| 词条 | Megathrust earthquake |
| 释义 |
Megathrust earthquakes occur at subduction zones at destructive convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another. These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes (Mw) that can exceed 9.0. Since 1900, all earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater have been megathrust earthquakes. No other type of known terrestrial source of tectonic activity has produced earthquakes of this scale. TerminologyDuring the rupture, one side of the fault is pushed upwards relative to the other, and it is this type of movement that is known as thrust.[1] They are a type of dip-slip fault. A thrust fault is a reverse fault with a dip of 45° or less.[2] Oblique-slip faults have significant components of different slip styles. The term megathrust does not have a widely accepted rigorous definition, but is used to refer to an extremely large thrust fault, typically formed at the plate interface along a subduction zone such as the Sunda megathrust.[3] It is mostly American terminology.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} AreasThe major subduction zone is associated with the Pacific and Indian Oceans and is responsible for the volcanic activity associated with the Pacific Ring of Fire. Since these earthquakes deform the ocean floor, they often generate a significant series of tsunami waves. They are known to produce intense shaking for periods of time that can last for up to a few minutes. In Japan, the Nankai megathrust under the Nankai Trough is responsible for Nankai megathrust earthquakes and associated tsunamis. A study reported in 2016 found that the largest megathrust quakes are associated with downgoing slabs with the shallowest dip, so-called flat slab subduction.[4] ExamplesExamples of megathrust earthquakes are listed in the following table. References1. ^{{cite web | url=http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html | title=Tsunami Terminology | publisher=Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory | work=The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program History, 1995–2005 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225143835/http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html | archivedate=2011-02-25 | df= }} 2. ^{{cite web | url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?termID=59 | title=Earthquake Glossary - dip slip | publisher=U.S. Geological Survey | work=Earthquake Hazards Program}} 3. ^{{cite journal | first1=J. | first10=G. | first11=K. | first12=R. | last1=Park | last10=Ekstrom | last11=Anderson | last12=Aster | title=Performance Review of the Global Seismographic Network for the Sumatra-Andaman Megathrust Earthquake | last2=Butler | first2=R. | last3=Anderson | first3=K. | last4=Berger | first4=J. | last5=Davis | first5=P. | last6=Benz | first6=H. | last7=Hutt | first7=C. R. | last8=McCreery | first8=C. S. | last9=Ahern | first9=T. | journal=Seismological Research Letters | year=2005 | volume=76 | issue=3 | pages=331–343 | issn=0895-0695 | doi=10.1785/gssrl.76.3.331 | display-authors=3}} 4. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/uoo-fcm112216.php |title=Fault curvature may control where big quakes occur, Eurekalert 24-NOV-2016 |journal=Science |volume=354 |issue=6315 |pages=1027–1031 |doi=10.1126/science.aag0482 |pmid=27885027 |date=2016-11-24 |accessdate=2018-06-05|last1=Bletery |first1=Quentin |last2=Thomas |first2=Amanda M. |last3=Rempel |first3=Alan W. |last4=Karlstrom |first4=Leif |last5=Sladen |first5=Anthony |last6=De Barros |first6=Louis }} 5. ^{{cite conference | url=http://g-ever.org/en/materials/sharing/G-EVER1_P_Ishikawa_AIST.pdf | title=Re-evaluation of Mw of the 1707 Hoei earthquake | publisher=Asia-Pacific Region Global Earthquake and Volcanic Eruption Risk Management (G-EVER1) Consortium | date=February 2012 | last=Ishikawa | first=Yuzo | conference=G-EVER1 Workshop | conferenceurl=http://g-ever.org/en/gever1/index.html | location=Tsukuba, Japan}} 6. ^{{cite web | url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20110311054624120_30#executive | title=M 9.1 - near the east coast of Honshu, Japan | publisher=USGS | work=Earthquake Hazards Program | date=2016 | accessdate=21 November 2016}} 7. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/952957--how-mega-thrust-earthquake-caught-forecasters-by-surprise | title=How "mega-thrust" earthquake caught forecasters by surprise | work=Toronto Star | date=12 March 2011 | accessdate=12 March 2011 | author=Kidd, Kenneth}} 8. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/powerful-japan-quake-sparks-ts.html | title=1722 UTC, 11 March 2011: Japan's largest ever earthquake | publisher=New Scientist | work=Short Sharp Science | date=11 March 2011 | accessdate=11 March 2011 | last=Reilly | first=Michael}} }} External links
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