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词条 Medúlla
释义

  1. Background and production

  2. Artwork and title

  3. Composition

     Style and influences  Songs 

  4. Release and promotion

  5. Critical reception

  6. Commercial performance

  7. Track listing

  8. Personnel

  9. Charts and certifications

     Weekly charts  Certifications and sales 

  10. Notes

  11. References

  12. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{Infobox album
| name = Medúlla
| type = studio
| artist = Björk
| cover = Medulla.jpg
| alt =
| released = 30 August 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|Various}}|hlist=true|Greenhouse Studios|{{small|(Reykjavík, Iceland)}}|Ilha dos Sapos Studios|{{small|(Salvador, Brazil)}}|La Hoyita Studios|{{small|(Spain)}}|The Magic Shop; Looking Glass Studios|{{small|(New York City)}}|Olympic Studios|{{small|(London, England)}}|Real World Studios|{{small|(Wiltshire, England)}}[1]
}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
  • A cappella
  • avant-garde
  • experimental

}}
| length = 45:40
| language = {{flatlist|
  • English
  • Icelandic

}}
| label = {{flatlist|
  • One Little Indian
  • Elektra

}}
| producer = {{flatlist|
  • Björk
  • Mark Bell

}}
| prev_title = Vespertine Live
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = Remixes and Covers
| next_year = 2005
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Medúlla
| type = album
| single1 = Who Is It
| single1date = 18 October 2004
| single2 = Triumph of a Heart
| single2date = 28 February 2005
}}
}}

Medúlla is the fifth studio album by Icelandic recording artist Björk.{{refn|group=nb|Medúlla is officially considered to be the fifth solo album,[2] although technically it can be viewed as sixth if to count her 1977 juvenilia work, or seventh, counting in her 1990 jazz output Gling-Gló.}} It was released on 30 August 2004 in the United Kingdom by One Little Indian Records and in the United States by Elektra Records. After her electronic–influenced previous album Vespertine (2001), Björk intended to make an album almost entirely a cappella constructed with human vocals. For the project, she collaborated with vocal artists such as Mike Patton of rock band Faith No More, beatboxers Rahzel and Dokaka, as well as Inuit throat singer Tanya Gillis. The album's title derives from the Latin word for "marrow".

Medúlla received generally positive reviews from critics, with many calling it "unique", although others deemed it "confusing". The album was also commercially successful, reaching number one in Belgium's Wallonia, Europe, and France, while also peaking within the top ten in the United Kingdom. Medúlla is estimated to have sold more than a million copies worldwide, and received two Grammy Award nominations at the 47th Grammy Awards.

Two singles were released from Medúlla: "Who Is It" and "Triumph of a Heart", both charting inside the top forty in the United Kingdom and the top ten in Spain. Björk further promoted the album by performing at the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, along with Friday Night with Jonathan Ross and other television and radio shows. Other than these few performances, no concerts or tours were arranged to promote Medúlla, as Björk thought it would be too difficult to play the songs live. In 2015, the album was adapted into an opera at the Brussels opera house La Monnaie by Sjaron Minailo and Anat Spiegel.[3]

Background and production

{{Quote box
| quote = "It really felt great to work with people who sing. To watch them go through the usual vocalist things like battle dry vocal chords, be vary of a.C. and such, and how private it is to sing some of your first takes of songs. How sensitive it is what time of the day you sing and all sort of stuff I have usually secretly carried by myself. It felt totally different from anything I have ever done. More natural and effortless".

"I liked all of us to make any special noises we could on the new album. Sometimes there's a kind of weave or blend where nobody is more important than anybody else; other times I wanted each singer to have a sort of solo".


| source = —Björk on working with vocal collaborators.[4][4]
| width = 25%
| align = left
}}

Björk began working on her fifth studio album in 2002, being known as The Lake Album at the time.[5] In an interview with The New Yorker magazine, she explained that she wanted to get away from instruments and electronics, which was the world of her previous album, Vespertine (2001). The singer then elaborated that it was "very introverted" and avoided eye contact.[6] When she was finishing Vespertine, Björk knew she wanted to make a vocal album, and since her teenager age she knew that one day she would. For her, the greater part of Medúlla is connected to the time when she was 17 and 18, focussing mainly on aspects of love, life, family and friends. "I was thinking about how I used to live my life. How carefree I was, and how others around me affected the way I thought, taking on different points of view in music, and I think this shows very clearly at the core of Medúlla", she commented.[8]

During the initial compositional period of Medúlla, whilst working on new songs and ideas, an eight-month pregnant Björk began adding her own live drumming to arrangements that were already laden with instruments.[9] She decided that piling instruments on top of instruments was not working, and she tried to figure out why. She wondered, "'Where are the songs in all this mess?' I sat down at the mixing-desk and started muting the instruments, and it was like, 'Oh! There they are!'".[7] She was inspired by paganism, and the idea of returning to a universe that is entirely human, without tools or religion or nationalities. "I wanted the record to be like muscle, blood, flesh. We could be in a cave somewhere and one person would start singing, and another person would sing a beat and then the next person sing a melody, and you could just kind of be really happy in your cave. It's quite rootsy", she added.[8]

Inuit throat singer, Tanya Gillis, who accompanied Björk on her Vespertine World Tour in 2001, was also invited. Björk was so impressed by her ability with her voice that she invited her to appear on Medúlla. By asking British singer Robert Wyatt to perform on the album, she was looking for something more "passionate" and "human". Whilst working on contorting the vocals she had recorded, using computers and mixing desks, in order to achieve the right sonic sounds, Bjork had "forgotten what voices traditionally do, which is be narrative and soulful, the folk part". Then she added Wyatt, who believes Björk "has a voice of such intensity that I think it's a match for Nina Simone's".[12] Additionally, the musician "wanted a bit of rock" on Medúlla, so she invited singer Mike Patton of rock group Faith No More.[9] To provide a classical grounding on the album, Björk employed the help of both the Icelandic and the London Choir.[10] Having used the London Choir on Vespertine three years earlier. However, the "musical fascist" in her decided using any MCs or vocal percussionists would be too "cheesy", but she later changed her mind when she saw beatboxer Rahzel from The Roots freestyle a whole Kraftwerk track without pausing for breath.[11] Björk found his voice "above and beyond any cliché" and exactly what she was looking for to boost the album's beat-based songs and also add beats of his own making. Another beatboxer, Dokaka, was invited after Björk got a link to his webpage, and liked his covers so much that she decided to work with him to appear on a few songs.[12]

Artwork and title

The album cover for Medúlla was photographed by Inez and Vinoodh in London, on 28 June 2004, and designed by M/M Paris. It features Björk wearing a mask made of hair, which was made specifically for the shoot, a black dress and a necklace that is made of black "bones" that says "Medúlla".[13] The hair mask was created by Shoplifter, an Icelandic friend of Björk's. The artist stated that in 2004, she had a solo show at ATM Gallery, where she showed a wall mural made of brown braids. Björk appreciated it, and then invited her to work on creating a hair sculpture to support her idea for the Medúlla{{'}}s character. She also explained that because the album was entirely recorded with voices, the singer did not want to wear clothes but more things that were made of something from the body.[18] Shoplifter complemented by saying,

For the album we tossed ideas back and forth, I sent her endless references of extreme hairstyles from the past. Björk wanted it to have a darkness about it, like a warrior or a Valkyrie, like somebody fierce. It felt like a roar or a rumble coming from the gut, it was coming from a dark place. It was a very strong character that she developed around the music, and a human hair wig was basket-woven into a helmet that I would install and add it together with her hair.[14]

Photographer Inez van Lamsweerde said that they "were all inspired by women's handicrafts and this idea of being in your own cocoon in your home, with your family, and this reclusive character that hand-makes the whole world around her". The hairpiece was part of a 2015 MoMA retrospective on the singer, titled Björk.[15] In an interview with Style magazine, Shoplifter said about her part at the exhibition, explaining it dedicated a room to each album of Björk's career, with the Medulla section having a mannequin in the likeness of Björk wearing the Alexander McQueen–designed bell dress she wore in the video for her song "Who Is It".[14]

Björk struggled to find a title for the album. She said, "Something in me wanted to leave out civilisation, to rewind to before it all happened and work out, 'Where is the human soul? What if we do without civilisation and religion and patriotism, without the stuff that has gone wrong?'", originally calling it Ink, as she wanted the title to represent the "5,000 year-old blood that's inside us all; an ancient spirit that's passionate and dark, a spirit that survives".[16] Her friend Gabriela then suggested "Medúlla", a medical term for bone marrow in Latin.[16] She complemented: "Not just your bone marrow, but marrow in the kidneys and marrow in your hair, too. It's about getting to the essence of something".[16] The title was announced in June 2004 through Björk's official website.[17]

Composition

Style and influences

{{Quote box
| quote = "The album is about voices. See what can be done with the entire emotional range of the human voice—a single voice, a chorus, trained voices, pop voices, folk voices, strange voices. Not just melodies but everything else, every noise that a throat makes. The last album was very introverted. It was avoiding eye contact. This one is a little more earthy, but, you know, not exactly simple".
| source = — Björk describing the sound of Medúlla.[6]
| width = 25%
| align = left
}}

At the time of its construction, Björk considered Medúlla to be her most political album, saying that it countered outbreaks of racism and patriotism that followed the 11 September attacks.[18] "On 9/11, in the space of a half an hour, this became the most patriotic place on earth", she recalled. "I remember describing to my friends on my phone that [if] I turned 180 degrees anywhere I was in New York. I would count at least 37 American flags. So it was kind of scary for a foreigner to be here".[19] Regarding the album's composition, the singer also mentioned that she tried to find the common soul in everything, outside nationality and religion, whilst elaborating that she felt that "in that sense, it's a greatest hits of human spiritualism [laughs]. I think it's the first time I have done an album while I am reading the news. These are crazy times. It just seems that patriotism is a bad idea. I don't know how directly the album reflects that, but it is sort of anti-patriotic. Anti-Iceland as much as anti-anything".[20]

Medúlla is almost entirely a cappella,[30] also demonstrating avant-garde[21] and experimental music.[22] musicOMH's review stated that, "Despite its voice-only premise, Medúlla shows off a mile-wide scope of influences", noting elements of folk and medieval music,[23] despite Björk previously stating that Medúlla was "folk music, but without any folk attached" to the album.[6] The singer also considered the styles encompassing the album as "primitive and silly".[24] Wondering Sound wrote that despite "its comparative starkness, [Medúlla is] every bit as sensual as [Vespertine]".[36] The publication also added: "The electronic treatments range from industrial distortion to percussive glitches and dreamy layering, rarely descending into novelty".[25] The album combines beatboxing, classical choirs that suggest composers like Penderecki or Arvo Pärt, and "mews, moans, counterpoint and guttural grunts" provided by the singer and guests like Mike Patton, Robert Wyatt and Tanya Tagaq.[38] Medúlla includes "vocal fantasias" that lean toward chamber music, alongside tracks that "are obviously but distantly connected to hip-hop."[38] Glimpses of Bulgarian women's choirs, the polyphony of central African pygmies, and the "primal vocalisms" of Meredith Monk were also noted.[38]

Songs

The album opens with "Pleasure Is All Mine", which begins with a subtle vocal harmony set atop a woman's metronomic panting; it carries on a short while before Björk starts singing her verses, as a choir joins her, filling the background with cathedral-resonant harmonies.[41] Björk sings "When in doubt: give / When in doubt: give / When in doubt: give", providing contrast to an "alarming" groove.[26] The "short confessional anthem" sung a cappella "Show Me Forgiveness" follows, having no other effect than a slight echo applied to her voice.[27] She sings: "Show me forgiveness / For having lost faith in myself / And let my own interior up / To inferior forces / The shame is endless".[41] During the third song "Where Is the Line", she lyrically attacks a younger relative for being greedy and unreliable, displaying some irritation: "I'm elastic for you, but enough is enough".[28][29] "Demonic vocals" are delivered by singer Mike Patton, and "angelically dissonant swaths of lush singing" from the Icelandic Choir; Rahzel's beatboxing is done by him as the choir emotes some "ahhhhs". Extremely minimal programming gurgles underneath, helping the entire song to coalesce into one. The song grows darker as it builds up as the male members of the choir deliver heavier sounds.[26][48] The "somber" song called "Vökuró", originally by Jórunn Viðar, is the fourth track on Medúlla.[28] Thanks to the accompaniment from a choir, the song delivers a "primally drenched ecclesiastical experience", with the singer rolling her tongue around certain words.[48]

{{Listen
|filename=Björk - Who Is It.ogg
|title="Who Is It"
|description=A 27-second sample of "Who Is It" featuring Björk singing the chorus, reflecting a "mother's unconditional love" in a dialogue between mother and child.
|format=Ogg
|position=right}}

During the fifth track "Öll Birtan", Bjork's voice is layered over itself sounding as if the singer has been multiplied, one voice repeating a drone like phrase in the left channel, while doot-doos melt into the right channel. At the same time, Bjork's various other voices can be heard "crooning, cajoling, shrieking, and rippling".[48] The following song and lead single "Who Is It" features collaborations by Inuit throat singer Tanya Tagaq and Rahzel.[30] Some lyrics of the song — "Who is it that never lets you down?" — may be understood to reflect a "mother's unconditional love" in a dialogue between mother and child. The echo effects in "Who Is It" may additionally reflect the scattered sense of self the mother may experience as she carries the burden of constant care for her child.[31] "Submarine", the seventh track on the album, was influenced by Björk's pregnancy with her daughter Ísadóra and how she felt somewhat lazy during that time.[16][18] It has a "hint of political consciousness", and features the "reedy" voice of singer Robert Wyatt multiplied into a chorus to share lines like "Shake us out of the heavy deep sleep, do it now".[28] The next track "Desired Constellation" was created from a sample of Björk singing the phrase "I'm not sure what to do with it" from "Hidden Place" on her previous album, Vespertine. She imagines herself "With a palm full of stars/ I throw them like dice on the table/ Until the desired constellation appears".[32]

The ninth song, "Oceania", calls listeners' attention to "Mother Oceania" from which the singer believes all life emerged, whilst she sings: "You have done well for yourselves / Since you left my wet embrace / And crawled ashore".[33] "Oceania" also features The London Choir.[34] Tenth song "Sonnets/Unrealities XI" was based on the poem It May Not Always Be So; And I Say by E. E. Cummings. Lyrically, the singer bids a farewell to a lover.[28] It features only Björk's singing, with slight inflections from the Icelandic Choir.[35] The following track "Ancestors" has no lyrics, featuring only Björk and Tagaq's voices with both voices working closely next to each other.[36] The twelfth song "Mouth's Cradle" is paced by a "glug, glug" sample of "what might as well be the emptying of a gallon bottle of water".[37] Lyrically she concludes, "I need a shelter to build an altar away from Osamas and Bushes".[28] "Miðvikudags", the thirteenth song, begins with what sounds like either "dolphin sonar speak" or the "sound of sneakers sliding across an indoor basketball court". Then Bjork's voice gradually gets layered over the rhythm, building and rolling between the left and right channel.[35] On the closing track and second single, "Triumph of a Heart", Björk lyrically "celebrates the workings of anatomy", whilst musically it is the album's closest thing to a dance track. The song also features orchestral arrangements by the Icelandic and London Choirs,[38] as well as hooks coming from a "human trombone", the singer Gregory Purnhagen, and Rahzel and Dokaka.[28][39]

Release and promotion

On 3 August 2004, BBC Radio 1's The Breezeblock show premiered the tracks "Pleasure Is All Mine" and "Mouth's Cradle",[40] whilst The New York Times newspaper has posted on their website short clips for four tracks "Mouth's Cradle", "Oceania", "Where Is the Line" and "Who Is It".[41] Medúlla was first released on 30 August 2004 worldwide through Polydor Records, whilst it was distributed in the United Kingdom by One Little Indian. In the United States, the album was released the day after, by Elektra Records.[1] Lead single "Who Is It" reached the top five in Spain,[42] also peaking within the top 30 in Italy and the United Kingdom.[43][44] Second single "Triumph of a Heart" peaked at the top ten in Spain,[45] and reached the top 40 in Italy and the United Kingdom.[46][47]

"Oceania" was commissioned by the International Olympic Committee and performed at the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. She wore a very large dress which unfolded during her performance to eventually occupy the entire stadium and showed a map of the world in sign of union.[48] On 8 October 2004, Björk performed at the BBC Studios for the show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross. She performed a bell choir mix of "Who Is It" with Rahzel and an English bell choir.[49] On 10 October 2004, Björk performed a set of five songs live in studio for Gilles Peterson's BBC Radio 1 program.[50] On 15 October 2004, Björk performed a set of six songs for the French television show Album de la Semaine at Canal+ studios in Paris, France.[51]

Other than these few performances, no concerts or tours were arranged to promote Medúlla. Björk said in an interview that "everybody involved seems to be up for it, so maybe they'll all come on the road. What I'd like to do is make another album like this and then tour for two of the at once".[52] She also spoke to Rolling Stone in June 2004 and told that she wished to immediately continue writing and recording yet another new album: "Every album I've done, the minute that it's done, I feel really lubricated and, like, 'Wow, now I can write an album in five minutes'... And I just want to find out if that's just a fantasy or if it's true." Also, Björk thought it would be too difficult to play the songs live.[53]

Critical reception

{{Album ratings
| MC = 84/100[54]
| rev1 = AllMusic
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4|5}}[55]
| rev2 = Entertainment Weekly
| rev2Score = A[56]
| rev3 = The Guardian
| rev3Score = {{Rating|5|5}}[57]
| rev4 = Los Angeles Times
| rev4Score = {{Rating|3.5|4}}[58]
| rev5 = Mojo
| rev5Score = {{Rating|4|5}}[59]
| rev6 = NME
| rev6Score = 8/10[60]
| rev7 = Pitchfork
| rev7Score = 8.4/10[61]
| rev8 = Q
| rev8Score = {{Rating|3|5}}[62]
| rev9 = Rolling Stone
| rev9Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}[63]
| rev10 = Spin
| rev10Score = B+[64]
}}Medúlla received critical acclaim from music critics. The album holds a rating of 84 out of 100 at Metacritic.[54] The Guardian newspaper's David Peschek gave it five stars out of five and heralded it as "brave and unique".[57] Dominique Leone from Pitchfork commented that Medulla was "an interesting record", while saying Björk had "found a way to bathe her immediately distinctive melodies and vocal nuances in solutions that cause me to reevaluate her voice and her craft".[61] Barry Walters of Rolling Stone stated that "Medulla is both the most extreme record Bjork has ever released and the most immediately accessible."[63] Blender{{'}}s Ann Powers was also positive, calling it "another playful step" in Björk's "unstoppable, wandering quest".[65] Matthew Gasteier from Prefix magazine called Medúlla her most joyful album since Post and also her strangest at the time.[66] Mark Daniell from Canadian website Jam! also gave it a positive review, saying "pairing gooey purrs with grooves provided by a human trombone might not seem like a good idea, but when Björk is the one making the arrangements the effect is spine tingling".[67] Andy Battaglia of The A.V. Club said that "Once perceptions and expectations settle out... the album proves arrestingly in thrall to its own twisted tongue".[34]

Heather Phares of AllMusic thought that Medúlla is "not an immediate album, but it is a fascinating one, especially for anyone interested in the world's oldest instrument being used in unexpected ways".[55] Jennifer Vineyard from MTV News called the album "an ambitious project — and not just because it's almost entirely a cappella. The songs are pretty unusual, as well. Some could be medieval hymns; others could be modern pop songs; others are almost indescribable. But throughout, Medúlla is a strange journey that can leave you feeling elated or unsettled, without quite understanding why".[68] E! Online commented that "Fans of the Icelandic wonder's more orchestral tunes might think there's something missing here. Well, unless they're too busy being totally blown away".[69] David Hooper from BBC Music gave Medúlla a mixed review, stating that it has some high points and it never gets boring, but the album left him "feeling rather confused", because "the end product feels disjointed and at times claustrophobic. Whereas previous albums like Vespertine were real growers, some people may lose patience with this one. The unquenchable desire to try out new ideas, which makes Björk such an exciting artist, may prove to be her downfall on Medúlla, as too much of the experimentation doesn't quite hit the mark".[70] Björk received two Grammy Award nominations for Medúlla, including Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Oceania", and Best Alternative Music Album.[71] This album was also featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[72]

Commercial performance

In the United Kingdom, Medúlla debuted at its peak of number nine on the UK Albums Chart, for the issue dated 11 September 2004, and remained for three weeks on the chart. The album was certified Silver on 10 December 2004, by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), for shipments of at least 60,000 copies in the region. In Austria, Medúlla debuted and peaked at number six, remaining on the albums chart for seven weeks. In France, it peaked at number one on the albums chart, during the week dated 29 August 2004, remaining on the top for another week. After spending 24 weeks on the chart, Medúlla was certified Gold by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP), and has sold 108,000 copies in the country as of May 2010.[73][114] It peaked at number two in Italy, spending, nine weeks on the chart.

In the United States, Medúlla debuted at number 14 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, on the issue dated 18 September 2004.[74] It became the highest-debuting album of her career, and remained for seven weeks inside the chart. Additionally, Medúlla also topped the Dance/Electronic Albums chart. As of May 2007 it has sold 235,000 copies in the region, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[75] In Australia, Medúlla debuted at number 17 on the ARIA Charts, on the issue dated 12 September 2004. It spent three weeks on the chart, falling off at number 40. In New Zealand, the album peaked at number 35 and spent two weeks inside the New Zealand Albums Chart. As of May 2014, Medúlla has sold more than a million copies worldwide.[76]

Track listing

All tracks written and produced by Björk except where noted.[77]

{{tracklist
| all_writing =
| title1 = Pleasure Is All Mine
| length1 = 3:26
| title2 = Show Me Forgiveness
| length2 = 1:23
| title3 = Where Is the Line
| note3 = producers: Björk, Mark Bell
| length3 = 4:41
| title4 = Vökuró
| note4 = writers: Jórunn Viðar, Jakobína Sigurðardóttir
| length4 = 3:14
| title5 = Öll Birtan
| length5 = 1:52
| title6 = Who Is It (Carry My Joy on the Left, Carry My Pain on the Right)
| length6 = 3:57
| title7 = Submarine
| note7 = producers: Björk, Bell
| length7 = 3:13
| title8 = Desired Constellation
| note8 = writers: Björk, Olivier Alary
| length8 = 4:55
| title9 = Oceania
| note9 = writers: Björk, Sjón; producers: Björk, Bell
| length9 = 3:24
| title10 = Sonnets/Unrealities XI
| note10 = writers: Björk, e e cummings
| length10 = 1:59
| title11 = Ancestors
| note11 = writers: Björk, Tagaq
| length11 = 4:08
| title12 = Mouth's Cradle
| length12 = 4:00
| title13 = Miðvikudags
| length13 = 1:24
| title14 = Triumph of a Heart
| length14 = 4:04
}}{{tracklist
| collapsed = yes
| headline = Japanese/iTunes bonus track[77][78]
| title15 = Komið
| length15 = 2:02
}}

Personnel

Credits adapted from Medúlla liner notes.[77]

{{Div col}}
  • Björk – lead vocals, arrangement, programming {{small|(tracks 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11–14)}}, choir arrangement, bass line {{small|(track 1)}}, bass synth {{small|(track 6)}}, piano {{small|(track 11)}}
  • Tagaq – Inuit throat singing {{small|(tracks 1, 6, 11, 12)}}
  • Mike Patton – vocals {{small|(tracks 1, 3)}}
  • Robert Wyatt – vocals {{small|(tracks 7, 9)}}
  • Rahzel – beatboxing {{small|(tracks 1, 3, 6, 12, 14)}}
  • Shlomo – beatboxing {{small|(track 9)}}
  • Dokaka – beatboxing {{small|(track 14)}}
  • Gregory Purnhagen – human trombone {{small|(tracks 3, 14)}}
  • The Icelandic Choir – choral vocals {{small|(tracks 1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11)}}
  • The London Choir – choral vocals {{small|(track 9)}}
  • Nico Muhly – piano {{small|(track 9)}}
  • Mark Bell – bass synthesizer {{small|(track 12)}}, programming {{small|(tracks 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 14)}}
  • Peter Van Hooke – gong {{small|(track 1)}}
  • Little Miss Spectra – programming {{small|(track 3)}}
  • Matmos – programming {{small|(track 6)}}
  • Olivier Alary – programming {{small|(track 8)}}
  • Valgeir Sigurdsson – programming {{small|(tracks 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14)}}
  • Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
  • Nick Ingham – conductor (Olympic Studios choir session)
  • Karl Olgeirsson – copyist (Iceland sessions)
  • Nick Mera – copyist (London session)
  • Sturla Thorisson – engineer (assistant, Greenhouse Studios)
  • Christian Rutledge – engineer (assistant, Looking Glass)
  • Rob Haggett – engineer (assistant, Olympic Studios)
  • David Treahearn – engineer (assistant, Olympic Studios)
  • Juan Garcia – engineer (assistant, The Magic Shop)
  • Flavio de Souza – engineer (Ilha Dos Sapos Studios)
  • Ichiho Nishiki – engineer (Looking Glass)
  • Neil Dorfsman – additional recording
  • Jake Davies – additional recording
  • M/M Paris – art direction, design
  • Hrafnhildur Arnardóttir AKA Shoplifter – artwork (hair sculpture)
  • Andrea Helgadóttir – artwork (skin colours)
  • Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin – photography
{{Div col end}}Choir{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}The Icelandic Choir
  • Anna Hinriksdóttir – alto vocals
  • Arngerður María Árnadóttir – alto vocals
  • Aðalheiður Þorsteinsdóttir – alto vocals
  • Guðrún Edda Gunnarsdóttir – alto vocals
  • Guðrún Finnbjarnardóttir – alto vocals
  • Jónína Guðrún Kristinsdóttir – alto vocals
  • Benedikt Ingólfsson – bass vocals
  • Hafsteinn Þórólfsson – bass vocals
  • Hjálmar Pétursson – bass vocals
  • Örn Arnarson – bass vocals
  • Þorvaldur Þorvaldsson – bass vocals
  • Elfa Ingvadóttir – soprano vocals
  • Hera Björk Þórhallsdóttir – soprano vocals
  • Hugrún Hólmgeirsdóttir – soprano vocals
  • Kirstín Erna Blöndal – soprano vocals
  • Björn Thorarensen – tenor vocals
  • Guðmundur Vignir Karlsson – tenor vocals
  • Gísli Magna – tenor vocals
  • Þorbjörn Sigurðsson – tenor vocals
{{col-2}}The London Choir
  • Ann de Renais
  • Emma Brain-Gabbot
  • Heather Chirncross
  • Helen Hampton, Helen Pakker
  • Jacqueline Barron
  • Janet Mooney
  • Jenny O'Grady
  • Judith Sim
  • Karen Woodhowe
  • Kim Chandler
  • Melanie Marshall
  • Micaela Haslam
  • Nicki Kennedy
  • Rachel Chapman
  • Samantha Shaw
  • Sarah Eyden
  • Sarah Simmondi
  • Tarsha Colt
  • Yona Dunsford
{{col-end}}

Charts and certifications

{{Col-begin}}{{col-2}}

Weekly charts

{{album chart|Australia|17|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015|refname=aus}}{{album chart|Austria|6|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015|refname=aut}}{{album chart|Flanders|4|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{album chart|Wallonia|1|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{albumchart|BillboardCanada|6|artist=Bjork|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{albumchart|Czech|13|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{album chart|Denmark|2|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{album chart|Netherlands|20|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{album chart|Finland|4|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{album chart|France|1|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015|refname=fra}}{{album chart|Germany|5|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{albumchart|Ireland|22|year=2004|week=36|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{album chart|Italy|2|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015|refname=ita}}{{album chart|New Zealand|35|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015|refname=nz}}{{album chart|Norway|3|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{album chart|Portugal|5|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{album chart|Spain|6|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{album chart|Sweden|7|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{album chart|Switzerland|3|artist=Björk|album=Medúlla|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015}}{{albumchart|UK|9|artist=Björk|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015|refname=ukcharts}}{{albumchart|Billboard200|14|artist=Bjork|rowheader=true|accessdate=23 December 2015|refname=bb200}}{{albumchart|BillboardDanceElectronic|1|artist=Bjork|rowheader=true|accessdate=16 January 2018|refname="bbdance"}}
Chart (2004)Peak
position
European Albums (Billboard)[79]1
Greek Albums (IFPI)[80]3
Japan Albums (Oricon)[81]9
Chart (2016)Peak
position
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[82] 20
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Certifications and sales

{{Certification Table Top}}{{Certification Table Entry|region=France|title=Medúlla|artist=Björk|type=album|award=Gold|salesamount=108,900[83] | accessdate=12 December 2016|relyear=2004|certyear=2004|autocat=yes}}{{Certification Table Entry |region=Japan (RIAJ) |nocert=yes |salesamount=71,239 |salesref=[84]}}{{Certification Table Entry|region=Russia|title=Medúlla|artist=Björk|type=album|award=Gold|relyear=2004|autocat=yes}}{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|title=Medúlla|artist=Björk|type=album|award=Silver|relyear=2004|autocat=yes|refname="bpicert"}}{{Certification Table Entry | region=United States | award={{n/a}} | salesamount=235,000 | salesref=[85] | accessdate=12 December 2016}}{{Certification Table Bottom|nounspecified=true}}{{Col-end}}

Notes

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://unit.bjork.com/specials/albums/medulla/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424025714/http://unit.bjork.com/specials/albums/medulla/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=24 April 2005|title=björk : albums : Medúlla|date=24 April 2005|accessdate=23 June 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indian.co.uk/|title=New Releases|accessdate=29 March 2016 |deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040806045417/http://www.indian.co.uk/|archivedate=6 August 2004|publisher=One Little Indian}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.lamonnaie.be/en/static-pages/373-medulla|title=Medúlla|publisher=Lamonnaie.be|accessdate=24 November 2018}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bjork.com/qna/main.php?id=3142|title=Q&A|date=3 August 2004|publisher=bjork.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329125405/http://www.bjork.com/qna/main.php?id=3142|archivedate=29 March 2006}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/music/bjork-185-1373815/page/3985|title=New Bjork|date=11 March 2003|work=NME|accessdate=13 August 2017}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Ross|first=Alex|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/08/23/bjorks-saga|title=Björk's saga|work=The New Yorker|page=257|date=23 August 2004|volume=80|issue=20-28|issn=0028-792X}}
7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://unit.bjork.com:80/specials/albums/medulla/medbio.htm|title=Björk : albums : Medúlla - Biography|accessdate=21 January 2018|publisher=bjork.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103064331/http://unit.bjork.com:80/specials/albums/medulla/medbio.htm|archivedate=3 November 2004}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bjork.com:80/grapewire/?id=472;year=2004|title=Interview in W Magazine|date=10 July 2004|accessdate=20 January 2018|publisher=bjork.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040831084006/http://www.bjork.com:80/grapewire/?id=472;year=2004|archivedate=31 August 2004}}
9. ^1 {{cite AV media notes|title=The Inner or Deep Part of an Animal or Plant Structure|others=Björk|year=2004|type=DVD|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=40247-2}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/11327781/Bjorks_Medulla_the_blood_and_meat_of_music|title=Bjork's Medulla: the 'blood and meat' of music?|pages=21–27|accessdate=20 January 2018|publisher=Academia.edu|format=PDF}}
11. ^{{cite web|author=Sarah-Jane|url=http://www.uncut.co.uk/features/interview-bjork-44474|title=Interview: Bjork|date=5 November 2004|accessdate=20 January 2018|work=Uncut}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://unit.bjork.com:80/specials/albums/medulla/coll_dokaka.html|title=Dokaka|accessdate=20 January 2018|publisher=bjork.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041212090206/http://unit.bjork.com:80/specials/albums/medulla/coll_dokaka.html|archivedate=12 December 2004}}
13. ^{{cite web|last=Kane|first=Ashleigh|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/gallery/19530/0/m-m-paris-x-bjork|title=M/M Paris x Björk|date=10 March 2015|accessdate=20 January 2018|work=Dazed}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Rosenfeld|first=Austen|url=http://www.style.com/culture/art/2015/shoplifter-bjork-hair|title=Meet Shoplifter, Björk’s Icelandic Hair Sculptor|date=6 March 2015|work=Style|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307081149/http://www.style.com/culture/art/2015/shoplifter-bjork-hair|archivedate=7 March 2015}}
15. ^{{cite web|last=Gottschalk|first=Molly|url=https://www.artsy.net/article/editorial-as-bjork-opens-at-moma-behind-the|title=As Björk Opens at MoMA, Behind the Scenes of Her Most Iconic Images|date=2 March 2015|accessdate=24 September 2016|publisher=Artsy}}
16. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|last=McNair|first=James|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/bjoumlrk-passions-in-a-cold-climate-556397.html|title=Passions in a cold climate|accessdate=23 December 2015|date=12 August 2004|work=The Independent}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bjork.com:80/grapewire/?id=470;year=2004#news|title=The Name is Medulla|date=11 June 2004|accessdate=20 January 2018|publisher=bjork.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123045347/http://www.bjork.com:80/grapewire/?id=470;year=2004#news|archivedate=23 November 2005}}
18. ^1 {{cite news|last=Hoggard|first=Liz|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/mar/13/popandrock|title='Maybe I'll be a feminist in my old age'|date=13 March 2005|accessdate=10 August 2017|work=The Observer}}
19. ^{{cite web|last=Lawton|first=Jenny|url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/157174-more-artists-respond-911/|title=Artists Respond to 9/11: Michael Stipe, Björk, Jodie Foster|date=8 September 2011|accessdate=19 January 2018|publisher=WNYC}}
20. ^{{cite journal|last=Meter|first=William Van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhhSYcXeTVoC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32|title=Voices Carry|date=November 2004|accessdate=19 January 2018|work=Spin|issn=0886-3032|page=32|volume=20|issue=11}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.com/2004/12/40-best-albums-2004/bjork-medulla-2/|title=Bjork, Medulla (Elektra)|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=20 September 2016|work=Spin}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://musica.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI382952-EI1267,00.html|title=Björk lança o seu trabalho mais experimental|language=pt-BR|date=13 September 2004|publisher=Terra|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/bjork-medulla|title=Björk – Medúlla|last1=McDonnell|first1=Sarah|date=30 August 2004|publisher=musicOMH|access-date= 17 April 2016}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bjork.com:80/qna/main.php?id=3069|title=Q&A|date=18 July 2004|accessdate=19 January 2018|publisher=bjork.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820155618/http://www.bjork.com:80/qna/main.php?id=3069|archivedate=20 August 2004}}
25. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.wonderingsound.com/icon/bjork-2/ |title=Icon: Björk |last= |first= |publisher=eMusic.com |journal=Wondering Sound |date=9 September 2010 |accessdate=22 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726193458/http://www.wonderingsound.com/icon/bjork-2/ |archivedate=26 July 2014 }}
26. ^1 {{cite web|last=Beaumont|first=Michael|url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/bjork-medulla/|title=Björk - Medulla|date=11 October 2004|accessdate=26 August 2017|publisher=PopMatters}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themilkfactory.co.uk/reviews/bjork_medula.htm|title=BJORK Medulla|accessdate=19 January 2018|publisher=The Milk Factory|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214836/http://www.themilkfactory.co.uk/reviews/bjork_medula.htm|archivedate=1 October 2009}}
28. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite news|last=Jon|first=Pareles|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/29/arts/music-bjork-grabs-the-world-by-the-throat.html?_r=0|title=MUSIC; Bjork Grabs The World By the Throat|date=29 August 2004|accessdate=19 January 2018|work=The New York Times}}
29. ^{{cite web|first=Scott|last=Lapatine|title=Björk: The Stereogum Interview|url=http://www.stereogum.com/8639/bjork_the_stereogum_interview/enjoyed/|publisher=Stereogum|date=28 March 2008|accessdate=10 April 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web|last=Paoletta|first=Michael|url=http://www.billboard.com/bb/reviews/album_article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000624183|title=Björk - Medúlla|date=11 September 2004|accessdate=1 October 2016|work=Billboard|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050902193119/http://www.billboard.com/bb/reviews/album_article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000624183|archivedate=2 September 2005}}
31. ^{{cite book|last=Malawey|first=Victoria|title=Temporal Process, Repetition, and Voice in Bjork's "Medúlla"|year=2007|publisher=Indiana University|page=48|isbn=978-0549466277}}
32. ^{{cite web|last=Vineyard|first=Jennifer|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1490152/bjork-album-preview-beautiful-baffling-and-bothersome-medlla/|title=Bjork Album Preview: Beautiful, Baffling and Bothersome Medúlla|date=12 August 2004|accessdate=2 October 2016|publisher=MTV News}}
33. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Killingsworth|first=Jason|url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2004/10/bjork-medulla.html|title=Björk: Björk - Medúlla|date=1 October 2004|accessdate=26 December 2015|work=Paste}}
34. ^1 {{cite news|last=Battaglia|first=Andy|url=http://www.avclub.com/review/bjork-emmedullaem-11288|title=Björk: Medulla|work=The A.V. Club|date=8 September 2004|accessdate=24 December 2015}}
35. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|author=Spence D|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/09/01/bjork-medulla?page=1|title=Bjork - Medulla|date=1 September 2004|accessdate=19 January 2018|publisher=IGN|pages=1–2}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/11327781/Bjorks_Medulla_the_blood_and_meat_of_music|title=Bjork's Medulla: the 'blood and meat' of music?|page=24|accessdate=20 January 2018|publisher=Academia.edu|format=PDF}}
37. ^{{cite web|last=Coyle|first=Jake|url=http://www.today.com/id/5878062/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/bjrk-makes-magic-medulla/#.U4rZ_yjJchA|title=Björk makes magic with ‘Medulla’|date=31 August 2004|accessdate=19 January 2018|work=Today}}
38. ^{{cite web|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/bjork-medulla|title=Björk - Medúlla|date=26 August 2004|accessdate=21 January 2018|publisher=Slant Magazine}}
39. ^{{cite web|last=Mylnar|first=Phillip|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/10/10/sounds-go-through-the-muscles-bjorks-top-ten-hip-hop-connections/|title=Sounds Go Through The Muscles: Bjork’s Top Ten Hip-Hop Connections|date=10 October 2011|work=The Village Voice|accessdate=20 August 2017}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk:80/radio1/dance/breezeblock/tracklistings.shtml|title=The Breezeblock Tracklistings|date=3 August 2004|accessdate=20 January 2018|publisher=BBC Radio 1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040808033733/http://www.bbc.co.uk:80/radio1/dance/breezeblock/tracklistings.shtml|archivedate=8 August 2004}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/magazine/bjork-clips.html|title=Clips From 'Medulla'|accessdate=17 January 2018|work=The New York Times}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bj%F6rk&titel=Who+Is+It+(Carry+My+Joy+on+the+Left+Carry+My+Pain+on+the+Right)&cat=s|title=Spanishcharts.com – Björk – Who Is It (Carry My Joy on the Left Carry My Pain on the Right)|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=3 February 2018}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bj%F6rk&titel=Who+Is+It+(Carry+My+Joy+on+the+Left+Carry+My+Pain+on+the+Right)&cat=s|title=Italiancharts.com – Björk – Who Is It (Carry My Joy on the Left Carry My Pain on the Right)|publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|accessdate=3 February 2018}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20041024/7501/|title=Official Singles Chart Top 100|publisher=Official Charts Company|date=24 October 2004|accessdate=3 February 2018}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bj%F6rk&titel=Triumph+of+a+Heart&cat=s|title=Spanishcharts.com – Björk – Triumph of a Heart|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=3 February 2018}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bj%F6rk&titel=Triumph+of+a+Heart&cat=s|title=Italiancharts.com – Björk – Triumph of a Heart|publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|accessdate=3 February 2018}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20050306/7501/|title=Official Singles Chart Top 100|publisher=Official Charts Company|date=6 March 2005|accessdate=3 February 2018}}
48. ^{{cite news|last= Larson|first=Jeremy D.|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2012/07/30/11-olympic-theme-songs-dissected/slide/bjork-oceania-athens-2004/|title=11 Olympic Theme Songs, Dissected|work=Time|date=26 July 2012|accessdate=24 September 2016}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/10_october/08/ross_norton.shtml|title=Graham Norton trips the light fantastic|date=8 October 2004|accessdate=24 September 2016|publisher=BBC Online}}
50. ^{{Cite web|title = BBC - Radio 1 - Gilles Peterson - Tracklisting|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/gillespeterson/tracklistingarchivenocomments.shtml?20041010|accessdate=24 September 2016|publisher=BBC Radio 1}}
51. ^{{cite episode|series=L'Album de la semaine|title=L'Album de la semaine |serieslink=|credits= |network=Canal+ |station= |airdate=25 October 2004|season=1 |number= |minutes=19}}
52. ^{{cite web|last=Whiteley|first=Mark|url=http://www.slapmagazine.com:80/new_site/issues/10_04/bjork/|title=Bjork|work=Slap|date=October 2004|accessdate=20 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040924011829/http://www.slapmagazine.com:80/new_site/issues/10_04/bjork/|archivedate=24 September 2004}}
53. ^{{cite news|last=Gitlin|first=Lauren|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bjork-voices-medulla-20040615|title=Bjork Voices "Medulla"|date=15 June 2004|accessdate=24 September 2016|work=Rolling Stone}}
54. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/medulla/bjork|title=Reviews for Medulla by Björk|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=28 April 2012}}
55. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/med%C3%BAlla-mw0000712627|title=Medúlla – Björk|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=9 May 2016|last=Phares|first=Heather}}
56. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2004/09/10/medulla|title=Medulla|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=10 September 2004|accessdate=24 December 2015|last=Willman|first=Chris}}
57. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/aug/27/popandrock.shopping5|title=Björk, Medulla|work=The Guardian|date=27 August 2004|accessdate=24 December 2015|last=Peschek|first=David}}
58. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/sep/05/entertainment/ca-rack5|title=Ambitious music, even by Bjork's standards|work=Los Angeles Times|date=5 September 2004|accessdate=9 May 2016|last=Cromelin|first=Richard}}
59. ^{{cite journal|title=Björk: Medulla|work=Mojo|issue=130|date=September 2004|page=93|issn=1351-0193}}
60. ^{{cite journal|title=Björk: Medulla|work=NME|date=4 September 2004|page=73|issn=0028-6362}}
61. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/737-medulla/|title=Björk: Medulla|work=Pitchfork|date=30 August 2004|accessdate=7 July 2011|last=Leone|first=Dominique|authorlink=Dominique Leone}}
62. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Mulholland|first=Garry|title=Björk: Medulla|work=Q|issue=219|date=October 2004|page=120|issn=0955-4955}}
63. ^1 {{cite journal|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/medulla-20040916|title=Medulla|work=Rolling Stone|date=16 September 2004|accessdate=28 April 2012|last=Walters|first=Barry}}
64. ^{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neDQuF47lxQC&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111|title=Björk: Medulla|work=Spin|volume=20|issue=10|date=16 September 2004|accessdate=9 May 2016|last=Harris|first=Keith|pages=111–12}}
65. ^{{cite news|last=Powers|first=Ann|url=http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=2740|title=Björk - Medúlla|accessdate=20 September 2016|work=Blender|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019050128/http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=2740|archivedate=19 October 2004}}
66. ^{{cite web|last=Gasteiser|first=Matthew|url=http://www.prefixmag.com/reviews/bjork/medulla/13829/|title=Bjork - Medulla|date=31 August 2004|accessdate=20 September 2016|work=Prefix}}
67. ^{{cite web|last=Daniell|first=Mark|url=http://jam.canoe.com/Music/Artists/B/Bjork/AlbumReviews/2004/09/01/pf-770396.html|title=Medulla|date=1 September 2004|accessdate=20 August 2017|publisher=Jam!}}
68. ^{{cite web|last=Vineyard|first=Jennifer|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1490152/bjork-album-preview-beautiful-baffling-and-bothersome-medlla/|title=Bjork Album Preview: Beautiful, Baffling and Bothersome Medúlla|date=12 August 2004|accessdate=20 September 2016|publisher=MTV News}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/Reviews/Facts/Music/RevID/0,1107,3289,00.html|title=Bjork - Medulla|date=31 August 2004|accessdate=22 January 2018|publisher=E! Online|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040831161914/http://www.eonline.com/Reviews/Facts/Music/RevID/0,1107,3289,00.html|archivedate=31 August 2004}}
70. ^{{cite web|last=Hooper|first=David|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/mh63|title=Bjork Medúlla Review|publisher=BBC Music|date=|accessdate=26 December 2015}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4262875.stm|title=Grammy Awards 2005: Key winners|publisher=BBC News|date=14 February 2005|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
72. ^{{cite book|author1=Robert Dimery|author2=Michael Lydon|title=1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition|accessdate= |date=23 March 2010|publisher=Universe|isbn=978-0-7893-2074-2}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=65&awards_artist=Bj%C3%B6rk&awards_title=Med%C3%BAlla|title=French album certifications – Björk – Medúlla|language=French|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|accessdate=12 December 2016}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/Bjork/chart-history/billboard-200/song/460561|title=Medulla - Bjork|accessdate=6 February 2018|work=Billboard}}
75. ^{{cite news|last=Bliss|first=Karen|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1052193/bjorks-new-blend|title=Bjork's New Blend|date=10 May 2007|accessdate=24 September 2016|work=Billboard}}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://icelandmag.visir.is/article/bjorks-medulla-be-turned-opera-belgium|title=Björk’s Medúlla to be turned into an Opera in Belgium|date=23 May 2014|accessdate=6 February 2018|work=Iceland Magazine}}
77. ^1 2 {{cite AV media notes|title=Medúlla|others=Björk|year=2004|type=Japanese version liner lotes|publisher=Polydor Records|id=UICP-1056}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/medulla/21393649|title=Medulla by Björk on Apple Music|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=6 February 2018}}
79. ^{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA67|title=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|issue=39|volume=116|page=67|date=25 September 2004|accessdate=23 June 2017}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm |title=Top 50 Ξένων Άλμπουμ |date= |accessdate=20 September 2016 |language=Greek |publisher=IFPI Greece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010015828/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm |archivedate=10 October 2004 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
81. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44|title=Billboard|work=Billboard|date=11 September 2004|accessdate=23 June 2017}}
82. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20160910211818/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/top-album.php "Top 20 - Semanal"]. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
83. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=200 | title=InfoDisc : Historique des Succes Musicaux en France depuis 1900 | work=InfoDisc | date=10 May 2010 | accessdate=12 December 2016 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119063042/http://infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=200 | archivedate=19 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }}
84. ^{{cite book |author= |title=Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005. |url= |location=Roppongi, Tokyo |publisher=Oricon Charts |page= |date=2006 |isbn=4-87131-077-9}}
85. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1052193/bjorks-new-blend | title=Bjork's New Blend | work=Billboard | date=10 May 2007 | accessdate=12 December 2016}}

References

{{reflist|30em}}

External links

  • Medúlla at bjork.com
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6 : 2004 albums|Björk albums|One Little Indian Records albums|Albums produced by Björk|A cappella albums|Albums produced by Mark Bell (British musician)
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