| 词条 | Siege of Scutari (1912–13) |
| 释义 |
|image=Siege of Scutari montage.png |image_size=300px |date= 28 October 1912 – 23 April 1913{{sfn|Erickson|2003|p=312}} |caption= Clockwise from top left: Flags of Great Powers on Shkodër fortress; Ottoman troops defending Shkodër; Montenegrin flag flying over the Shkoder fortress; Captured flag standard of Montenegrin forces proudly displayed by Turkish and Albanian troops; Albanian guerillas shooting from a tree; Albanian officers posing with captured Montenegrin ammunition |conflict= Siege of Scutari |partof= the First Balkan War |place= near Scutari, Scutari Province, Ottoman Empire[1] (present-day Shkodër, Albania) |result= Status quo ante bellum[2] Essad Pasha Toptani signed the final surrender protocol on April 23, 1913.{{sfn|Erickson|2003|p=312}} A Peace treaty signed by Essad Pasha and King Nikola, that returned Shkodër to the Albanian Principality.{{sfn|Vickers|1999|p=71}} |combatant1= {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} {{flagicon|Albania}} Albanian volunteers |combatant2= {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Montenegro}} {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Serbia}} |commander1= {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Hasan Rıza Pasha {{KIA}} {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Essad Pasha Toptani{{sfn|Erickson|2003|p=237}} |commander2= {{flagicon|Kingdom of Montenegro}} King Nikola {{flagicon|Kingdom of Montenegro}} Crown Prince Danilo {{flagicon|Kingdom of Montenegro}} Radomir Vešović |strength1= 20,000{{sfn|Въчков|2005|pp=138-141}} |strength2= 40,000{{sfn|Въчков|2005|pp=138-141}} |units2= |casualties1= Unknown |casualties2= ~ 15.000{{sfn|Въчков|2005|pp=138-141}} }}{{Campaignbox First Balkan War}} The Siege of Scutari / Skadar took place from October 28, 1912 to April 23, 1913, with allied forces of Montenegro and Serbia against forces of the Ottoman Empire. NamingThe Siege of Scutari is also referred to as the Siege of Shkodër{{sfn|Vickers|1999|p=71}} ({{sq|Rrethimi i Shkodrës}}, {{lang-sr|Опсада Скадра}}), known in Turkish as İşkodra Müdafaası[3] or İşkodra Savunması.[4] BackgroundIn 1912, the Balkan League—consisting of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria—had jointly declared war against the Ottoman Empire. Montenegro mobilized its troops and prepared to attack the Ottoman forces in Albania directly to the south. However, behind stood the intention to expand Montenegro at the expense of territories with an overwhelming Albanian majority. Montenegro considered itself successor of Zeta, a medieval Serb polity that played an important part in the overall development of Serbian Empire, with Skhoder as its capital. With the transition of power from the last feudal lords Balšići to Venetians, and eventually Ottomans, who established a city as an administrative center of the region, the "lost capital" became a symbol of oppression for the Montenegrins.[5] Historically, the border between the medieval Zeta and Albanian principalities was the Drin river, as pointed out by 17th century Montenegrin ruler and historiographer Vasilije and Montenegro sought to expand itself to its traditional borders. Furthermore, the region had considerable Slavic population. Many Montenegrins trace their heritage back to the region, which their ancestors abandoned after the Turkish occupation.[6] Start of the warOn 8 October 1912 Gen. Hasan Riza Pasha announced that Montenegro had declared war on the Ottoman Empire in order to get rid of the 600 years of oppression by the "Turkish foot", as the enemy claimed, and that its troops were crossing the border between Montenegro and Albania. Two hours after the news the Montenegrin troops, as expected, were approaching Scutari. Up to 70% of the Turkish army in the inner parts of the Balkans was composed of Muslim Albanian conscripts during the freedom struggle from the Ottoman Empire. At noon Hasan Riza Pasha in his headquarters gathered all his commanders and told them: {{quote|The city will soon be surrounded, but this city will not fall into the hands of Montenegrins. Shkodra is our fate or our grave, but not our shame. Today we have five thousand troops, but over 20 thousand others are coming to our assistance. As of today begins an uphill battle, that none of us knows how long it will last|Hasan Riza Pasha, during the organisation of the defence of Scutari|[7]}}BattleThe siege started on October 28, 1912. The attack was originally carried out by the Montenegrin army under the command of Prince Danilo. However, his forces encountered stiff resistance, and the Serb army sent reinforcements to help its Montenegrin allies. Radomir Vešović participated in the siege where he was wounded twice,[8] showing an exemptional courage which earned him a golden Obilić Medal and nickname the knight of Brdanjolt ({{lang-sr|витез од Брдањолта}}).[9]The combined Turkish and Albanian defenders led by Hasan Riza Pasha and his lieutenant, Esad Pasha Toptani, resisted for seven months and managed to inflict a heavy toll on the besiegers.[10] Death of Hasan Riza PashaOn January 30, 1913, Riza Pasha was ambushed and killed by Osman Bali and Mehmet Kavaja,{{sfn|Vickers|1999|p=71}} two Albanian servants of Esad Pasha, as he left Esad's house after dining with him.[11] Riza Pasha wanted to keep up the defense of the besieged city but Esad Pasha wanted to continue his secret negotiations with Montenegro, which were done through the counsel of Russia in Scutari. Esad Pasha's plan was to hand over Scutari to the Serbs and Montenegrins as the price for their support in his attempt to proclaim himself King of Albania.[11][12] On 6 February King Nikola received delegation of chieftains from Malësia who stated that they recognize him as their suzerain and requested to join 3000 of their fighters with Montenegrin forces to capture Scutari. On 7 February they were ordered to attack in the direction Jubani—Daut-agha's kulla.[13] SurrenderOn April 21, 1913, Esad Pasha made the official proposal to surrender the city to Montenegrin Gen. Vukotic. On April 23 his proposal was accepted and he was allowed to leave the city with full military honors and with all of his troops and equipment, except heavy guns. He also received a sum of £10,000 sterling from the Montenegrin King.[14] Essad Pasha signed the final surrender protocol{{sfn|Erickson|2003|p=312}} with the Montenegrins[15] Essad Pasha surrendered Scutari to Montenegro only after its destiny was decided by the Great Powers, after they forced Serbia to retreat and after it was obvious that the Great Powers would not allow Montenegro to keep Scutari. Essad Pasha was able to save many of his soldiers.[16] At the same time he managed to get the support of Serbia and Montenegro for the new Kingdom of Albania, which would gain Scutari indirectly by the Great Powers.[7] AftermathThe taking of Scutari removed the only obstacle to the Serbian advance in the remainder of Ottoman Albania. By November 1912 the country had declared independence but was yet to be recognized by anyone. The Serbian army eventually occupied most of northern and central Albania, stopping north of the town of Vlorë. It also managed to trap the remains of the Army of Vardar in what was left of Albania proper, but were not able to force them to surrender.[10] However, when the war was over, the Great Powers did not award the city to the Kingdom of Montenegro, which was compelled to evacuate it in May 1913, in accordance with the London Conference of Ambassadors. The army's withdrawal was hastened by a small naval flotilla of British and Italian gunboats that moved up the Bojana River and across the Adriatic coastline. International peace keeping force (Scutari detachment) from five countries - Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany - was deployed in the city and kept until the start of WWI.[17] The Kingdom of Montenegro also later took Metohija, an area of Kosovo. International reaction
Cultural influencesAlbanian novelist Ndoc Nikaj wrote an historical novel titled Shkodra e rrethueme ("Shkodra under siege") in 1913.[19] Bosnian Serb poet Aleksa Šantić wrote To Essad Pasha ({{lang-sr|Esad Paši}}), inspired by the Siege of Scutari.[20] See also{{commons category|Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)}}
Notes
1. ^As the capital of the Ottoman Vilayet of Scutari this city was in the hands of the Turks until April 1913. Viscount James Bryce Bryce, Holland Thompson, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, The Book of History: The Events of 1918. The Armistice and Peace Treaties, The Grolier society, 1921, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oHQmAQAAIAAJ&q=%22vilayet+of+Scutari%22+1913&dq=%22vilayet+of+Scutari%22+1913&hl=en&ei=qXr1TZKMIoyevgPVo5HLBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBQ p. 1125.] 2. ^Somel, Selçuk Akşin. Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press Inc. 2003. lxvi. 3. ^Abdurrahman Nafiz, Kiramettin, 1912–1913 Balkan Harbinde İşkodra Müdafaası, İstanbul Askerî Matbaa, 1933. {{Tr icon}} 4. ^Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı, İşkodra Savunması ve Hasan Rıza Paşa, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1987. {{Tr icon}} 5. ^https://www.rastko.rs/rastko-al/zbornik1990/jbojovic-sloveni_l.php 6. ^http://www.njegos.org/petrovics/istocg.htm 7. ^1 {{cite book|title=Hasan Riza Pasha: Mbrojtës i Shkodrës në Luftën Ballkanike, 1912–1913|last=Ulli|first=Prenk|year=1995|publisher=Albin|location=Shkodër, Albania|pages=34–40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccUzHAAACAAJ&dq=Hasan+Riza+Pasha&hl=en&ei=lx32TfXBGomZOuzuiLYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA |accessdate=2011-06-13}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Лесковац|first1=Младен|last2=Форишковић|first2=Александар|last3=Попов|first3=Чедомир|title=Српски биографски речник|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozYYAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Будућност|language=Serbian|page=176)}} 9. ^{{harv|Čolaković|Čirgić|2008|p=281}} 10. ^1 Vlora, bej Eqerem. Lebenserinnerungen ("Memoirs"). Munich. 1968 and 1973. 11. ^1 {{cite book|title=Hasan Riza Pasha: Mbrojtës i Shkodrës në Luftën Ballkanike, 1912-1913 |last=Ulli|first=Prenk|year=1995|publisher=Albin|location=Shkodër, Albania|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccUzHAAACAAJ&dq=Hasan+Riza+Pasha&hl=en&ei=lx32TfXBGomZOuzuiLYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA|accessdate=2011-06-13}} 12. ^Pearson, Owen. Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939. I.B. Tauris. 2004. {{ISBN|1-84511-013-7}} p. 38 13. ^{{cite book|title=King Nikola--personality, work, and time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkIrAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=12 May 2013|year=1998|publisher=Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti |page=321 |quote=Овом приликом замолили су да заједно са црногор- ском војском у заузимању Скадра учествује и 3.000 Малисора. Према заповијести о нападу од 7. фебруара 1913. био им је поверен правац Јубани - кула Даут-аге.}} 14. ^Pearson, Owen. Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939. I.B. Tauris. 2004. {{ISBN|1-84511-013-7}} p. 41. 15. ^Edwin E. Jacques, The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present, McFarland, 1995, {{ISBN|978-0-89950-932-7}}, p. 344. 16. ^{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70A10FD3E5B13738DDDAF0894DF405B838DF1D3&scp=3&sq=Essad%20Pasha&st=cse|title=ALBANIA'S FUTURE.; Essad Pasha Appears to be In Full Control There|publisher=New York Times | date=July 6, 1913}} 17. ^Tibor Balla: The military participation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the settlement of the Scutari-crisis in journal Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science (AARMS), 2005, Volume 4, Issue 1, pg 100 - 107 18. ^{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B15FB3C5B13738DDDAD0A94DC405B838DF1D3&scp=3&sq=Scutari&st=cse |title=SCUTARI'S FALL ALARMS EUROPE; Montenegrin Triumph After Six Months' Siege Raises Grave International Difficulties.|publisher=New York Times | date=April 24, 1913}} 19. ^{{cite book|author=Robert Elsie|title=Albanian Literature: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC|year=2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-031-4|page=89}} 20. ^{{cite web|last=Šantić|first=Aleksa|title=Esad Paši|url=http://www.aleksasantic.com/Print/1913-27.html|accessdate=14 June 2011|year=1913}}
References
Further reading
13 : Battles of the First Balkan War|Sieges involving Montenegro|Sieges involving Serbia|Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire|1912 in Albania|1913 in Albania|1912 in the Ottoman Empire|1913 in the Ottoman Empire|Conflicts in 1913|Scutari Vilayet|History of Shkodër|Modern history of Albania|Battles involving Albania |
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