three different groups of muscles. The intrinsic muscles of the scapula include the muscles of the rotator cuff- the subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor and supraspinatus.[9] These muscles attach to the surface of the scapula and are responsible for the internal and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint, along with humeral abduction. The extrinsic muscles include the biceps, triceps, and deltoid muscles and attach to the coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and spine of the scapula. These muscles are responsible for several actions of the glenohumeral joint. The third group, which is mainly responsible for stabilization and rotation of the scapula, consists of the trapezius, serratus anterior, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles and attach to the medial, superior, and inferior borders of the scapula. Each of these muscles has their own role in shoulder function and must be in balance with each other in order to avoid shoulder pathology. Abnormal scapular function is called scapular dyskinesis. One action the scapula performs during a throwing or serving motion is elevation of the acromion process in order to avoid impingement of the rotator cuff tendons.[8] If the scapula fails to properly elevate the acromion, impingement may occur during the cocking and acceleration phase of an overhead activity. The two muscles most commonly inhibited during this first part of an overhead motion are the serratus anterior and the lower trapezius.[10] These two muscles act as a force couple within the glenohumeral joint to properly elevate the acromion process, and if a muscle imbalance exists, shoulder impingement may develop. DiagnosisImpingement syndrome can be diagnosed by a targeted medical history and physical examination,[11][12] but it has also been argued that at least medical imaging[13] (generally X-ray initially) and/or response to local anesthetic injection[14] is necessary for workup. On physical exam, the physician may twist or elevate the patient's arm to test for reproducible pain (the Neer sign and Hawkins-Kennedy test). These tests help localize the pathology to the rotator cuff; however, they are not specific for impingement.[15] Neer sign may also be seen with subacromial bursitis.[16] Response to local anestheticThe physician may inject lidocaine (usually combined with a steroid) into the bursa, and if there is an improved range of motion and decrease in pain, this is considered a positive "Impingement Test". It not only supports the diagnosis for impingement syndrome, but it is also therapeutic.[17] ImagingPlain x-rays of the shoulder can be used to detect some joint pathology and variations in the bones, including acromioclavicular arthritis, variations in the acromion, and calcification. However, x-rays do not allow visualization of soft tissue and thus hold a low diagnostic value.[2] Ultrasonography, arthrography and MRI can be used to detect rotator cuff muscle pathology. MRI is the best imaging test prior to arthroscopic surgery.[2] Due to lack of understanding of the pathoaetiology, and lack of diagnostic accuracy in the assessment process by many physicians,[18] several opinions are recommended before intervention.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} TreatmentImpingement syndrome is usually treated conservatively, but sometimes it is treated with arthroscopic surgery or open surgery.[19] Conservative treatment includes rest, cessation of painful activity, and physical therapy. Physical therapy treatments would typically focus at maintaining range of movement, improving posture, strengthening shoulder muscles, and reduction of pain.NSAIDs and ice packs may be used for pain relief.[4][19] SteroidsTherapeutic injections of corticosteroid and local anaesthetic may be used for persistent impingement syndrome.[19] The total number of injections is generally limited to three due to possible side effects from the corticosteroid.[4] A 2017 review found corticoestroid injections only give small and transient pain relief.[20] SurgeryA number of surgical interventions are available, depending on the nature and location of the pathology. Surgery may be done arthroscopically or as open surgery. The impinging structures may be removed in surgery, and the subacromial space may be widened by resection of the distal clavicle and excision of osteophytes on the under-surface of the acromioclavicular joint.[4] Damaged rotator cuff muscles can be surgically repaired. A 2019 review found that the evidence does not support decompression surgery in those with more than 3 months of shoulder pain without a history of trauma.[21] HistoryImpingement syndrome was reported in 1852.[4] Impingement of the shoulder was previously thought to be precipitated by shoulder abduction and surgical intervention focused on lateral or total acromionectomy.[4][22] In 1972, Charles Neer proposed that impingement was due to the anterior third of the acromion and the coracoacromial ligament and suggested surgery should be focused on these areas.[4][22] The role of anteriorinferior aspect of the acromion in impingement syndrome and excision of parts of the anteriorinferior acromion has become a pivotal part of the surgical treatment of the syndrome.[4] CriticismSubacromial impingement is not free of criticism. First, the identification of acromion type shows poor intra- and inter-observer reliability.[23][24] Second, a computerized three-dimensional study failed to support impingement by any portion of the acromion on the rotator cuff tendons in different shoulder positions.[25] Third, most partial-thickness cuff tears do not occur on bursal surface fibers, where mechanical abrasion from the acromion does occur.[26][27] Fourth, it has been suggested that bursal surface cuff tears could be responsible for subacromial spurs and not the opposite.[28][29][30][31] And finally, there is growing evidence that routine acromioplasty may not be required for successful rotator cuff repair, which would be an unexpected finding if acromial shape had a major role in generating tendon lesions.[32] In summary, despite being a popular theory, the bulk of evidence suggest that subacromial impingement probably does not play a dominant role in many cases of rotator cuff disease.[33] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/93095-overview|title=Supraspinatus Tendonitis|author=Thomas M DeBerardino|website=Medscape}} Updated: Dec 03, 2018 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |vauthors=Fongemie AE, Buss DD, Rolnick SJ |title=Management of shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=667–74, 680–2 |date=February 1998 |pmid=9490991 |doi= |url=}} 3. ^{{cite journal |author=SimonMoyes.com |title= What is Subacromial Impingement? |url=http://simonmoyes.co.uk/2011/02/11/what-is-subacromial-impingement/}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal |vauthors=Chen AL, Rokito AS, Zuckerman JD |title=The role of the acromioclavicular joint in impingement syndrome |journal=Clin Sports Med |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=343–57 |date=April 2003 |pmid=12825535 |doi= 10.1016/S0278-5919(03)00015-2|url=}} 5. ^1 {{Harvnb|Habermeyer|Magosch|Lichtenberg|2006| pp=1–3}} 6. ^NEER, C. S. (1983). Impingement lesions. 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The ultrastructure of the coracoacromial ligament in patients with chronic impingement syndrome. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990; 254:49-54. 31. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozaki J, Fujimoto S, Nakagawa Y, etal | year = 1988 | title = Tears of the rotator cuff of the shoulder associated with pathological changes in the acromion. A study in cadavera | url = | journal = J Bone Joint Surg Am | volume = 70 | issue = 8| pages = 1224–30 | pmid = 3417708 }} 32. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Pedowitz RA, Yamaguchi K, Ahmad CS, etal | year = 2012 | title = American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline on optimizing the management of rotator cuff problems | url = | journal = J Bone Joint Surg Am | volume = 94 | issue = 2| pages = 163–7 | doi=10.2106/jbjs.k.01368| pmid = 22258004 }} 33. ^Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013 External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|M|75|4|m|70}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|726.2}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = sports | eMedicineTopic = 119 | MeshID = }}{{Soft tissue disorders}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Impingement Syndrome}} 3 : Shoulder|Sports medicine|Syndromes affecting muscles |
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