词条 | Siracourt V-1 bunker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
|name = Siracourt |partof = Nazi Germany |location = Located in the Canton of Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise, France |map_type= France |coordinates = {{coord|50.37424|2.26810|type:landmark|display=inline}} |image = Siracourt01.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Remains of Siracourt V-1 storage and launch depot |type = Bunker |code= |built = 1943 |builder = Organisation Todt |materials = Concrete |height = {{convert|10|m|ft}} |used = captured before being used |demolished= |condition= Ruined |ownership= Privately owned |open_to_public = No |controlledby= |garrison = |current_commander= |commanders= |occupants= |battles=Operation Crossbow, Operation Aphrodite |events= }}{{Main|V-1 flying bomb (facilities)|Operation Crossbow}} The Siracourt V-1 bunker is a Second World War bunker built in 1943-44 by the forces of Nazi Germany at Siracourt, a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France. Codenamed {{lang|de|Wasserwerk St. Pol}} (Waterworks St. Pol), it was intended for use as a bomb-proof storage facility and launch site for V-1 flying bombs. However it never went into operation due to intensive Allied bombing that made it the most heavily attacked of all the German V-weapon sites.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} BackgroundWith the Allies gaining air superiority by 1943, different sections of the Luftwaffe – which had responsibility for the V-1 – debated how best the weapons could be deployed in the face of an increased threat of aerial bombardment. The Luftwaffe's Flak division favoured dispersing V-1s to a large number of small camouflaged launch sites. However, General Erhard Milch, who was in charge of the Luftwaffe's production programme, advocated large launch bunkers. Adolf Hitler was known to be in favour of such an approach, which had already led to the construction of a massive bunker at Watten for launching V-2 missiles. In July 1943, Luftwaffe chief Hermann Göring brokered a compromise under which both alternatives would be pursued; four (and ultimately ten) heavy launch bunkers would be built along with 96 light installations.[1] The heavy bunkers were all intended to be built to a standard design, codenamed Wasserwerk (waterworks) to conceal their true purpose. The first two would be built in the Pas-de-Calais at Desvres near Lottinghen and Siracourt near Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise. The two sites are about {{convert|177|km|mi}} and {{convert|210|km|mi}} from London respectively. Two more would be built on the Cotentin Peninsula near Cherbourg. It was intended that all four would be operational by December 1943, with further bunkers to be built subsequently.[1] Design and constructionThe Siracourt bunker is about {{convert|215|m|ft}} long, {{convert|36|m|ft}} wide and {{convert|10|m|ft}} high, built using some 55,000 m³ of steel-reinforced concrete. Its design and method of construction took into account the lessons learned from the destruction in August 1943 of the Watten bunker while it was still under construction.[1] It was constructed on high ground about a kilometer (three-quarters of a mile) north of the Hesdin-Saint Pol road, to the north of the original site of the village of Siracourt. The bunker was built in loamy soil some {{convert|7.5|m|ft}} deep, resting on a layer of chalk bedrock.[2] The German engineers adopted a new method which they called Verbunkerung, which involved first building the roof flat on the ground then excavating beneath it – sheltered from bombs – to create the rest of the facility.[1] The bunker would have been linked with the main railway line from Saint Pol to Abbeville, enabling trains carrying V-1s and supplies to enter the body of the structure. It was, in effect, a fortified railway tunnel with a storage area capable of housing 150 missiles[3] and an aperture from which they would have been launched. Although Allied reconstructions imagined a single launch ramp, it is possible that the Germans intended to install two parallel ramps to increase the rate at which V-1s could be fired.[1] Discovery and destructionThe Allies spotted the construction of the Siracourt bunker almost as soon as it began in September 1943, when two parallel trenches were dug and concreted to form the walls of the structure.[2] Heavy Allied bombing hindered construction but it continued until the end of June 1944, when the site was wrecked by Tallboy bombs dropped by the Royal Air Force. By this time about 90 per cent of the concrete had been completed, apart from the end sections, but the supposedly bomb-proof structure proved unable to withstand the six-ton Tallboy. One bomb fully penetrated the roof and exploded underneath, while another caused substantial damage when it exploded next to one of the walls. The ground around the site was churned up by over 5,000 tons of bombs.[1] By the time the site was abandoned in April 1944, the exterior had practically been completed but the excavation of the interior had only just begun.[2] The Siracourt bunker is still extant today and is visible from the road. It is located on private land.[4] Air raids on the Siracourt site
References and notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Harvnb|Zaloga|Johnson|Taylor|2008|p=20}} 2. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Sanders|1945|p=1}} 3. ^{{Harvnb|Zaloga|Laurier|2005|p=14}} 4. ^{{Harvnb|Zaloga|Johnson|Taylor|2008|p=61}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 {{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_1944.php|title=8th Air Force 1944 Chronicles|work=|accessdate=2007-05-25|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912155604/http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_1944.php|archivedate=2007-09-12|df=}} 1944: January, February, June, July {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20080303030232/http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_1944-07.php |date=2008-03-03 }}, August {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20071214030628/http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_1944-08.php |date=2007-12-14 }}, September 6. ^{{cite book |last=Bastien|first=Charles R|title=32 Copilots |year=1976|publisher=|location=|isbn=978-1-4120-1729-9|pages=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6Z9SQEaZDMC |quote=858th Squadron (North Pickenham) Engineer-Gunner Louis A Dezarlo, B-24J 44-40167: "I was flying the left waist gun position. We received a direct hit (I think an 88). It went through Sonner's seat, through Sonner and out the roof. Fortunately, it was a dud. Lou D'Auino (Radioman) was standing behind Sonner's seat with his elbow resting on the seat back and the round singed his sleeve on the way out. Sonner was flying the plane at the time and he slumped forward causing us to lose several thousand feet of altitude as well as the rest of the Group. He never knew what hit him. It took several crew members to pry him out of his seat.}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|last= |first= |url=http://www.492ndbombgroup.com/cgi-bin/pagepilot.cgi?page=showCrewPage&crewPage=608-Hadden&crewTitle=Hadden%20608 |title=Hadden Crew 608 |work=U S Army Air Force /2nd Air Division /492nd Bomb Group (Heavy)|accessdate=2008-02-27|publisher=}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html|title=Campaign Diary|work=Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary|accessdate=2007-05-24|publisher=UK Crown}} 1944: June {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611023020/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun44.html |date=2007-06-11 }}, July {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul44.html |date=2007-07-06 }}, August {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607035123/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug44.html |date=2007-06-07 }} 9. ^1 {{Cite news |last1= |first1= |url=http://www.afterthebattle.com/ab-con1.html#index |title=The V-Weapons |magazine=After The Battle |page=14 |year=1974 |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312065112/http://www.afterthebattle.com/ab-con1.html#index |archivedate=March 12, 2009 |df= }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.b17bomber.de/eng/einsaetze/aphrodite12.php|title=Aphrodite-Missions, Aircraft and Crews|work=B-17 Flying Fortresses: Queen of the Skies|accessdate=2008-02-06|publisher=Jing Zhou}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/1942_2a.html 42-39758 to 42-50026|title=USAAF Serial Numbers|work=Encyclopedia of American Aircraft|accessdate=2008-02-06|publisher=Joseph F. Baugher|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404070929/http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/1942_2a.html|archivedate=2009-04-04|df=}}*NOTE: Since pilots were to abandon the aircraft after transfer of control to the mothership (not impact), the August 4 claim for the Siracourt target appears inaccurate: "pilot killed when abandoned aircraft too soon before impact." Bibliography
|publisher=Osprey publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-1-84176-791-8|ref=harv}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|V-1-site Siracourt}}
5 : V-weapon subterranea|Ruins in Hauts-de-France|World War II in the Pas-de-Calais|World War II sites in France|World War II strategic bombing |
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