| 词条 | Menehune |
| 释义 |
Menehune are a mythological dwarf people in Hawaiian tradition who live in the deep forests and hidden valleys of the Hawaiian Islands, hidden and far away from human settlements. The Menehune are described as superb craftspeople. They built temples (heiau), fishponds, roads, canoes, and houses. Some of these structures that Hawaiian folklore attributed to the Menehune still exist. They are said to have lived in Hawai{{okina}}i before settlers arrived from Polynesia many centuries ago. Their favorite food is the mai{{okina}}a (banana), and they also like fish. In Martha Warren Beckwith's Hawaiian Mythology, there are references to several other forest dwelling races: the Nawao, who were large-sized wild hunters descended from Lua-nu{{okina}}u, the mu people, and the wa people.[1] Some early scholars theorized that there was a first settlement of Hawai{{okina}}i, by settlers from the Marquesas Islands, and a second, from Tahiti. The Tahitian settlers oppressed the "commoners", the manahune in the Tahitian language, who fled to the mountains and were called Menahune. Proponents of this theory point to an 1820 census of Kaua{{okina}}i by Kaumuali{{okina}}i, the ruling ali{{okina}}i aimoku of the island, which listed 65 people as menehune.[2] Folklorist Katharine Luomala believes that the legends of the Menehune are a post-European contact mythology created by adaptation of the term manahune (which by the time of the colonizing of the Hawaiian Islands by Europeans had acquired a meaning of "lowly people" or "low social status" and not diminutive in stature) to European legends of brownies.[3] '"It is claimed that "Menehune" are not mentioned in pre-contact mythology, although this is unproven since it was clearly an oral mythology; the legendary "overnight" creation of the Alekoko fishpond, for example, finds its equivalent in the legend[4] about the creation of a corresponding structure on O{{okina}}ahu, which was supposedly indeed completed in a single day — not by menehune but, as a show of power, by a local ali{{okina}}i who demanded every one of his subjects to appear at the construction site and assist in building. No physical evidence for the existence of a historical person that fits the description of the Menehune has been discovered.[5] Structures attributed to the Menehune
Other uses
See also
Notes1. ^Beckwith 1970, pp. 321-323 2. ^Joesting 1987, pp. 20-22 3. ^Luomala 1951 4. ^Nordhoff 1874 5. ^p. 142, Pukui, Mary Kawena, Elbert, Samuel H., and Mookini, Esther T. Mookini. Place Names of Hawaii: Revised & Expanded Edition. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1974. 6. ^Menehune Fishpond 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/pdfs/kic_brochure.pdf |title=Hoʻihoʻi Kulana Wahi pana - Restoring Sacred Places |publisher=brochure published by Kamehameha Investment Corporation |year=2008 |accessdate=2009-10-20 }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://advertisingiconmuseum.org/inside/c11/3237033.html |title=United Airlines Menehune |publisher=Advertisingiconmuseum.org |date= |accessdate=2013-09-27}} References
| last= Beckwith | first = Martha | title = Hawaiian Mythology | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1970 }} www.sacredtexts.com
| last = Joesting | first = Edward | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Kauaʻi, The Separate Kingdom | publisher = University of Hawaiʻi Press and Kauaʻi Museum Association. | origyear = 1984 | year = 1987 | location = Honolulu, Hawaii | isbn = 0-8248-1162-3 }}
| last1 = Nordyke | first1 = Eleanor C. | title = The Peopling of Hawaiʻi | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0-8248-1191-7 }}
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4 : Hawaiian legendary creatures|Hawaii culture|Deities and spirits|Dwarf-like creatures |
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