| 词条 | Shtundists |
| 释义 |
The Shtundists ({{lang-ru|Штундисты}}, Shtundisty; {{lang-uk|Штундисти}}, Shtundysty; British: Stundists) are any of several Evangelical Protestant groups in the former Soviet Union and its successor states. More specifically, the term refers to sectarian Spiritual Christian groups that emerged among Ukrainian peasants in southern regions of the Russian Empire (present day Ukraine) in the second half of the 19th century. The Shtundists were heavily influenced by German Baptists, Pietists and Mennonites that settled in the southern parts of the Russian Empire, and somewhat by indigenous Spiritual Christians. Their origin is associated with access to Bibles from the "British and Foreign Bible Society,"[1] The word Shtundist is derived from the German word {{lang|de|Stunde}} ("hour"), in reference to the practice of setting aside an hour for bible study.[2] The term was originally used in a derogatory sense, but has also been adopted by many adherents to this tradition. CreedAn article in 1896 describes their "Creed":
The Russian writer-anarchist S. Sepaniak, who grew up in Ukraine, in 1905 further described their "religious doctrine":
In the 1890s, Pobedonostzev, supervisor of the Russian Orthodox Church, ordered all heretics and sectarians, non-Orthodox faiths of ethnic Russians (raskolniki and sectarians), to be reformed or punished. During this time many were beaten[4] and thousands exiled to Siberia and the Caucasus.[1] Post-RevolutionAnother self-denomination is the name Evangelical Christians ({{lang|ru|Евангельские христиане}}, Yevangel'skiye khristane) which first appeared in 1909 when several Shtundist groups, led by the engineer Ivan Prokhanov and mostly rooted in the Pietist tradition, formed a nationwide association in St Petersburg, the All-Russian Evangelical Christian Union. Prokhanov parents had left the Spiritual Christian Molokan faith, and many Molokane transformed to his more organized faith form. These evangelical groups came under pressure in Soviet times, with many adherents being incarcerated or deported. Conditions changed somewhat during the late 1940s, when most evangelical, Baptist and Pentecostalist groups were led—with some pressure from the Soviet state—to form the Association of Evangelical Christian Baptists ({{lang|ru|Всесоюзный совет евангельских христиан-баптистов}}, Vsesoyuznyy sovet yevangel'skikh khristan-baptistov abbreviated ВСЕХБ, VSYeKhB), which was later also joined by Mennonites. In Russia, the Evangelical Christian Baptists ({{lang|ru|Евангельские христиане-баптисты}}, Yevangel'skiye khristane-baptisty) still form the largest Protestant denomination with about 80,000 adherents. During the late 20th century, Shtundism also extended its influence to Germany when many former Soviet citizens of German origin emigrated there and set up parishes and gospel halls, mostly referring to themselves as "Evangeliumschristen" ("Gospel Christians"). The Shtundists helped many Jews in Ukraine hide from the Nazis during the Holocaust. See also
References
1. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/kingstorkkinglog00step#page/164/mode/2up|title=King Stork and King Log. At the Dawn of a New Reign; a Study of Modern Russia|last=Stepaniak|first=S.|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1905|isbn=|editor-link=Sergey_Stepnyak-Kravchinsky|edition=Third Impression|location=London|pages=165–183}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=ШТУНДИСТЫ|url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sie/20533/%D0%A8%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%AB|work=Soviet Historical Encyclopedia}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18961113.2.49&e=-------en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-Stundists-------1|title=THE STUNDISTS. Creed of a Religious Sect Founded in Russia.|last=Professor Godet|date=13 November 1896|work=|newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union|agency=Public Opinion|page=4|access-date=March 19, 2016|via=}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Rauschenbusch|first=Professor A.|date=February 1875|orig-year=|others=|title=Recent Persecutions Against the Baptists in Russia: German Baptists in Russia.|url=https://archive.org/stream/baptistmissiona10socigoog#page/n56/mode/2up|journal=The Baptist Missionary Magazine|location=Boston MA|publisher=Franklin Press: Rand, Avery, and Company|issue=Vol. 55, No. 2|pages=47–49|doi=|pmid=|access-date=March 19, 2016|quote=From letter dated December 21, 1874, Rochester N.Y., sent to The Examiner and Chronicle.}} 3 : Baptist denominations in Europe|Protestantism in Ukraine|Baptist Christianity in Ukraine |
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