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词条 Slavery in Libya
释义

  1. History

     Enslavement of Europeans  Enslavement of black Africans  Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era  Reactions 

  2. Legacy

  3. See also

  4. References

{{slavery}}

Slavery in Libya[1][2][3][4] has a long history and a lasting impact on the Libyan culture. It is closely connected with the wider context of slavery in North African and Arab slave trade. Therefore, it is better understood when this wider scope is taken into account.

History

{{further|Slavery in antiquity|History of slavery in the Muslim world}}

Enslavement of Europeans

{{main|Barbary slave trade}}

It is estimated that between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by pirates and sold as slaves between the 16th and 19th century. Reports of Barbary raids and kidnappings of those in Italy, France, Iberia, England, Ireland, Scotland as far north as Iceland exist from this period.[5] Famous accounts of Barbary slave raids include a mention in the Diary of Samuel Pepys and a raid on the coastal village of Baltimore, Ireland, during which pirates left with the entire populace of the settlement. Such raids in the Mediterranean were so frequent and devastating that the coastline between Venice to Malaga[6] suffered widespread depopulation, and settlement there was discouraged. In fact, it was said that this was largely because "there was no one left to capture any longer".[7]

Enslavement of black Africans

{{further|Afro-Arabs|Trans-Saharan trade route|Arab slave trade|Ottoman slave trade}}

The Tuareg and others who are indigenous to Libya facilitated, taxed and partly organized the trade from the south along the trans-Saharan trade routes. In the 1830s — a period of time when slave trade flourished — Ghadames was handling 2,500 slaves a year.[8] Even though the slave trade was officially abolished in Tripoli in 1853, in practice it continued until the 1890s.[9]

The British Consul in Benghazi wrote in 1875 that the slave trade had reached an enormous scale and that the slaves who were sold in Alexandria and Constantinople had quadrupled in price. This trade, he wrote, was encouraged by the local government.[9]

Adolf Vischer, writes in an article published in 1911 that:"...it has been said that slave traffic is still going on on the Benghazi-Wadai route, but it is difficult to test the truth of such an assertion as, in any case, the traffic is carried on secretly".[10] At Kufra, the Egyptian traveller Ahmed Hassanein Bey found out in 1916 that he could buy a girl slave for five pounds sterling while in 1923 he found that the price had risen to 30 to 40 pounds sterling.[11]

Another traveler, the Danish convert to Islam Knud Holmboe, crossed the Italian Libyan desert in 1930, and was told that slavery is still practiced in Kufra and that he could buy a slave girl for 30 pounds sterling at the Thursday slave market.[11] According to James Richardson testimony, when he visited Ghadames, most slaves were from Bornu.[12]

Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era

Since the United Nations-backed and NATO-led overthrow of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's regime in 2011, Libya has been plagued by disorder and migrants with little cash and no papers have become vulnerable. Libya is a major exit point for African migrants heading to Europe. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) published a report in April 2017 showing that many of the migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa heading to Europe are sold as slaves after being detained by people smugglers or militia groups. African countries south of Libya were targeted for slave trading and transferred to Libyan slave markets instead. According to the victims, the price is higher for migrants with skills like painting and tiling.[13][14] Slaves are often ransomed to their families and in the meantime until ransom can be paid tortured, forced to work, sometimes to death and eventually executed or left to starve if they can't pay for too long. Women are often raped and used as sex slaves and sold to brothels and private Libyan clients.[13][14][15][16] Many child migrants also suffer from abuse and child rape in Libya.[17][18]

After receiving unverified CNN video of a November 2017 slave auction in Libya, a human trafficker told Al-Jazeera (a Qatari TV station with interests in Libya) that hundreds of migrants are bought and sold across the country every week.[19] Migrants who have gone through Libyan detention centres have shown signs of many human rights abuses such as severe abuse, including electric shocks, burns, lashes and even skinning, stated the director of health services on the Italian island of Lampedusa to Euronews.[20]

A Libyan group known as the Asma Boys have antagonized migrants from other parts of Africa from at least as early as 2000, destroying their property.[21] Nigerian migrants in January 2018 gave accounts of abuses in detention centres, including being leased or sold as slaves.[22] Videos of Sudanese migrants being burnt and whipped for ransom, were released later on by their families on social media.[23] In June 2018, the United Nations applied sanctions against four Libyans (including a Coast Guard commander) and two Eritreans for their criminal leadership of slave trade networks.[24]

Reactions

The governments of Burkina Faso and the Democratic Republic of the Congo responded to the reports by recalling their ambassadors from Libya.[25] The CNN report incited outrage. Hundreds of protesters, mostly young black people, protested in front of the Libyan embassy in central Paris, with French police firing tear gas to disperse them. Moussa Faki Mahamat, chairman of African Union Commission called the auctions "despicable".[26] Protests also took place outside Libyan embassies in Bamako, Conakry[27] and Yaounde.[28] UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres stated that he was horrified by the auction footage and these crimes should be investigated as possible crimes against humanity.[29] Hundreds protested outside the Libyan Embassy on 9 December in London.[30]

President of Niger Mahamadou Issoufou summoned the Libyan ambassador and demanded the International Court of Justice to investigate Libya for slave trade. Foreign minister of Burkina Faso Alpha Barry also stated he had summoned the Libyan ambassador for consultations.[31] France on 22 November sought an emergency meeting of UN Security Council, while President Emmanuel Macron called the footage "scandalous" and "unacceptable." He called the auctions as a crime against humanity.[32] President of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari stated that Nigerians were being treated like goats and stated stranded Nigerian migrants in Libya will be brought back.[33]

The African Union, European Union and United Nations agreed on 30 November to set up a task force in Libya against migrant abuse. The task force's aim is to coordinate its work with the GNA to dismantle trafficking and criminal networks. It also aims to help countries of origin and transit hubs to tackle migration with development and stability.[34] African and European leaders agreed on the same day to evacute the migrants trapped in camps.[35]

Former Nigerian aviation minister Femi Fani-Kayode published images on Twitter claiming that slaves were having their organs harvested and some of their bodies are burnt. He also quoted a report claiming that 75% of the slaves are from southern Nigeria. It was unclear however whether his images were authentic.[36]

A Ghanaian lawyer Bobby Banson also claimed that the organs parts of the migrants were being harvested and they were not being sold for work. He requested African Union to set up an ad-hoc committee to investigate the slave trade.[37]

Legacy

As a result of the Arab slave trade, the word عبد ({{IPA|/ʕabd/}} "slave") is still used pejoratively by some Arabic speakers in Libya to refer to someone owned by another person or persons.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

See also

{{Portal|Libya}}
  • African slave trade
  • Human trafficking in Libya
  • Slavery in modern Africa
  • Islamic views on slavery
  • Arab slave trade
  • Afro Arab
  • Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
  • 2011 military intervention in Libya

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://shoebat.com/2017/04/12/muslims-are-taking-countless-africans-as-slaves-starving-them-to-death-selling-them-and-taking-the-women-to-rape-them/|title=Muslims Are Taking Countless Africans As Slaves, Starving Them To Death, Selling Them And Taking The Women To Rape Them|date=13 April 2017|publisher=}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5Oo21chusE|title=Libya Slave Trade: Rights group says migrants sold off in markets|first=|last=TRT World|date=12 April 2017|publisher=|via=YouTube}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2mKWRjASmo|title=Profiting off the misery of others: Libya’s migrant ‘slave trade’|first=|last=TRT World|date=26 April 2017|publisher=|via=YouTube}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women,-Children-Raped,-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef|title=Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya’s Hellholes: Unicef|date=28 February 2017|publisher=}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|title=When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|archivedate=2011-07-25|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_05.shtml|title=BBC - History - British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast|publisher=}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml|title=BBC - History - British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast|publisher=}}
8. ^K. S. McLachlan, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/622157 "Tripoli and Tripolitania: Conflict and Cohesion during the Period of the Barbary Corsairs (1551-1850)"], Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 3, No. 3, Settlement and Conflict in the Mediterranean World. (1978), pp. 285-294.
9. ^1 Lisa Anderson, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/163044 "Nineteenth-Century Reform in Ottoman Libya"], International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 16, No. 3. (Aug., 1984), pp. 325-348.
10. ^Adolf Vischer, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1778642 "Tripoli"], The Geographical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5. (Nov., 1911), pp. 487-494.
11. ^1 {{cite book |author=Wright, John |title=The trans-Saharan slave trade |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2007|isbn=0-415-38046-4}}
12. ^{{cite book |author=Wright, John |title=Libya, Chad and the Central Sahara |publisher=C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd|year=1989|isbn=1-85065-050-0}}
13. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39567632|title=African migrants sold in Libya 'slave markets', IOM says|publisher=BBC}}
14. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/10/libya-public-slave-auctions-un-migration|title=Migrants from west Africa being ‘sold in Libyan slave markets’|publisher=The Guardian}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/African-migrants-sold-as-slaves-in-Libya-/1066-3886812-5hy4xoz/index.html|title=African migrants sold as 'slaves’ in Libya|publisher=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://boingboing.net/2017/04/11/international-organization-for.html|title=West African migrants are kidnapped and sold in Libyan slave markets / Boing Boing|website=boingboing.net}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39109585|title=Libya exposed as child migrant abuse hub|first=Paul|last=Adams|date=28 February 2017|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women,-Children-Raped,-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef|title=Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya’s Hellholes: Unicef|date=28 February 2017|publisher=}}
19. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/african-refugees-bought-sold-murdered-libya-171129103602048.html|title= African refugees bought, sold and murdered in Libya |publisher= Al-Jazeera}}
20. ^Italian doctor laments Libya's 'concentration camps' for migrants
21. ^{{cite book|title=Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, financial, and technical series, Volume 37|date=2000|publisher=Blackwell|page=14496|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=mseGAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=28 February 2018}}
22. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42492687 Migrant slavery in Libya: Nigerians tell of being used as slaves]
23. ^[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/25/africa/libya-sudanese-migrants-torture-intl/index.html First they were burned and whipped, then their families were sent the videos]
24. ^{{cite news |last1=Elbagir |first1=Nima |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Laura |title=Unprecedented UN sanctions slapped on 'millionaire migrant traffickers' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/07/africa/un-sanctions-migrant-traffickers-intl/index.html |accessdate=8 June 2018 |publisher=CNN |date=7 June 2018}}
25. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.digitalcongo.net/article/5a1564963f078600040e0175| title = Esclavage en Libye : Après le Burkina Faso, la RDC rappelle aussi son ambassadeur à Tripoli !| date = 22 November 2017| website = Digital Congo| access-date = 22 November 2017| language = French}}
26. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/world/africa/libya-migrants-slavery.html |title= Sale of Migrants as Slaves in Libya Causes Outrage in Africa and Paris |author= Nour Youssef |date= November 19, 2017 |work= New York Times |accessdate= November 24, 2017 }}
27. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-slavery-migrants/sale-of-migrants-in-libya-slave-markets-sparks-global-outcry-idUSKBN1DK2AU |title= Sale of migrants in Libya 'slave markets' sparks global outcry |author= Nellie Peyton |date= November 21, 2017 |work= Reuters |accessdate= November 24, 2017 }}
28. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.africanews.com/2017/11/22/libya-cameroonians-protest-against-sale-of-migrants-as-slave/ |title= Libya: Cameroonians protest against sale of migrants as slave |author= Michael Ike Dibie |date= November 22, 2017 |work= Africanews |accessdate= November 24, 2017 }}
29. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/11/21/world/social-issues-world/libya-auctions-migrants-sold-slaves-may-crime-humanity-u-n-chief/#.Whe4jNKWbIU |title= Libya auctions of migrants sold as slaves may be crime against humanity: U.N. chief |date= November 20, 2017 |work= The Japan Times |accessdate= November 24, 2017 }}
30. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/antislavery-march-hundreds-of-protesters-descend-on-libyan-embassy-in-london-a3714796.html |title= Anti-slavery march: Hundreds of protesters descend on Libyan embassy in London |date= December 9, 2017 |work= Evening Standard |accessdate= December 24, 2017 }}
31. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.dw.com/en/slave-trade-in-libya-outrage-across-africa/a-41486013 |title= Slave trade in Libya: Outrage across Africa |date= November 22, 2017 |work= Deutsche Welle |accessdate= November 24, 2017 }}
32. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.france24.com/en/20171122-france-calls-un-security-council-meeting-libya-slave-auctions-macron |title= France calls UN Security Council meeting over Libya slave auctions |date= November 22, 2017 |work= France24 |accessdate= November 24, 2017 }}
33. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42168310 |title= Nigeria's Buhari vows to fly home stranded migrants |date= November 29, 2017 |work= BBC |accessdate= December 1, 2017 }}
34. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.africanews.com/2017/11/30/au-eu-un-chiefs-meet-in-abidjan-agree-on-libya-migration-task-force/ |title= AU, EU, UN chiefs meet in Abidjan, agree on Libya migration task force |date= November 30, 2017 |work= Africanews |accessdate= December 1, 2017 }}
35. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/30/african-and-european-leaders-want-to-evacuate-thousands-mired-in-libyan-slave-trade/ |title= African and European leaders want to evacuate thousands mired in Libyan slave trade |date= November 30, 2017 |work= The Washington Post |accessdate= December 1, 2017 }}
36. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.newsweek.com/nigerian-slaves-have-organs-harvested-and-bodies-burned-728320|title= Nigerian slaves have organs harvested, bodies mutilated and are set on fire, horrifying pictures claim|date= December 1, 2017 |work= Newsweek |accessdate= December 24, 2017 }}
37. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/12/03/lawyer-slaves-in-libya-are-used-for-organ-trade_a_23295417/|title= Lawyer: Slaves In Libya Are Used For Organ Trade|date= December 3, 2017 |work= Newsweek |accessdate= December 24, 2017 }}
{{Africa in topic|Slavery in}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Slavery In Libya}}

6 : Slavery by country|Libyan society|History of Libya by topic|Slavery in Africa|Racism in Libya|Anti-black racism in Africa
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