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词条 Men's rights movement
释义

  1. History

     Forerunners  Movement  Relation to feminism 

  2. Issues

     Adoption  Anti-dowry laws  Child custody   Circumcision   Criminal justice  Divorce  Domestic violence  Education   Female privilege   Governmental structures  Health  Homelessness  Incarceration  Military conscription  Paternity fraud  Rape  False accusations against men  Criminalization of marital rape   Critique of men's rights rape discourse   Reproductive rights  Social security and insurance  Suicide 

  3. Criticism

  4. See also

  5. Footnotes

  6. References

  7. Further reading

  8. External links

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}{{short description|Anti-feminist social movement concerned with discrimination against men}}{{Rights |By claimant}}{{distinguish|text=the pro-feminist Men's liberation movement}}{{Masculism sidebar|movements}}

The men's rights movement (MRM) is a part of the larger men's movement. It branched off from the men's liberation movement in the early 1970s. The men's rights movement is notably anti-feminist and made up of a variety of groups and individuals who focus on numerous social issues (including family law, parenting, reproduction, domestic violence against men and opposition to circumcision) and government services (including education, compulsory military service, social safety nets, and health policies), which men's rights advocates say discriminate against men.

Scholars have described the men's rights movement or parts of the movement as a backlash against feminism.[1]

Claims and activities associated with the men's rights movement have been criticized and labeled hateful and violent.[1][2] In 2018, the Southern Poverty Law Center categorized some men's rights groups as being part of a hate ideology under the umbrella of patriarchy and male supremacy.[3][4] The movement and sectors of the movement have been described as misogynistic,[5][7] and the perceived disadvantage some men feel is argued as often being due to loss of entitlement and privilege.[6]

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History

Forerunners

The term "men's rights" was used at least as early as February 1856 when it appeared in Putnam's Magazine.[7]

Three loosely connected men's rights organizations formed in Austria in the interwar period. The League for Men's Rights was founded in 1926 with the goal of "combatting all excesses of women's emancipation".[8][9][10][11] In 1927, the Justitia League for Family Law Reform and the Aequitas World's League for the Rights of Men split from the League of Men's Rights.[8][9] The three men's rights groups opposed women's entry into the labor market and what they saw as the corrosive influence of the women's movement on social and legal institutions. They criticized marriage and family laws, especially the requirement to pay spousal and child support to former wives and illegitimate children, and supported the use of blood tests to determine paternity.[8][9] Justitia and Aequitas issued their own short-lived journals Men's Rightists Newspaper and Self-Defense where they expressed their views that were heavily influenced by the works of Heinrich Schurtz, Otto Weininger, and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels. The organizations ceased to exist before 1939.[8][9]

Movement

The modern men's rights movement emerged from the men's liberation movement, which appeared in the first half of the 1970s when scholars began to study feminist ideas and politics.[12]{{sfn|Newton|2004|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=bXZkmNTSQUAC&pg=PA190 190–200]}} The men's liberation movement acknowledged men's institutionalized power while critically examining the consequences of hegemonic masculinity.[12] In the late 1970s, the men's liberation movement split into two separate strands with opposing views: the pro-feminist men's movement and the anti-feminist men's rights movement.[12] Men's rights activists have rejected feminist principles and focused on areas in which they believe men are disadvantaged, oppressed, or discriminated against.[12]{{sfn|Newton|2004|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=bXZkmNTSQUAC&pg=PA190 190–200]}}[13] Masculinities studies scholar Michael Kimmel notes that their critiques of gender roles "morphed into a celebration of all things masculine and a near infatuation with the traditional masculine role itself."[14]

In the 1980s and 1990s, men's rights activists opposed societal changes sought by feminists and defended the patriarchal gender order in the family, schools and the workplace.[15] Some men's rights activists view men as an oppressed group[27][16][17][18] and believe that society and men have been "feminized" by the women's movement.[19][20] Sarah Maddison, an Australian author, has said that Warren Farrell and Herb Goldberg "argue that, for most men, power is an illusion, and that women are the true power holders in society through their roles as the primary carers and nurturers of children".[19]

One of the first major men's rights organizations was the Coalition of American Divorce Reform Elements, founded by Richard Doyle in 1971, from which the Men's Rights Association spun off in 1973.{{sfn|Newton|2004|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=bXZkmNTSQUAC&pg=PA190 190–200]}}[21] Free Men Inc. was founded in 1977 in Columbia, Maryland, spawning several chapters over the following years, which eventually merged to form the National Coalition of Free Men{{sfn|Ashe|2007|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=nXDbiPA9IuQC&pg=PA63 63]}} (now known as the National Coalition for Men). Men's Rights, Inc. was also formed in 1977.[22]{{sfn|Ashe|2007|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=nXDbiPA9IuQC&pg=PA63 63]}} Fathers and Families was formed in 1994.[23] In the United Kingdom, a men's rights group calling itself the UK Men's Movement began to organize in the early 1990s.{{sfn|Dunphy|2000|pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=NVPQkt0bVpAC&pg=PA142 142–143]}} The Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) was founded in 2005, and in 2010 claimed to have over 30,000 members.[24][25][26]

Men's rights groups have formed in some European countries during periods of shifts toward conservatism and policies supporting patriarchal family and gender relations.[27] In the United States, the men's rights movement has ideological ties to neoconservatism.{{sfn|Menzies|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA77 77]}}{{sfn|Flood|2007|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=EUON2SYps-QC&pg=PA430 430–433]}} Men's rights activists have received lobbying support from conservative organizations[28] and their arguments have been covered extensively in neoconservative media.[29]

The men's rights movement has become more vocal and more organized since the development of the internet.[30][31] The manosphere emerged and men's rights websites and forums have proliferated on the internet.[30] Activists mostly organize online.[32][47] The most popular men's rights site is A Voice for Men.[33] Other sites dedicated to men's rights issues are the Fathers Rights Foundation, MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way), and subreddits like /r/MensRights.[34][35][36] Men's rights proponents often use the red pill and blue pill metaphor from a scene in The Matrix to identify each other online and in reference to the moment they came to believe that men are oppressed.[32][33][34] There tends to be much hostility between the different subgroups. Critics say that r/TheRedpill is a subreddit dedicated to men's rights.[32][33] However, others from within the subreddit claim they focus on personal and interpersonal improvement.[37] Some critics, outside the subreddit, say r/TheRedPill does not really care for the men’s rights movement and that MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way) are men who have no patience for either /r/TheRedPill or men's rights.[38]

Fringe political parties focusing on men's rights have been formed including, but not limited to, the Australian Non-Custodial Parents Party (Equal Parenting),[39] the Israeli Man's Rights in the Family Party,[40][41][42] and the Justice for Men and Boys party in the UK.

Most men's rights activists in the United States are white, middle-class, heterosexual men.[43][44][65][45] Prominent advocates include Warren Farrell,[19] Herb Goldberg,[19] Richard Doyle,[46] and Asa Baber.[47][48] Several women have emerged as leading voices of the MRM, including Helen Smith, Christina Hoff Sommers[49] and Erin Pizzey.[50]

Relation to feminism

Many scholars consider the men's rights movement a backlash[51] or countermovement[52] to feminism. Bob Lingard and Peter Douglas suggest that the conservative wing of the men's rights movement, rather than the men's rights position in general, is an antifeminist backlash.[53] Masculinities scholar Jonathan A. Allan described the men's rights movement as a reactionary movement that is defined by its opposition to women and feminism but has not yet formulated its own theories and methodologies outside of antifeminism.[54] Scholar Michael Messner notes that the early men's rights movement "appropriates the symmetrical language of sex roles" first used by feminists, which implies a false balance of institutional power between men and women.[55]

The men's rights movement generally incorporates points of view that reject feminist and profeminist ideas.{{sfn|Flood|2007| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=jh7y6ELc90YC&pg=PA430#v=onepage&q&f=false 430–433]}} Men's rights activists have said that they believe feminism has radicalized its objective and harmed men.[12][19][56][57] They believe that rights have been taken away from men and that men are victims of feminism and 'feminizing' influences in society.[54] They dispute that men as a group have institutional power and privilege[58]{{sfn|Flood|2007|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=jh7y6ELc90YC&pg=PA430#v=onepage&q&f=false 430–433]}} and believe that men are victimized and disadvantaged relative to women.{{sfn|Dunphy|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NVPQkt0bVpAC&pg=PA88 88]}}{{sfn|Flood|2007|p = 418–422 }}[12]{{sfn|Flood|2007|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=jh7y6ELc90YC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false 21]}} Men's rights groups generally reject the notion that feminism is interested in men's problems,{{sfn|Flood|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jh7y6ELc90YC&pg=PA430#v=onepage&q&f=false 430–433]}} and some men's rights activists have viewed the women's movement as a plot to deliberately conceal discrimination against men and promote gynocentrism.[12][59]{{sfn|Flood|2007|p=418–422}}

Issues

Men's rights proponents are concerned with a wide variety of matters, some of which have spawned their own groups or movements, such as the fathers' rights movement, concerned specifically with divorce and child custody issues.{{sfn |Messner | 1997 |p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false 41–48] }} Some, if not all, men's rights issues stem from gender roles and, according to sociologist Allan Johnson, patriarchy.[60]

Adoption

Men's rights activists seek to expand the rights of unwed fathers in case of their child's adoption.[61]{{sfn|Farrell|2008|p=79–80}} Warren Farrell argues that in failing to inform the father of a pregnancy, an expectant mother deprives an adopted child of a relationship with the biological father. He proposes that women be legally required to make every reasonable effort to notify the father of her pregnancy within four to five days.{{sfn|Farrell|2008|p=79–80}} In response, philosopher James P. Sterba agrees that, for moral reasons, a woman should inform the father of the pregnancy and adoption, but this should not be imposed as a legal requirement as it might result in undue pressure, for example, to have an abortion.{{sfn|Farrell|2008|p=193–94}}

Anti-dowry laws

Men's rights organizations such as Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) say that women misuse legislation meant to protect them from dowry death and bride burnings.[62] SIFF is a men's rights organization in India that focuses on abuse of anti-dowry laws against men.[63] SIFF has campaigned to abolish Section 498A[64] of the Indian Penal Code, which penalizes cruelty by husbands (and the husband's family) in pursuit of dowry or for driving a wife to suicide.[65][66] SIFF states anti-dowry laws are regularly being abused to settle petty disputes in marriage[67] and that they regularly receive calls from many men who allege their wives have used false dowry claims to imprison them.[68]

Child custody

{{ See also|Fathers' rights movement}}Family law is an area of deep concern among men's rights groups. Men's rights adherents argue that the legal system and family courts discriminate against men, especially in regards to child custody after divorce.[69]{{sfn|Messner|1997|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&pg=PA41 41–48]}}[70] They believe that men do not have the same contact rights or equitable shared parenting rights as their ex-spouse and use statistics on custody awards as evidence of judicial bias against men.[71] Men's rights advocates seek to change the legal climate for men through changes in family law, for example by lobbying for laws that make joint custody the default custody arrangement except in cases where one parent is unfit or unwilling to parent.{{sfn|Clatterbaugh|1997|p=77}}[71] They appropriated the feminist rhetoric of "rights" and "equality" in their discourse, framing child custody as a matter of basic civil rights as opposed to children's rights.[12][52][72][73] Some men's rights activists argue that the lack of contact with their children makes fathers less willing to pay child support.[74] Others cite parental alienation syndrome (PAS) as a reason to grant custody to fathers.[75] Scholarly consensus has rejected PAS as an empirically-supported syndrome.[76]

Family law scholars state that father's rights proponents fail to credit feminism as being the revolutionary social force to bring awareness of fathers' equally important parental roles.[77] Scholars and critics assert that empirical research does not support the notion of a judicial bias against men[69] and that men's rights advocates distort statistics in a way that ignores the fact that the majority of men do not seek custody.[71] 90% of custody disputes are agreed upon without family court involvement[78] and studies have found fair assessment in child custody decisions and that legal appointees are more likely to award custody to parents with interpersonally sensitive traits such as warmth and compassion regardless of gender.[79]

Academics critique the rhetorical framing of custody decisions, stating that men's rights advocates appeal for "equal rights" without ever specifying the legal rights they believe have been violated.[80] Scholars and critics assert that the men's rights rhetoric of children's "needs" that accompanies their plea for fathers' rights is merely to deflect criticism that they are motivated by self-interest and masks men's rights advocates' own claims.[52][81][7] Deborah Rhode argues that contrary to the claims of some men's rights activists, research shows that joint legal custody does not increase the likelihood that fathers will pay child support or remain involved parents.[82] Michael Flood argues that the father's rights movement seems to prioritize re-establishing paternal authority over actual involvement with the children, and that they prioritize formal principles of equality over positive parenting and well-being of the children.[83]

Lundy Bancroft states that family courts repeatedly fail to protect battered women and their children by frequently granting joint or sole custody to abusive fathers.[84]

Circumcision

{{See also|Circumcision controversies|Ethics of circumcision|Forced circumcision|Violence against men}}

Observers have noted that the 'intactivist' movement, an anti-circumcision movement, has some overlap with the men's rights movement.[54][85] Most men's rights activists object to routine neonatal circumcision and say that female genital mutilation has received more attention than male circumcision.[54][86][87][88][89][90]

The controversy around non-consensual circumcision of children for non-therapeutic reasons is not exclusive to the men's rights movement, and involves concerns of feminists and medical ethics.[91][129] Some doctors and academics have argued that circumcision is a violation of the right to health and bodily integrity,[92][93][94][95][96] while others have disagreed.[97][98][99][100]

Criminal justice

Warren Farrell claims there are criminal defenses that are only available to women.[101]{{primary-inline|date=July 2018}} N. Quintin Woolf has argued that the over-representation of men as both murderers and the victims of murder is evidence that men are being harmed by outmoded cultural attitudes.[102]

Divorce

Men's rights groups in the United States began organizing in opposition to divorce reform and custody issues around the 1960s. Up until this time, husbands held legal power and control over wives and children.[103] The men involved in the early organization claimed that family and divorce law discriminated against them and favored their wives.{{sfn|Ashe|2007|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=nXDbiPA9IuQC&pg=PA57 57]}} Men's rights leader Rich Doyle likened divorce courts to slaughterhouses, considering their judgements unsympathetic and unreasonable.{{sfn |Messner | 1997 |p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=EfyxAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 45] }}

Men's rights adherents say that men are consciously or unconsciously opting out of marriage and engaging in a "marriage strike" as a result of a perceived lack of benefits in marriage, and the emotional and financial consequences of divorce, including alimony, child custody and support.[104] Men's rights activists have argued that divorce and custody laws violate men's individual rights to equal protection. Law professor Gwendolyn Leachman writes that this sort of framing "downplays the systemic biases that women face that justify protective divorce and custody laws".[105]

Across several countries (including the US and the UK), men file less than a third of opposite-sex divorce cases, and women file over two thirds.[106][107]

Domestic violence

{{See also|Domestic violence against men}}

Men's rights groups describe domestic violence committed by women against men as a problem that goes ignored and under-reported,[108][109] in part because men are reluctant to label themselves as victims.[109] They say that women are as aggressive or more aggressive than men in relationships[110] and that domestic violence is gender-symmetrical.[111][151] They cite controversial family conflict research by Murray Straus and Richard Gelles as evidence of gender symmetry.[112][151] Men's rights advocates argue that judicial systems too easily accept false allegations of domestic violence by women against male partners.{{sfn|Menzies|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA85 85]}} Men's rights advocates have been critics of legal, policy and practical protections for abused women,[151][113][114] campaigning for domestic violence shelters for battered men[108][109] and for the legal system to be educated about women's violence against men.[108]

In response to such claims, family violence scholar Richard Gelles published an article entitled "Domestic Violence: Not An Even Playing Field" and accused the men's rights movement of distorting his research findings on men's and women's violence to promote a misogynistic agenda.[115] Domestic violence scholars and advocates have rejected the flawed research cited by men's rights activists and dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical,[12][162][110][116][117][118] suggesting that their focus on women's violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the severity of the problem of men's violence against women and children[116] and to undermine services to abused women.[110][118] Men's rights groups have lobbied to block state funding to battered women's shelters, despite the high rates of intimate partner femicide justifying greater funding.[119][151]

Education

{{see also|Sex differences in education}}

Men's rights adherents describe the education of boys as being in crisis, with boys having reduced educational achievement and motivation compared to girls.[172] Advocates blame the influence of feminism on education for what they believe is discrimination against and systematic oppression of boys in the education system.[120][121] They critique what they describe as the "feminization" of education, stating that the predominance of female teachers, a focus on girls' needs, as well as a curricula and assessment methods that supposedly favour girls, have proved repressive and restrictive to men and boys.[172][122]

Another study has also found gender differences in academic achievement not being reliably linked to gender policies, and that female academic achievement is greater than boys' in 70% of studied countries around the world.[123] However, this is contradicted in Australia by ACARA's independent NAPLAN findings that "Since their introduction, a subtle but consistent pattern of gender differences in performance on the NAPLAN tests has emerged, with boys regularly outperforming girls in numeracy, and girls consistently outperforming boys in the reading, writing, spelling, and grammar and punctuation components".[124] To further add to the confusion with other evidence presented, there has been an obvious, unexplained and significant drop in the number of boys at university in most countries. Australia, for example, has seen a drop from 61% to 46% since 1974.[125] Similar trends have been observed in the UK, which is thought to be influenced primarily by teacher policies and attitudes.[124]

Men's rights groups call for increased recognition of masculinity, greater numbers of male role models, more competitive sports, and the increased responsibilities for boys in the school setting. They have also advocated clearer school routines, more traditional school structures, including gender-segregated classrooms, and stricter discipline.[122]

Critics suggest that men's rights groups view boys as a homogeneous group sharing common experiences of schooling and that they fail to account for how responses to educational approaches may differ by age, disability, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, and class.[122]

In Australia, men's rights discourse has influenced government policy documents. Compared to Australia, less impact has been noted in the United Kingdom, where feminists have historically had less influence on educational policy.[120] However, Mary Curnock Cook, the UCAs chief executive, argued that in Britain "despite the clear evidence and despite the press coverage, there is a deafening policy silence on the issue. Has the women’s movement now become so normalised that we cannot conceive of needing to take positive action to secure equal education outcomes for boys?”[121]

Female privilege

The men's rights movement rejects the concept that men are privileged relative to women.[126] The movement is divided into two groups: those who consider men and women to be harmed equally by sexism, and those who view society as endorsing the degradation of men and upholding what they term "female privilege".[126]

Connor et al. have rejected the idea of female privilege, as research since the early 90s on ambivalent sexism across the world has found that these "privileges" are benevolent sexism, which contributes to women's oppression.[127]

Governmental structures

Men's rights groups have called for governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education, health, work and marriage.[128][189][129] Men's rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men's Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men, or for the abolition of the National Commission for Women.[128][130][131] In the United Kingdom, the creation of a Minister for Men analogous to the existing Minister for Women, has been proposed by David Amess, MP and Lord Northbourne, but was rejected by the government headed by Prime Minister Tony Blair.[132][133][134] In the United States, Warren Farrell heads a commission focused on the creation of a White House Council on Boys and Men as a counterpart to the White House Council on Women and Girls, which was formed in March 2009.[135][129]

Health

Men's rights groups view the health issues faced by men and their shorter life spans compared to women globally, as evidence of discrimination and oppression.{{sfn |Messner | 1997 |p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false 41–48] }}[199] They claim that feminism has led to women's health issues being privileged at the expense of men's.{{sfn|Menzies|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA86 86]}} They highlight certain disparities in funding of men's health issues as compared to women's, noting that, for example, prostate cancer research receives less funding than breast-cancer research.[136][137] David Benatar has argued that putting more money into health research on males may reduce the disparity between men's and women's life expectancy.[138] However, women and minorities had typically been excluded from medical research until the 1990s.[139][140] Vivianna Simon notes, "Most biomedical and clinical research has been based on the assumption that the male can serve as representative of the species." Medical scholars warn that such false assumptions are still prevalent.[141] Contrary to antifeminist assertions, empirical findings suggest that gender bias against females remains the norm in medicine.[142][143] {{page number needed|date=November 2018}} Farrell argues that industrialization raised the stress level of men while lowering the stress-level of women by pulling men away from the home and the family, and pushing women closer to home and family. He cites this an explanation why men are more likely to die from all 15 leading causes of death than women at all ages. He argues that the U.S. government having an Office of Research on Women's Health but no Office of Research on Men's Health, along with the U.S. federal government spending twice as much money on Women's health, shows that society considers men more disposable than women.[144]

Scholars have critiqued these claims,[116][136]{{sfn|Messner|1997|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&pg=PA6 6–7]}} stating, as Michael Messner puts it, that the poorer health outcomes are the heavy costs paid by men "for conformity with the narrow definitions of masculinity that promise to bring them status and privilege"{{sfn|Messner|1997|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6–7]}} and that these costs fall disproportionately on men who are marginalized socially and economically.{{sfn|Messner|1997|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&pg=PA6 6–7]}} According to Michael Flood, men's health would best be improved by "tackling destructive notions of manhood, an economic system which values profit and productivity over workers' health, and the ignorance of service providers", instead of blaming a feminist health movement.[116] {{Failed verification|date=June 2018}} Genevieve Creighton & John L Oliffe have stated that men engage in positive health practices, such as reducing fat intake and alcohol, to conform to positive masculine ideals.[145] Some have argued that biology contributes to the life-expectancy gap. For example, it has been found that females consistently outlive males among primates. Eunuchs, castrated before puberty, have shown to live with varying differences, more than other males, pointing to testosterone levels playing a role in the life-expectancy gap.[146] Luy M. and Gast K. found that the female-male life expectancy gap is primarily due to higher mortality rates among specific sub-populations of men (e.g., gay, trans, racial minorities). They therefore state that social programs should be narrowly targeted to those sub-populations, rather than to men as a whole.[147]

Homelessness

Men's rights advocates argue that homelessness is a gendered issue. In Britain, most homeless people are male.[148] A 2018 study focused on three Pennsylvania emergency departments found little difference in the number of men and women who self-reported as homeless; however, the study did not claim to reflect the homeless population in the United States as a whole.[149] {{non-primary source needed|date=October 2018}} For information on the homeless population of the United States as a whole, see Homelessness in the United States.

Incarceration

Men's rights activists argue research on differential prison terms for men and women provides evidence of discrimination against men.[150]{{sfn|Menzies|2007|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA73 73]}}{{sfn|Farrell|2008|p=49–56}} Farrell cites evidence that men receive harsher prison sentences and are more likely sentenced to death in the United States. He believes society considers women to be naturally more innocent and credible, and criticizes battered woman and infanticide defenses.{{sfn|Farrell|2008|p=49–56}} He also criticizes conditions in men's prisons and the lack of attention to prison male-to-male rape by authorities.{{sfn|Farrell|2008|p=49–56}}

Military conscription

Men's rights adherents have argued that sole military conscription of men is an example of discrimination against men.{{sfn |Messner | 1997 |p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false 41–48] }}[151]

In 1971, draft resisters in the United States initiated a class-action suit alleging that male-only conscription violated men's rights to equal protection under the US constitution.[219][220] When the case, Rostker v. Goldberg, reached the Supreme Court in 1981, they were supported by a men's rights group and multiple feminist groups, including the National Organization for Women.[152] However, the Supreme Court upheld the Military Selective Service Act,[153] stating that "the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than 'equity'".[154] The 2016 decision by Defense Secretary Ash Carter to make all combat positions open to women relaunched debate over whether or not women should be required to register for the Selective Service System.[155] In the case National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System, a district court ruled the male-only draft unconstitutional.

Paternity fraud

{{Main|Non-paternity event|Paternity fraud}}

Men's and fathers' rights groups have said that there are high levels of mistaken paternity or "paternity fraud", where men are parenting and/or financially supporting children who are not biologically their own.[225] They hold biological views of fatherhood, emphasizing the imperative of the genetic foundation of paternity rather than social aspects of fatherhood.[225][156] They state that men should not be forced to support children fathered by another man,[228] and that men are harmed because a relationship is created between a man and non-biological children while denying the children and their biological father of that experience and knowledge of their genetic history. In addition, they say non-biological fathers are denied the resources to have their own biological children in another relationship.[225]

Men's rights activists support the use of nonconsensual paternity testing to reassure presumed fathers about the child's paternity;[228] men's and fathers' rights groups have called for compulsory paternity testing of all children.[225][157][158] They have campaigned vigorously in support of men who have been shown by genetic testing not to be the biological father, but who are nevertheless required to be financially responsible for them.[156] Prompted by these concerns, legislators in certain jurisdictions have supported this biological view and have passed laws providing relief from child support payments when a man is proved not to be the father.[159][156] Australian men's rights groups have opposed the recommendations of a report by the Australian Law Reform Commission and the National Health and Medical Research Council that would require the informed consent of both parents for paternity testing of young children,[160] and laws that would make it illegal to obtain a sample for DNA testing without the individual's informed consent.[161] Sociologist Michael Gilding asserts that men's rights activists have exaggerated the rate and extent of misattributed paternity, which he estimates at about 1–3%.[157][162][163] He opposed unnecessary calls for mandatory paternity testing of all children.[157]

Rape

False accusations against men

{{Main|False accusation of rape}}

Men's rights activists are significantly concerned with false accusations of rape and sexual assault,[164] and desire to protect men from the negative consequences of false accusations.[165]

Men's rights proponents believe that the naming of the accused while providing the accuser (victim) with anonymity encourages abuse of this kind.[166]{{sfn|Farrell|1994|p = 161}}[167] Men's rights advocates have also claimed that rape "has been used as a scam".[168] Studies from the United States, Australia, and the Britain have found the percentage of estimated false or unsubstantiated rape allegations to be around 2% to 8%.[169][170][171][172] Quoting research including those by Eugene Kanin and the U.S. Air Force, they assert that 40–50% or more of rape allegations may be false.[173]{{sfn|Farrell|2008|p=45}}[174]

To argue the issue of false accusations of rape, the categories of 'false' and 'unsubstantiated' are often conflated, such as the National Coalition for Men citing reports like the 1996 FBI summary that finds a rate of 8% for unsubstantiated forcible rape, which is four times higher than the average for all index crimes as a whole.[173] Experts emphasize that verified false allegations are a distinct category from unsubstantiated allegations, and conflating the two is fallacious.[175] These figures are widely debated due to the questionable methodology and small sample sizes - see the False accusation of rape page for wider survey estimates.

Criminalization of marital rape

{{Main|Marital rape}}

Legislation and judicial decisions criminalizing marital rape are opposed by some men's rights groups in the United Kingdom,[176][177][178]{{sfn|Dunphy|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NVPQkt0bVpAC&pg=PA142 142] excerpt: "The conservative and unashamedly patriarchal nature of the men's rights lobby ... is well illustrated by some statements by one of its self-proclaimed spokesmen in the UK, Roger Whitcomb .. he reserved particular anger for the House of Lords ruling on marital rape in 1991 ('a long-standing feminist dream')"}} the United States[179][180] and India.[181] The reasons for opposition include concerns about false allegations related to divorce proceedings,[182]{{sfn|Farrell|1994|p = 338|ps=:"Spousal rape legislation is blackmail waiting to happen. If a man feels he needs to file for divorce, his wife can say 'If you do, I'll accuse you of spousal rape.' Spousal rape legislation is worse than government-as-substitute-husband. It's government in the bedroom"}}[183] and the belief that sex within marriage is an irrevocable part of the institution of marriage.[184][185] In India, there has been anxiety about relationships[186] and the future of marriage that such laws have given women "grossly disproportional rights".[187] Virag Dhulia of the Save Indian Family Foundation, a men's rights organization, has opposed recent efforts to criminalize marital rape in India, arguing that "no relationship will work if these rules are enforced".[186]

Critique of men's rights rape discourse

Feminist scholars Lise Gotell and Emily Dutton argue that content on the manosphere reveals anti-feminist pro-rape arguments, including that sexual violence is a gender-neutral problem, feminists are responsible for erasing men's experiences of victimization, false allegations are widespread, and that rape culture is a feminist-produced moral panic. They contend it is important to engage [this topic] as there is a real danger that MRA (Men's Rights Activism) claims could come to define the popular conversation about sexual violence.[188]

Reproductive rights

In 2006, the American National Center for Men backed a lawsuit known as Dubay v. Wells. The case concerned whether men should have the opportunity to decline all paternity rights and responsibilities in the event of an unplanned pregnancy. Supporters argued that this would allow the woman time to make an informed decision and give men the same reproductive rights as women.[189] The case and the appeal were dismissed, with the U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) stating that neither parent has the right to sever their financial responsibilities for a child and that "Dubay's claim that a man's right to disclaim fatherhood would be analogous to a woman's right to abortion rests upon a false analogy".[190][191]

Social security and insurance

Men's rights groups argue that women are given superior social security and tax benefits than men.{{sfn|Flood|2007| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=jh7y6ELc90YC&pg=PA430#v=onepage&q&f=false 430–433]}} Warren Farrell states that men in the United States pay more into social security, but in total, women receive more in benefits, and that discrimination against men in insurance and pensions have gone unrecognized.{{sfn|Farrell|1994|p=350}}

Suicide

{{Main|Gender differences in suicide}}

Men's rights activists point to higher suicide rates in men compared to women.[136]{{sfn|Menzies|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA86 86]}} In the United States for example, the male-to-female suicide death ratio varies, approximately, between 3:1 and 10:1.[192] However, studies have found an over-representation of women in attempted or incomplete suicides and men in complete suicide.[193] This phenomenon, described as the "gender paradox of suicide", is argued to derive from a tendency for females to use less lethal methods and greater male access and use of lethal methods.[193][194]

Criticism

The men's rights movement has been criticized for exhibiting misogynistic tendencies.[195] The Southern Poverty Law Center has stated that while some of the websites, blogs and forums related to the movement "voice legitimate and sometimes disturbing complaints about the treatment of men, what is most remarkable is the misogynistic tone that pervades so many".[196][197][198] After further research into the movement, the SPLC elaborated: "A thinly veiled desire for the domination of women and a conviction that the current system oppresses men in favor of women are the unifying tenets of the male supremacist worldview."[3] Other studies have pointed towards men's rights groups in India trying to change or completely abolish important legal protections for women as a form of patriarchal anxiety as well as being hostile towards women.[199]

Professor Ruth M. Mann of the University of Windsor in Canada suggests that men's rights groups fuel an international rhetoric of hatred and victimization by disseminating misinformation via online forums and websites containing constantly-updated "diatribes against feminism, ex-wives, child support, shelters, and the family law and criminal justice systems".[284] According to Mann, these stories reignite their hatred and reinforce their beliefs that the system is biased against men and that feminism is responsible for a large scale and ongoing "cover-up" of men's victimization. Mann says that although existing legislation in Canada acknowledges that men are also victims of domestic violence, men's rights advocates demand government recognition that men are equally or more victimized by domestic violence, claims not supported by the data.[200] Mann also states that in contrast to feminist groups, who have advocated for domestic violence services on behalf of other historically oppressed groups in addition to women, such as individuals impacted by poverty, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, etc., men's rights groups have attempted to achieve their goals by actively opposing and attempting to dismantle services and supports put in place to protect abused women and children.[200]

Domestic abuse expert Lundy Bancroft has called men's rights "the abuser's crusade" and said that the attitudes of the movement contribute to abuse of women.[201]

Other researchers such as Michael Flood have accused the men's rights movement, particularly the father's rights groups in Australia, of endangering women, children, and even men who are at greater risk of abuse and violence.[202][203] Flood states that the men's rights/father's rights groups in Australia pursues "equality with a vengeance" or equal policies with negative outcomes and motives in order to re-establish paternal authority over the well-being of children and women as well as positive parenting.[202]

See also

{{Portalbar|Men's rights|Feminism|Human Rights|Law|Social movements}}
  • Anti-feminism
  • Fathers' rights movement by country
  • Incel
  • Masculism
  • Men's studies
  • Men Going Their Own Way
  • Paternal rights and abortion
  • Toxic masculinity
  • Violence against men
  • The War Against Boys
  • The Red Pill, a 2016 documentary about the movement

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite web| last = Goldwag | first = Arthur|title=Hatewatch: Intelligence report article provokes fury among Men's Rights Activists|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2012/05/15/intelligence-report-article-provokes-fury-among-mens-rights-activists|website=splcenter.org/hatewatch|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center| date = May 15, 2012|accessdate = May 5, 2017|language=en}}
2. ^{{cite news |title=Men's rights movement: why it is so controversial? |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/people/62607/mens-rights-movement-why-it-is-so-controversial |accessdate=19 March 2019 |publisher=The Week |date=19 February 2015}}
3. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/male-supremacy|title=Male Supremacy|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en}}
4. ^{{cite news |last1=Russell-Kraft |first1=Stephanie |title=The Rise of Male Supremacist Groups |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/147744/rise-male-supremacist-groups |accessdate=19 March 2019 |publisher=The New Republic |date=4 April 2018}}
5. ^{{Cite journal | last = Ruzankina | first = E.A. | title = Men's movements and male subjectivity | journal = Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–16 | doi = 10.2753/aae1061-1959490101 | date = 2010 | ref = harv}}
6. ^{{cite news | last = Hackman | first = Rose | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/05/straight-while-men-suffering-sex-feminism | title=I didn’t choose to be straight, white and male': are modern men the suffering sex? | work=The Guardian | date=September 5, 2016 | accessdate=September 8, 2016}}
7. ^{{cite journal | last = Staff writer | title = A word for men's rights | journal = Putnam's Magazine | volume = 7 | issue = 38 | pages = 208–214 | date = February 1856 | url = http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=putn;cc=putn;rgn=full%20text;idno=putn0007-2;didno=putn0007-2;view=image;seq=0214;node=putn0007-2%3A16 | ref = harv }}
8. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal |title= Der 'Bund für Männerrechte'. Die Bewegung der 'Männerrechtler' im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit |year= 2003 |last= Malleier |first= Elisabeth |journal= {{ill|Wiener Geschichtsblätter|de}} |volume= 58 |issue= 3 |pages= 208–233 }}
9. ^1 2 3 {{cite thesis|degree=MA|last= Wrussnig |first= Kerstin Christin|date=2009|title= 'Wollen Sie ein Mann sein oder ein Weiberknecht?' Zur Männerrechtsbewegung in Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit|publisher=University of Vienna| url= http://othes.univie.ac.at/5454/1/2009-06-17_9908325.pdf}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/03/10/archives/mens-rights-league-in-vienna.html|title=Men's Rights League in Vienna|date=10 March 1926|work=The New York Times|page=20|accessdate=6 June 2013|quote=A 'League for Men's Rights' was founded today to protect men against Austrian feminism, which has grown rapidly since the war.}}
11. ^{{cite book|last=Healy|first=Maureen|title=Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2UXfqz0mgoC|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge UP|isbn=9780521831246|page=272|quote=As historians Sigrid Augeneder and Gabriella Hauch explain, legally removing women from traditional male jobs constituted one facet of the return to a 'healthy order' (gesunde Ordnung) in the postwar period. Hauch discusses the somewhat comical 'League for Men's Rights' founded in the 1920s to "protect the endangered existence of men.}}
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal | last = Messner | first = Michael A. | author-link = Michael Messner | title = The limits of "The Male Sex Role": an analysis of the men's liberation and men's rights movements' discourse | journal = Gender & Society | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 255–276 | doi = 10.1177/0891243298012003002 | jstor = 190285 | date = June 1998 | ref = harv }} Pdf.
13. ^{{cite news|last1=de Castella|first1=Tom|title=Just who are men's rights activists?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17907534|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=BBC News Magazine|date=2 May 2012}}
14. ^{{Cite book|title=Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era|last=Kimmel|first=Michael|publisher=The Nation Institute|year=2017|isbn=9781568589626|location=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WVGDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Angry+White+Men:+American+Masculinity+at+the+End+of+an+Era&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC0pKVlODbAhWxwFkKHZw3BTAQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=Angry%20White%20Men%3A%20American%20Masculinity%20at%20the%20End%20of%20an%20Era&f=false|pages=}}
15. ^{{cite journal |last1= Lingard |first1= Bob |last2= Mills |first2= Martin |last3= Weaver-Hightower |first3= Marcus B. | title = Interrogating recuperative masculinity politics in schooling | journal = International Journal of Inclusive Education | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 407–421 | doi = 10.1080/13603116.2011.555095 | date = 2012 |quote= The concept of recuperative masculinity politics was developed by Lingard and Douglas (1999) to refer to both mythopoetic (Biddulph 1995, 2010; Bly 1990) and men's rights politics (Farrell 1993). Both of these rejected the move to a more equal gender order and more equal gender regimes in all of the major institutions of society (e.g. the family, schools, universities, workplaces) sought by feminists and most evident in the political and policy impacts in the 1980s and 1990s from second-wave feminism of the 1970s. 'Recuperative' was used to specifically indicate the ways in which these politics reinforced, defended and wished to recoup the patriarchal gender order and institutional gender regimes. | ref = harv}}
16. ^{{cite book |last1= Pease |first1= Bob |authorlink1= |last2= Camilleri |first2= Peter |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= Working with men in the human services |edition= |year= 2001 |publisher= Allen & Unwin |location= Crow's Nest, N.S.W. |pages= 3–4 | isbn= 9781865084800 |chapter= Feminism, masculinity and the human services |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=aGFYw3JmRmEC&pg=PA3}}
17. ^{{cite book |last1= Kahn |first1= Jack S. |title= An introduction to masculinities |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AR17bxoJ_U8C&pg=PA202 |year= 2009 |publisher= Wiley-Blackwell |location= Chichester, U.K. |isbn= 9781405181792 |page= 202 }}
18. ^{{cite book |last1= Williams |first1= Gwyneth I. |editor1-first= Rhys H. |editor1-last= Williams|title= Promise keepers and the new masculinity: private lives and public morality |year= 2001 |publisher= Lexington Books |location= Lanham |page= 107 |isbn= 9780739102305 |chapter= Masculinity in context: an epilogue |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=CsHmN5K29iAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA107}}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|last=Maddison |first=Sarah |year=1999 |title=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=39–52 |doi= |pmid= |pmc= |url=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2_039.pdf |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2_039.pdf |archivedate=2013-10-20 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite book|author=Chris Beasley|title=Gender and Sexuality: Critical Theories, Critical Thinkers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2qM2ULqDK0C&pg=PA180|accessdate=10 April 2015|year=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|isbn=978-0-7619-6979-2|page=180}}
21. ^{{cite book |last1= Lee |first1= Calinda N. |editor1-first= Bret E. |editor1-last= Carroll |title= American Masculinities: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume= One |year= 2003 |publisher= SAGE Publications |location= Thousand Oaks, California |isbn= 9780761925408 |page= 167 |chapter= Fathers' rights |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=E0R9lLtv8i8C&pg=PA167}}
22. ^{{cite book| last1 = Pelak | first1 = Cynthia Fabrizio | last2 =Taylor | first2 = Verta | last3 = Whittier | first3 = Nancy | chapter = Gender movements | chapterurl = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZzEhEdWViPoC&pg=PA168 |editor-last= Saltzman Chafetz |editor-first= Janet | title = Handbook of the sociology of gender |page= 168 | publisher = Springer | location = New York | year = 2006 | isbn = 9780387362182}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicalresearch.org/2011/03/01/fathers-rights-groups-threaten-womens-gains-and-their-safety/|title=Father's Rights Groups Threaten Women's Gains—And Their Safety |website=Political Research Associates |language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-20}}
24. ^{{cite news |last= Karnad |first= Raghu |title= Now, is that malevolence? | work = Outlook magazine |date= 3 December 2007 |url= http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?236168|accessdate = 28 March 2013 }}
25. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/living/men-who-cry |title= Men Who Cry |last= Polanki |first= Pallavi |date= 17 July 2010 |work= OPEN |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100721000304/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/living/men-who-cry |archivedate= July 21, 2010 |accessdate= May 3, 2013}}
26. ^{{cite news | last = Staff writer |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-06/bangalore/27896822_1_helpline-numbers-domestic-violence-rights-body |title= Members of men's rights body meet |date= October 8, 2008 |work= The Times of India |accessdate= May 3, 2013}}
27. ^{{cite journal |last1= Ruxton |first1= Sandy |last2= van deer Gaag |first2= Nikki | title = Men's involvement in gender equality – European perspectives | journal = Gender & Development | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 161–175 | doi = 10.1080/13552074.2013.767522 | date = 2013 | ref = harv }}
28. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.salon.com/2009/11/05/mens_rights/ |title= "Men's rights" groups go mainstream |last1= Berman |first1= Judy |date= November 5, 2009 |work= Salon |publisher= |accessdate= March 21, 2013}}
29. ^{{cite journal |last1= Connell |first1= R. W. | author-link = Raewyn Connell | title = Change among the gatekeepers: men, masculinities, and gender equality in the global arena | journal = Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 1801–1825 | doi = 10.1086/427525 | date = Spring 2005 | jstor = 10.1086/427525 | url = http://xyonline.net/sites/default/files/Connell,%20Change%20among.pdf | ref = harv |citeseerx= 10.1.1.694.8027 }}
30. ^1 {{cite book |last= Kimmel |first= Michael | author-link = Michael Kimmel |title= Angry white men: American masculinity as the end of an era | publisher = Nation Books | location = New York | year = 2017 | chapter = White men as victims: The Men's Rights Movement | chapterurl= https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k5aeDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 9781568589626 |title-link= Angry White Men }}
31. ^{{cite journal | last = Chowdhury | first = Romit | title = Conditions of emergence: the formation of men's rights groups in contemporary India | journal = Indian Journal of Gender Studies | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–53 | doi = 10.1177/0971521513511199 | date = 2014 | ref = harv }}
32. ^1 2 {{cite news | last = Staff writer|url= http://www.theweek.co.uk/people/62607/mens-rights-movement-why-it-is-so-controversial |title=Men's rights movement: why it is so controversial? |work= The Week |date= February 19, 2015 |accessdate= April 1, 2015}}
33. ^1 2 {{cite news|last= Sharlet |first= Jeff|url= https://www.gq.com/news-politics/big-issues/201503/mens-rights-activism-the-red-pill?currentPage=1|title= Are you man enough for the men's rights movement?|work= GQ |date= March 2015|accessdate=April 1, 2015}}
34. ^1 {{cite news |last= Kelly |first= R. Todd |url= http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/20/the-masculine-mystique-inside-the-men-s-rights-movement-mrm.html|title= The masculine mystique|work= The Daily Beast |date= October 20, 2013 |accessdate= April 1, 2015}}
35. ^{{cite news | last = Clark-Flory | first =Tracy | title = "Feminism is a sexual strategy": Inside the angry online men's rights group "Red Pill" | url = http://www.salon.com/2014/07/01/feminism_is_a_sexual_strategy_inside_the_angry_online_mens_rights_group_red_pill/ | work = Salon.com | date = July 1, 2014 | access-date = July 28, 2015 }}
36. ^{{cite news | last = Rosin | first = Hanna | title = Dad's cay in court: The perception that family law is unfair to fathers is not exactly true | url =http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2014/05/men_s_rights_recognized_the_pro_father_evolution_of_divorce_and_paternity.html | work = Slate | date = May 13, 2014 | access-date = July 28, 2015 }}
37. ^{{Cite news| last = Love | first = Dylan |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-red-pill-reddit-2013-8|title=Inside Red Pill, the weird new cult for men who don't understand women|work=Business Insider| date = September 15, 2013|access-date=April 12, 2017|language=en}}
38. ^{{cite news| last = Crockett | first = Emily|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/9/21/12906510/mens-lib-reddit-mens-rights-activism-pro-feminist|title=There's a better way to talk about men's rights activism — and it's on Reddit|date= September 21, 2016|website=Vox|access-date=April 12, 2017}}
39. ^{{cite book |last1= Sawer |first1= Marian |editor1-first= John |editor1-last= Warhurst |editor1-link= |editor2-first= Marian |editor2-last= Simms |title= 2001: The centenary election|year=2002 |publisher= University of Queensland Press |location= St Lucia, Qld. |isbn= 9780702233036 |page= 255 |chapter= In safe hands? Women in the 2001 election |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=HRl9GyjSOB8C&pg=PA255 }}
40. ^{{cite news |last=Weitz |first=Udo |url= http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-01-26-divided-israelis_x.htm |title=Run-up to election shows Israelis are as fragmented as ever |work=USA today |date=26 December 2003 |accessdate=23 April 2013}}
41. ^{{cite news |last=Bennet |first= James |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/19/world/israeli-parties-clamor-for-votes-in-divided-society.html |title=Israeli parties clamor for votes in divided society |work=The New York Times|publisher=NYTC |location=New York | date = January 19, 2003 | accessdate = April 23, 2013}}
42. ^{{cite news | last = The Associated Press | title = Israel's fringe parties take root | url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VU9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v-sDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4830,197973&dq=men%27s-rights-in-the-family&hl=en |work= The Register-Guard | location = Eugene, Oregon |date=January 2, 2003|accessdate=23 April 2013}}
43. ^1 {{cite book|last= Katz |first= Jackson |authorlink= Jackson Katz |title= Critical issues on violence against women: international perspectives and promising strategies| editor-last1= Johnson |editor-first1= Holly |editor-last2= Fisher |editor-first2= Bonnie |editor-last3= Jaquier |editor-first3= Véronique| year= 2015 |publisher= Routledge |location= New York |isbn= 9780415856249 |page= 237 |chapter= Engaging men in prevention of violence against women |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=pD62BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA237}}
44. ^{{cite book | chapter = Introduction |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgzFZ4o0qnMC&pg=PA11 |last=Gavanas |first=Anna | title = Fatherhood politics in the United States: masculinity, sexuality, race and marriage |page=11 | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780252028847 |quote=Despite their claims of victimhood, men's and fathers' rights advocates are usually white, middle-class, heterosexual men who tend to overlook their institutional and socioeconomical advantages in work and the family...}}
45. ^{{cite journal |last1=Coston |first1= Bethany M. |last2= Kimmel |first2= Michael | author-link2 = Michael Kimmel |title= White men as the new victims: reverse discrimination cases and the men's rights movement | journal = Nevada Law Journal, Special Issue: Men, Masculinities, and Law: A Symposium on Multidimensional Masculinities Theory | volume = 13 | issue = 2 |pages= 368–385 | url = http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/5 | date = 2013 | quote = Where are the Men's Rights guys when it comes to 'other' men? Men's Rights is almost entirely a movement of angry, straight, white men.}}
46. ^{{Cite book |first= Christopher P. |last= Mason | chapter = Introduction |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=m4wSEUF5MJgC&pg=PA16 |title= Crossing into manhood: a men's studies curriculum |publisher= Cambria Press |location= Youngstown |year= 2006 |isbn= 978-1-934043-30-1}}
47. ^{{cite journal | last = Goldberg | first = Stephanie B. | title = In all its variations, the fathers' rights movement is saying one thing...: Make Room for Daddy | journal = ABA Journal | volume = 83 | issue = 2 | pages = 48–52 | date = February 1997 | jstor = 27839422 | ref = harv }} View online. Also available via HeinOnline.
48. ^{{Cite book |first= Michael S. |last= Kimmel | author-link = Michael Kimmel | chapter = From anxiety to anger since the 1990s: the "Self-Made Man" becomes "Angry White Man" |chapterurl= https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4V0pAAAAYAAJ |title= Manhood in America: a cultural history |edition= 2nd |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= New York |year= 2006 |isbn= 9780195181135 |page= 302}}
49. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/03/08/christina-hoff-sommers-cant-take-single-line-criticism|title=Christina Hoff Sommers can't take a single line of criticism|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en}}
50. ^{{cite news | last = Blake | first = Mariah | title = The men's rights movement and the women who love it | url = https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/08/mens-rights-movement-women-who-love-it | work = Mother Jones | date = August 11, 2014 | access-date = August 12, 2014}}
51. ^1 See* {{cite journal|last=Maddison |first=Sarah |year=1999 |title=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=39–52 |doi= |pmid= |pmc= |url=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2_039.pdf |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2_039.pdf |archivedate=2013-10-20 |df= }}* {{cite book |last1= Doyle |first1= Ciara |authorlink1= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= Peter |editor1-last= Herrman |editor1-link= |others= |title= Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries |edition= |volume= |year= 2004 |publisher= Nova Publishers |location= New York |isbn= 978-1-59033-900-8 |pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=HdLVGgJQ0mUC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false 61–62] |chapter= The Fathers' Rights Movement: Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family |chapterurl= }}* {{cite book |last1= Flood |first1= Michael |authorlink1= Michael Flood |authorlink2= |editor1-first= Michael S. |editor1-last= Kimmel |editor1-link= Michael Kimmel |editor2-last= Hearn |editor2-first= Jeff |editor3-last= Connell |editor3-first= Raewyn |title= Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities |edition= |volume= |year= 2005 |publisher= SAGE Publications |location= Thousand Oaks |isbn= 978-0-7619-2369-5 |page= 459 |chapter= Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=UvAZD45BMDoC&pg=PA459 }}* {{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2011/03/29/scott_adams_mens_rights_movement/ |title=Is the men's rights movement growing? |last1=Finocchiaro |first1=Peter |date=March 29, 2011 |work=Salon |publisher= |accessdate=March 10, 2013 }}* {{cite book|last=Messner |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Messner |year=2000 |title=Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&pg=PA41 |location=Lanham |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=41 |isbn=978-0-8039-5577-6 }}* {{cite book|last1=Solinger |first1=Rickie |authorlink1= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title=Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfem7O38h6MC&pg=PP130 |year=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-981141-0 |page=130 |chapter= |chapterurl= }}* {{cite book |last1= Menzies |first1= Robert |authorlink2= |editor1-first= Susan B |editor1-last= Boyd |editor1-link= |title= Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change |year= 2007 |publisher= University of British Columbia Press |location= Vancouver |isbn= 978-0-7748-1411-9 |chapter= Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's "Rights" and Feminist "Wrongs" in Cyberspace |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA65 |pages= 65–97}}* {{cite book|last1=Dunphy |first1=Richard |authorlink1= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title=Sexual Politics: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVPQkt0bVpAC&pg=PA88 |year=2000 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-1247-5 |page=88 |chapter= |chapterurl= }}* {{Cite journal |last= Mills |first= Martin |title= Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters |year= 2003 |journal= International Journal of Inclusive Education |volume= 7 |issue= 1 |pages= 57–73 |doi= 10.1080/13603110210143644}}
52. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Rhys H. |authorlink=Rhys H. Williams (sociologist) |year=1995 |title=Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources |journal=Social Problems |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=134–135 |jstor=3097008 |doi=10.2307/3097008 |pmid= |pmc= |quote=Another example of contractual model rhetoric is in the language of the Men's Rights movement. As a countermovement to the feminist movement, it has concentrated on areas generally thought of as family law—especially divorce and child custody laws. The movement charges that maternal preference in child custody decisions is an example of gender prejudice, with men the ones who are systematically disadvantaged... Men's Rights groups... have adopted much of the rhetoric of the early liberal feminist movement... Similarly, along with the appeal to "equal rights for fathers"... the Men's Rights movement also uses a rhetoric of children's "needs"... The needs rhetoric helps offset charges that their rights language is motivated by self-interest alone.|citeseerx=10.1.1.1016.677 }}
53. ^{{Cite book |first1=Bob |last1=Lingard |first2=Peter|last2=Douglas|title=Men engaging feminisms: pro-feminism, backlashes and schooling |url= |quote=While conservative elements of the men's rights position overtly describe themselves as a 'backlash' to feminism, their more liberal counterpart's self-proclaimed commitment to 'the true equality of both sexes and to the liberation of both sexes from their traditional roles' (Clatterbaugh 1997: 89) make it problematic to describe the men's rights position in general as nothing more than a backlash against feminism. |page=36}}
54. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last= Allen |first= Jonathan A. |title= Phallic Affect |journal= Men and Masculinities |date= March 9, 2015|doi=10.1177/1097184X15574338 |volume=19 |pages=22–41}}
55. ^{{Cite journal|last=Messner|first=Michael|year=1998|title=The Limits of "The Male Sex Role": An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movements' Discourse|url=|journal=Gender and Society|volume=12|issue=3|pages=255–276|via=|doi=10.1177/0891243298012003002}}
56. ^1 {{cite book |last1= Cahill |first1= Charlotte |authorlink1= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= Roger |editor1-last= Chapman |editor1-link= |others= |title= Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices |edition= |volume= |year= 2010 |publisher= M.E. Sharpe |location= Armonk |isbn= 978-1-84972-713-6 |pages= 354–356 |chapter= Men's movement |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC&pg=PA355 }}
57. ^{{cite journal|last= Allen |first= Jonathan A. |title= Phallic Affect |journal= Men and Masculinities |date= March 9, 2015|doi=10.1177/1097184X15574338|quote=The men's rights movement is distinct from other explorations of masculinity insofar as the movement itself is fundamentally situated in opposition to feminist theory and activism. |volume=19 |pages=22–41}}
58. ^{{cite journal |last = Kimmel |first = Michael S. |year= 1987 |title= Men's Responses to Feminism at the Turn of the Century |journal= Gender & Society |volume= 1 |issue= 3 |pages= 261–283 |doi= 10.1177/089124387001003003 |pmid= |pmc= |url= }}
59. ^{{cite book |last1= Whitaker |first1= Stephen |authorlink1= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= Dana |editor1-last= Vannoy |editor1-link= |others= |title= Gender Mosaics: Social Perspectives |year= 2001 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-19-532998-8 |pages= 343–351 |chapter= Gender Politics in Men's Movements |chapterurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192101/http://userwww.service.emory.edu/~spwhita/Gender%20Politics%20in%20Mens%20Movements.pdf }}
60. ^{{cite book | title=The Gender Knot: Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy | publisher=Temple University Press | author=Johnson, Allan G. | year=2005 | location=Philadelphia | isbn=978-1592133833 | page=220 | quote= such problems are prominent in many men's lives, but this is no organized male response to the patriarchal system whose dynamics produce much of men's loss, suffering, and grief. Contrary to Bly's claim, it is not a parallel to the women's movement that is merely on a "different timetable." It may be a response to genuine emotional and spiritual needs that are met by bringing men together to drum, chant, and share stories and feelings from their lives. It may help to heal some of the damage patriarchy does to men's lives. But it is not a movement aimed at the system and the gender dynamics that actually cause that damage.}}
61. ^{{cite book|editor=Judith A. Baer|title=Historical and Multicultural Encyclopedia of Women's Reproductive Rights in the United States|last= Williams|first=Gwyneth|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKVzULJ-764C&pg=PA83|chapter= Fathers' rights movement|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30644-0|page=83}}
62. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/13/india.randeepramesh1 |title= Dowry law making us the victims, says India's men's movement|last= Ramesh |first= Randeep|publisher=The Guardian|date= December 13, 2007 |accessdate= March 27, 2015}}
63. ^{{cite news|title=Men demand fair play|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-20/chandigarh/28100670_1_law-ministry-men-demand-awareness-programme|accessdate=20 October 2011|newspaper=Times of India|date=20 November 2009}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/538436/|title=Section 498A in The Indian Penal Code|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2017-05-16}}
65. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/dowry-wars-the-big-issue-that-has-india-divided-2229498.html|title= Dowry wars: The big issue that has India divided| last= Buncombe| first= Andrew|publisher= The Independent |date= March 2, 2011 |accessdate= March 27, 2015}}
66. ^{{cite book|title= Women, Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India |editor1-last= Nielsen |editor1-first= Kenneth Bo |editor2-last= Waldrop |editor2-first= Anne |last= Chowdhury|first= Romit |chapter= Family, Femininity, Feminism: 'Structure of Feeling' in the Articulation of Men's Rights |publisher= Anthem Press |location= London |year= 2014|isbn= 978-1-78-308269-8| chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=aA4iBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |page= 189}}
67. ^{{cite news|last=Gilani|first=Iftikhar|title=Shoaib Malik controversy to hit Pakistan-India relations|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C04%5C06%5Cstory_6-4-2010_pg2_6|accessdate=20 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Times|date=6 April 2010}}
68. ^{{cite news|last=Dhillon|first=Amrit|title=Men say wives use India's pro-women laws to torment them|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/men-say-wives-use-indias-prowomen-laws-to-torment-them/2007/12/23/1198344884127.html|accessdate=20 October 2011|newspaper=The Age|date=24 December 2007}}
69. ^1 {{Cite journal |last1= Melville |first1= Angela |last2= Hunter |first2= Rosemary |year= 2001 |title= 'As everybody knows': Countering myths of gender bias in family law |journal= Griffith Law Review |volume= 10 |issue= 1 |pages= 124–138 | url = https://kar.kent.ac.uk/1719/1/R_Hunter_As_everybody_knows_2001.pdf |quote= Several authors have observed that men's rights groups claim that the family law system and the Family Court are biased against men, despite the lack of supporting empirical research.}} Also available through HeinOnline.
70. ^{{Cite book |last= Pease |first= Bob |title= Men and gender relations |year= 2002 |location= Croydon, Vic. |publisher= Tertiary Press |page= 36 |isbn= 978-0-86458-218-8 }}
71. ^1 2 {{Cite book |last= Crean |first= Susan M. |title= In the name of the fathers: the story behind child custody |year= 1988 |location= Toronto |publisher= Amanita |pages= 107–108 |isbn= 978-0-921299-04-2 }}
72. ^{{cite book |last1= Williams |first1= Gwyneth I. |authorlink1= |last2= Williams |first2= Rhys H |authorlink2= |editor1-first= Joel |editor1-last= Best |editor1-link= |others= |title= Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems |edition= 2nd |year= 1995 |publisher= A. De Gruyter |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-202-30539-4 |pages= 201–202 |chapter= "All We Want Is Equality": Rhetorical Framing in the Fathers' Rights Movement |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=larpu0lKQlQC&pg=PA201 |quote= }}
73. ^{{cite journal |last1= Coltrane |first1= Scott |last2= Hickman |first2= Neal |year= 1992 |title= The Rhetoric of Rights and Needs: Moral Discourse in the Reform of Child Custody and Child Support Laws |journal= Social Problems |volume= 39 |issue= 4 |pages= 400–420 |doi= 10.2307/3097018 |jstor= 3097018 }}
74. ^{{Cite book |editor1-last= Kamerman |editor1-first= SB |editor2-last= Kahn |editor2-first= AJ |title= Family change and family policies in Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States |year= 1997 |location= New York |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JKtjclo01N0C&pg=PA182 |page= 182 |isbn= 978-0-19-829025-4 }}
75. ^{{Cite book |editor1-first= NJ |editor1-last= Cabrera |editor2-first= CS |editor2-last= Tamis-LeMonda |title= Handbook of father involvement: multidisciplinary perspectives |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IAnt7DhD5pcC&pg=PA425 |location= London |publisher= Routledge |page= 425 |edition= 2nd |year= 2013 |isbn= 978-0-415-87867-8 }}
76. ^{{Cite journal|last=Pepiton, J Alvis, Allen, Logid|first=Brianna, Lindsey, Kenneth, Gregory|date=March 2012|title=Is Parental Alienation Disorder a Valid Concept? Not According to Scientific Evidence. A Review of Parental Alienation, DSM-5 and ICD-11 by William Bernet|journal=Journal of Child Sexual Abuse|volume=21|issue=2|pages=244–253|doi=10.1080/10538712.2011.628272}}
77. ^{{Cite journal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ylr125&div=56&id=&page=|title=Foundling Fathers: (Non-) Marriage and Parental Rights in the Age of Equality 125 Yale Law Journal 2015-2016|pages=2292|journal=Yale Law Journal|volume=125|access-date=2018-06-19|date=2015-2016|last1=Mayeri|first1=Serena}}
78. ^{{Cite journal|last=B.|first=Melton, Gary|last2=John|first2=Petrila|last3=G.|first3=Poythress, Norman|last4=Christopher|first4=Slobogin|date=2007|title=Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers|url=http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/mhlp_facpub/31/|journal=Scholar Commons|language=en}}
79. ^{{Cite journal|title = Assessment of fairness in child custody decisions|journal = Child Abuse & Neglect|date = 1995-03-01|issn = 0145-2134|pmid = 9278734|pages = 345–353|volume = 19|issue = 3|first = C.|last = Brems|first2 = K. L.|last2 = Carssow|first3 = C.|last3 = Shook|first4 = S.|last4 = Sturgill|first5 = P.|last5 = Cannava|doi=10.1016/s0145-2134(94)00135-9 }}
80. ^{{Cite book |last1= Williams |first1= Gwyneth I. |last2= Williams |first2= Rhys H. |editor1-first= Donileen R. |editor1-last= Loseke |editor2-first= Joel |editor2-last= Best |title= Social problems: constructionist readings |year= 2003 |location= New York |publisher= de Gruyter |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ee0MiJ0Mw_8C&pg=PA96 |chapter= Framing in the fathers' rights movement |page= 96 |isbn= 978-0-202-30703-9}}
81. ^{{Cite journal |last= Ryrstedt |first= Eva |year= 2003 |title= Joint decisions – a prerequisite or a drawback in joint parental responsibility? |journal= Australian Journal of Family Law |volume= 17 |issue= 2 |pages= 155–206 | url = http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/609257 |quote= Research has highlighted that it is usually disaffected fathers and men's rights groups, who have masked their own claims behind the rhetoric of the rights of the child to know and be cared for by both parents.}}
82. ^{{Cite book |last= Rhode |first= DL |title= Speaking of sex: the denial of gender inequality |year= 1997 |location= Cambridge, Mass. |publisher= Harvard University Press |page= 194 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ilR5D4vnuv4C&pg=PA194 |isbn= 978-0-674-83177-3 }}
83. ^{{Cite journal|last=Flood|first=Michael|year=2012|title=Separated fathers and the 'fathers' rights' movement|journal=Journal of Family Studies|volume=18|issue=2–3|pages=235–245|doi=10.5172/jfs.2012.18.2-3.235 |url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2985&context=artspapers}}
84. ^{{Cite book|url=https://cmc.marmot.org/Record/.b21191979|title=Why does he do that? : inside the minds of angry and controlling men|last=Bancroft|first=Lundy|publisher=New York : Putnam's Sons|year=2002|isbn=9780399148446|location=|pages=|language=en}}
85. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.papermag.com/what-is-intactivism-we-spoke-to-a-guy-fighting-for-his-foreskin-1458684021.html | title=We spoke to an Intactivist fighting for his foreskin | publisher=Paper Magazine | date=16 November 2015 | accessdate=8 November 2016 | author=Song, Sandra}}
86. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/mens-rights-activists-meninism-mra-feminism | title=Men's Rights Activists are cave dwelling idiots | publisher=GQ | date=21 December 2015 | accessdate=3 November 2016 | author=Meyers, Rupert | deadurl=bot: unknown | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020055230/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/mens-rights-activists-meninism-mra-feminism | archivedate=20 October 2017 | df= }}
87. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/why-female-genital-mutilation-very-different-issue-male-circumcision-1486805 | title=Why female genital mutilation is a very different issue to male circumcision | publisher=International Business Times | date=5 February 2015 | accessdate=8 November 2016 | author=Smith, Lydia}}
88. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/02/anti-cutters-slam-new-cdc-recommendations-on-circumcision.html | title=Anti-Cutters Slam New CDC Recommendations on Circumcision | newspaper=The Daily Beast | date=3 December 2013 | accessdate=8 November 2016 | author=Strochlic, Nina}}
89. ^{{cite web | url=https://mic.com/articles/90131/the-8-biggest-lies-men-s-rights-activists-spread-about-women#.9xhAvtLD6 | title=The 8 Biggest Lies Men's Rights Activists Spread About Women | publisher=Mic.com | date=10 June 2014 | accessdate=3 November 2016 | author=Ross, Julianne}}
90. ^{{cite web | url=http://thefederalist.com/2015/07/06/why-i-am-not-a-mens-rights-activist/ | title=Why I am not a men's rights activist | publisher=The Federalist | date=6 July 2015 | accessdate=8 November 2016 | author=Holt, Mytheos}}
91. ^{{cite journal |last=Povenmire |first=R. |year=1998–1999 |title=Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in the United States |journal=Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=87–123 |pmid=16526136 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/povenmire/ }}
92. ^{{cite book|last=Denniston|first=George C.|title=Male and female circumcision medical, legal, and ethical considerations in pediatric practice|year=1999|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-0-306-46131-6|page=348}}
93. ^1 {{cite journal|last=El-Salam|first=Seham Abd|title=The Importance of Genital Mutilations to Gender Power Politics|journal=Al-Raida|date=2002–2003|volume=20|issue=99|page=42|quote=Women's defense of men's right to bodily integrity and their work against MGM will not have a negative impact on their struggle against FGM.}}
94. ^{{cite book | last = Somerville | first = M. | chapter = Altering baby boys' bodies: the ethics of infant male circumcision | title = The Ethical Canary: Science, Society and the Human Spirit | location = Toronto | publisher = Viking Press | isbn = 978-0-670-89302-7 | year = 2000 }}
95. ^{{cite book|last=Green|first=James|title=The Male Herbal: The Definitive Health Care Book for Men & Boys|year=2007|publisher=Crossing Press|location=Berkeley, Calif.|isbn=978-1-58091-175-7|edition=2nd|quote=Circumcision: A Common Form of Disregard for Men's Rights… Glick emphasizes that infants are persons with full civil rights, and therefore no one has the right to impose circumcision on them—not even parents.}}
96. ^{{cite news|last=Earp|first=Brian D.|title=Female genital mutilation (FGM) and male circumcision: Should there be a separate ethical discourse? (blog)|url=http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2014/02/female-genital-mutilation-and-male-circumcision-time-to-confront-the-double-standard/|work=Practical Ethics|publisher=Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford|date=18 February 2014|access-date=19 June 2018}} [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian_Earp/publication/266971287_Female_genital_mutilation_FGM_and_male_circumcision_Should_there_be_a_separate_ethical_discourse/links/57a614b308aee07544bc17da/Female-genital-mutilation-FGM-and-male-circumcision-Should-there-be-a-separate-ethical-discourse.pdf Pdf.] [https://www.academia.edu/8817976/Female_genital_mutilation_FGM_and_male_circumcision_Should_there_be_a_separate_ethical_discourse Alternative pdf.]
97. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Benatar M, Benatar D |title=Between prophylaxis and child abuse: the ethics of neonatal male circumcision |journal=Am J Bioeth |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=35–48 |year=2003 |pmid=12859815 |doi=10.1162/152651603766436216 |url=}}
98. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Clark PA, Eisenman J, Szapor S |title=Mandatory neonatal male circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa: medical and ethical analysis |journal=Med. Sci. Monit. |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=RA205–13 |date=December 2007 |pmid=18049444 |doi= |url=}}
99. ^{{cite journal |author=Patrick K |title=Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child? No |journal=BMJ |volume=335 |issue=7631 |page=1181 |date=December 2007 |pmid=18063641 |pmc=2128676 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39406.523762.AD |url=}}
100. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Brusa M, Barilan YM |title=Cultural circumcision in EU public hospitals—an ethical discussion |journal=Bioethics |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=470–82 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19076127 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00683.x |url=}}
101. ^{{cite book|last1=Farrell|first1=Warren | chapter = Women who kill too much and the courts that free them: the twelve "female-only" defenses |title=The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are The Disposable Sex | publisher = Berkley Books | location = New York | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780425181447 |title-link=The Myth of Male Power }}
102. ^{{cite news|last1=Woolf|first1=Quentin|title=Our attitude to violence against men is out of date|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/10752232/Our-attitude-to-violence-against-men-is-out-of-date.html|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=29 January 2017}}
103. ^{{cite journal | last = Zaher | first = Claudia | title = When a woman's marital status determined her legal status: a research guide on the common law doctrine of coverture | journal = Law Library Journal | volume = 94 | issue = 3 | pages = 459-486 | publisher = HeinOnline on behalf of the American Association of Law Libraries | date = Summer 2002 | url = https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/llj94&div=46&id=&page= | ref = harv | postscript = .}} Pdf.
104. ^Citations* {{cite web|last1 = Sacks | first1=Glenn | last2 = Thompson | first2 = Dianna |authorlink1=Glenn Sacks|url=http://www.ifeminists.com/introduction/editorials/2002/0709a.html|title=Have Anti-Father Family Court Policies Led to a Men's Marriage Strike?|date=9 July 2002|publisher=ifeminists.com |accessdate=15 July 2013}}* {{cite book | last = Smith |first=Helen |title=Men on Strike: Why Men Are Boycotting Marriage, Fatherhood, and the American Dream-And Why It Matters|chapterurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9m6kMQEACAAJ&pg=PA1|chapter=The Marriage Strike: why men don't marry |pages=1–39 | publisher = Encounter Books | location = New York | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781594036750 }}* {{cite web| last = McElroy | first = Wendy|authorlink=Wendy McElroy|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,94415,00.html|title=The Marriage Strike|date=12 August 2003|publisher=Fox News | Opinion| access-date = 15 July 2013}}
105. ^{{Cite book |last= Leachman |first= Gwendolyn |chapter= Legal framing |volume= 61 |pages= 25–59 |doi= 10.1108/S1059-4337(2013)0000061005 |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNunVhZjK0cC&pg=PA25 | editor-last = Sarat | editor-first = Austin | title = Studies in law | publisher = Emerald Publishing | location = Bingley, West Yorkshire, UK | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781781906194 |series= Studies in Law, Politics and Society }}
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121. ^1 {{cite web|author=Press Association |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jan/05/gender-gap-uk-degree-subjects-doubles-eight-years-ucas-study |title=Gender gap in UK degree subjects doubles in eight years, UCAS study finds |work=The Guardian | Education |date=5 January 2016 |accessdate=14 July 2017}}
122. ^1 2 {{cite book|author1=Becky Francis|author2=Christine Skelton|title=Reassessing gender and achievement: questioning contemporary key debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkkfekXzkZMC&pg=PA18|accessdate=26 December 2011|date=27 September 2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-33324-5|pages=18–19, 141 }}
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124. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Leder | first1 = Gilah C. | last2 = Forgasz | first2 = Helen J. | last3 = Jackson | first3 = Glenda | title = Mathematics, English and Gender Issues: Do Teachers Count? | journal = Australian Journal of Teacher Education | volume = 39 | issue = 9 | page = 2 | doi = 10.14221/ajte.2014v39n9.3 | date = September 2014 | ref = harv }} Pdf.
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126. ^1 {{cite book|last=Clatterbaugh|first=Kenneth|title=Contemporary perspectives on masculinity: Men, women, and politics in modern society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfG8qCLMP9EC&lpg|date=1996|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-0813327013|edition=Reissued 2nd.|page=11|quote=Indeed the premise of all men's rights literature is that men are not privileged relative to women... Having denied that men are privileged relative to women, this movement divides into those who believe that men and women are equally harmed by sexism and those who believe that society has become a bastion of female privilege and male degradation.}}
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138. ^{{cite book | last = Benatar | first = D | authorlink = David Benatar | title = The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys | isbn = 978-1118192306 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=iGZ0dhvvVN8C&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false 190] | year = 2012 }}
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144. ^{{cite book|last1=Farrell|first1=Warren|title=The Myth of Male Power: Why Men are The Disposable Sex|date=February 10, 2014|publisher= Dr. Warren Farrell|location=Chapter 7|edition=21st anniversary|url=http://warrenfarrell.org|accessdate=2017-01-28}}
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148. ^{{cite news|last1=Poole|first1=Glenn|title=Homelessness is a gendered issue, and it mostly impacts men|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/11787304/Homelessness-is-a-gendered-issue-and-it-mostly-impacts-men.html|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=5 March 2017}}
149. ^{{Cite journal|last=Feldman|first=Brett J.|last2=Craen|first2=Alexandra M.|last3=Enyart|first3=Joshua|last4=Batchelor|first4=Timothy|last5=Friel|first5=Timothy J.|last6=Dusza|first6=Stephen W.|last7=Greenberg|first7=Marna Rayl|date=2018-02-01|title=Prevalence of Homelessness by Gender in an Emergency Department Population in Pennsylvania|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=118|issue=2|pages=85–91|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2018.023|issn=1945-1997|pmid=29379974}}
150. ^{{cite book|author=Rhys H. Williams|title=Promise Keepers and the New Masculinity: Private Lives and Public Morality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsHmN5K29iAC&pg=PA107|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0231-2|page=107}}
151. ^{{cite book|title=Redeeming men: religion and masculinities|editor=Stephen Blake Boyd |editor2=W. Merle Longwood |editor3=Mark William Muesse|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSrhNzWb6sIC&pg=PR17|isbn=978-0-664-25544-2|page=17|quote=In contradistinction to profeminism, however, the men's rights perspective addresses specific legal and cultural factors that put men at a disadvantage. The movement is made up of a variety of formal and informal groups that differ in their approaches and issues; Men's rights advocates, for example, target sex-specific military conscription and judicial practices that discriminate against men in child custody cases.}}
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155. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/6/15/11944602/women-join-military-draft-senate-bill|title=Like it or not, gender equality may soon come to the US military draft|publisher=Vox|date=2016-06-15}}
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158. ^{{cite news|title=Who's your daddy?|newspaper=Philadelphia Daily News|date=5 October 2005|quote="I think the best solution is DNA testing at birth," said Glenn Sacks, a syndicated radio talk-show host who focuses on men's issues}}
159. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal | last = Cannold | first = Leslie | title = Who's the father? Rethinking the moral 'crime' of 'paternity fraud' | journal = Women's Studies International Forum, Special Issue: Women and Technologies of Reproduction | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 249–256 | doi = 10.1016/j.wsif.2008.05.011 | date = July–August 2008 | ref = harv }} Pdf.
160. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/12/14/1530514.htm |title=Teens may be forced to have paternity test|first= Anna|last=Salah|work=abc.net.au |date= 14 December 2005 |accessdate=27 October 2012}}
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164. ^{{cite news |url= http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992-10-30/features/9204080516_1_consensual-sex-contract-accusations-mel-feit |title= Sex Contract Shares Intimate Knowledge |first=Barbara |last=Brotman |work=The Chicago Tribune |date= October 30, 1992 |accessdate=1 November 2012}}
165. ^{{citation |title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia |author=Michael Kimmel |year=1992 |contribution=Anti-Feminism |pages=35–37 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-774-0 |editor1=Michael S. Kimmel |editor2=Amy Aronson |publication-date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA37 |accessdate=23 December 2011}}
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168. ^{{cite news |url= http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2014/6/6/mena-s-rights-activistfeministshaveusedrapeaasascama.html |title=Men's rights activist: Feminists have used rape 'as a scam' |work=Al Jazeera America |date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=11 June 2014}}
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173. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.ncfm.org/2009/01/issues/false-accusations/ |title=False Accusations |work=National Coalition For Men |accessdate=6 May 2013}}
174. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,194032,00.html |title=False Rape Accusations May Be More Common Than Thought |first= Wendy|last=McElroy |work=Fox News |date=2 May 2006|accessdate=6 May 2013}}
175. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lisak|first=David|last2=Gardinier|first2=Lori|last3=Nicksa|first3=Sarah C.|last4=Cote|first4=Ashley M.|date=December 2010|title=False allegations of sexual assault: an analysis of ten years of reported cases|journal=Violence Against Women|volume=16|issue=12|pages=1318–1334|doi=10.1177/1077801210387747|issn=1552-8448|pmid=21164210}}
176. ^{{cite book |last=Ashe |first=Fidelma |date=2007 |title=The New Politics of Masculinity: Men, Power and Resistance |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=60 |isbn=9781134414376}}
177. ^{{cite book |last1=Wykes|first1=Maggie|last2=Welsh|first2=Kirsty|date=2009|title= Violence, Gender and Justice |location=London |publisher=SAGE|pages=29–37|isbn=9781412923361}}
178. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Diduck|editor1-first=Allison|editor2-last=O'Donovan|editor2-first=Katherine|date=2007 |title=Feminist Perspectives on Family Law |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages=160–164 |isbn=9781135309633}}
179. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|author1=Donileen R. Loseke|author2=Richard J. Gelles|author3=Mary M. Cavanaugh|title=Current controversies on family violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBVGswoPYqMC&pg=PA92|accessdate=6 February 2012|year=2005|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-2106-6|page=92}} excerpt: "Other men's rights advocacy groups use family conflict research .. to eliminate laws defining marital rape as a crime (the Equal Justice Foundation: ww.ejfi.org)" note: EJFI is in Colorado
180. ^{{cite book|last= Segal|first= Lynne |title= Straight Sex: Tethinking the Politics of Pleasure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-m2pGUgX-RAC&pg=PA276|year= 1994|publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley |isbn= 978-0-520-20001-2|page= 276|quote= It is there that 7 February has been declared International Men's Day by the men's rights groups, celebrated in Kansas City in 1994 as a day for campaigning against the legal recognition of 'marital rape'... }}
181. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.firstpost.com/india/why-mens-rights-activists-are-against-inclusion-of-marital-rape-615413.html |title= Why men's rights activists are against inclusion of marital rape |author= |date= February 6, 2013 |work= First Post |publisher= |accessdate= March 10, 2013}} excerpt: "The Government has not included marital rape in its anti-rape ordinance appealing that it is a complex issue that involves multiple stakeholders... mens rights activists are constantly clamouring that Section 498(A), the Domestic Violence Act is being misused"
182. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.strike-the-root.com/columns/Miller/miller1.html |title=Marital Rape – What a Can of Worms! |first=Stuart A |last=Millar |work=Strike at the Root |year=2002 |accessdate=11 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706190837/http://www.strike-the-root.com/columns/Miller/miller1.html |archivedate=July 6, 2008 }}
183. ^{{cite news|title=Spousal Rape Laws|newspaper=CNN|date=July 31, 1992|quote=Tom Williamson, President National Coalition of Free Men: "I don't think that there should be anything called marital rape laws. I don't deny that the elements involved with rape can occur in a marriage. They certainly do. But the problem with the concept of having something called marital rape is that it makes every man vulnerable in a bad situation to blackmail. It makes them vulnerable to false accusations for a variety of motivations that we know exists"}}
184. ^{{cite web|first=Cathy |last= Young |title= Complexities cloud marital rape case; William Hetherington has spent nine years in a Michigan prison, but proclaims his innocence – controversial case that pits one person's word against another in accusations of spousal rape |date= August 1, 1994 |work= Insight on the News |quote= Much of his support has come from men's rights organizations and conservative Christian groups, which tend to argue that a crime such as marital rape should not be on the books because consent to sex is part of the marriage covenant.}}
185. ^{{cite book|title= Women, Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India |editor1-last= Nielsen |editor1-first= Kenneth Bo |editor2-last= Waldrop |editor2-first= Anne |publisher= Anthem Press |location= London |year= 2014|isbn= 978-1-78-308269-8| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aA4iBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 |page= 193}}
186. ^1 {{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Vineeta|title=Husbands can't get away with marital rape: Government|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_husbands-can-t-get-away-with-marital-rape-government_1356512|newspaper=DNA|accessdate=30 September 2012|quote="no relationship will work if these rules are enforced."|date=8 March 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331132152/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_husbands-can-t-get-away-with-marital-rape-government_1356512|archivedate=31 March 2010}}
187. ^{{cite news |title=Women confident law will end culture of abuse |newspaper=South China Morning Post |url=http://www.scmp.com/node/569778|first= Amrit |last=Dhillon |date=1 November 2006 |accessdate=11 October 2012|quote="The All India Harassed Husbands Association protested last week at the law. 'It gives such grossly disproportionate rights to women that men won't want to get married,' said member Akhil Gupta"}}
188. ^{{Cite journal|last=Gotell|first=Lise|year=2016|title=Sexual Violence in the 'Manosphere': Antifeminist Men's Rights Discourses on Rape|url=|journal=International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy|volume=5|issue=2|pages=65–80|via=|doi=10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.310}}
189. ^{{cite web | last = Traister | first = R | date = 2006-03-13 | url = http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2006/03/13/roe_for_men/ | title = Roe for men? | publisher = Salon | accessdate = 2007-12-17 }}
190. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/07a0442p-06.pdf |title=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, case No. 06-11016}}
191. ^{{cite book|author=Jessica Valenti|title=Why Have Kids?: A New Mom Explores the Truth About Parenting and Happiness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXnxd2le7XYC&pg=PA103|accessdate=11 May 2013|year=2012|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-89261-0|pages=103–5}}
192. ^{{cite web | title=Teen Suicide Statistics | publisher=FamilyFirstAid.org | year=2001 | work=Adolescent Teenage Suicide Prevention | url=http://www.familyfirstaid.org/suicide.html | accessdate=2006-04-11}}
193. ^1 {{cite journal|title = The gender paradox in suicidal behavior and its impact on the suicidal process - Journal of Affective Disorders|url = http://www.jad-journal.com/article/S0165-0327(11)00149-2/abstract|journal = Journal of Affective Disorders|volume = 138|issue = 1–2|pages = 19–26|accessdate = 2015-12-23|subscription=yes|pmid=21529962|doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.050|year = 2012|last1 = Schrijvers|first1 = Didier L.|last2 = Bollen|first2 = Jos|last3 = Sabbe|first3 = Bernard G.C.}}
194. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.people-press.org/2013/03/12/section-3-gun-ownership-trends-and-demographics/ | title=Section 3: Gun Ownership Trends and Demographics | work=www.people-press.org | publisher=Pew Research Center | date=March 12, 2013 | accessdate=May 30, 2016}}
195. ^See* {{cite book |ref=harv |last= Clatterbaugh |first= Kenneth C. |authorlink= Kenneth Clatterbaugh |title= Contemporary perspectives on masculinity: men, women, and politics in modern society |year= 1997 |edition = 2nd | pages = 77, 88 |publisher= Westview Press |location= Boulder |isbn= 9780813327013 }}* {{cite book|last1=Kimmel|first1=Michael|last2=Kaufman|first2=Michael|editor=Mary R. Walsh|title=Women, Men and Gender|chapter=Weekend Warriors|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCDbL3WyjFMC&pg=PA407|year=1997|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06938-9|page=407}}* {{cite book |ref= harv |last1= Menzies |first1= Robert |authorlink2= |editor1-first= Susan B |editor1-last= Boyd |editor1-link= |title= Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change |year= 2007 |publisher= University of British Columbia Press |location= Vancouver |isbn= 978-0-7748-1411-9 |chapter= Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's "Rights" and Feminist "Wrongs" in Cyberspace |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA71 |page= 71}}* {{cite book | editor-last1 = Brod | editor-first1 = Harry | editor-last2 = Kaufman | editor-first2 = Michael | editor-link1 = Harry Brod | editor-link2 = Michael Kaufman (author) | title = Theorizing masculinities |page= 162 | publisher = Sage Publications |location= Thousand Oaks, California | year = 1994 | isbn = 9780803949041 }}* {{Cite book |last= Pease |first= Bob |title= Recreating men: postmodern masculinity politics |location= Thousand Oaks, California |publisher= SAGE Publications |year= 2000 |page= 140 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ub0-sqSmokkC&pg=PA140 |isbn= 9780761962052 }}* {{cite web |url= http://www.caut.ca/issues-and-campaigns/equity/2013/12/05/caut-statement-on-december-6 |title= CAUT Statement on December 6 |publisher= Canadian Association of University Teachers |accessdate= May 7, 2015 |quote= Disturbingly, we have seen in the past year the rise of misogynist men's rights groups on campuses and in communities across the country – an alarming trend that requires our attention and action. |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071937/http://www.caut.ca/issues-and-campaigns/equity/2013/12/05/caut-statement-on-december-6 |archivedate= May 18, 2015 |df= }}
196. ^1 {{cite journal | url = http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2012/spring/myths-of-the-manosphere-lying-about-women | title = Men's Rights Movement Spreads False Claims about Women | date = Spring 2012 | last = Potok | first = M |author2=Schlatter S | volume = 145 | accessdate = 2013-03-07 | journal = Intelligence Report }}
197. ^{{cite journal | url = http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2012/spring/a-war-on-women | title = Leader's Suicide Brings Attention to Men's Rights Movement | date = Spring 2012 | accessdate = 2013-03-07 | journal = Intelligence Report | volume = 145 | last = Goldwag | first = A }}
198. ^{{cite book|author=Shira Tarrant|title=Men Speak Out: Views on Gender, Sex, and Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuoE_LeZ6BIC&pg=PT195|accessdate=19 April 2013|date=11 February 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-12743-5|page=174}}
199. ^{{Cite journal|title = "Stop importing weapons of family destruction!": cyberdiscourses, patriarchal anxieties, and the men's backlash movement in India|journal = Violence Against Women|date = 2014-08-01|issn = 1552-8448|pmid = 25238869|pages = 905–936|volume = 20|issue = 8|doi = 10.1177/1077801214546906|first = Sharmila|last = Lodhia}}
200. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|url = http://www.brown.uk.com/domesticviolence/mann.pdf|title = Men's Rights and Feminist Advocacy in Canadian Domestic Violence Policy Arenas.|last = Mann|first = Ruth M.|date = 2008|journal = Feminist Criminology| volume = 3| issue = 1|doi = 10.1177/1557085107311067|pmid = |access-date =|pages=44–75|citeseerx = 10.1.1.413.6328}}
201. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.wehuntedthemammoth.com/2014/05/06/domestic-violence-expert-lundy-bancroft-mens-rights-philosophies-make-angry-and-controlling-men-even-worse/|title=Domestic violence expert Lundy Bancroft: Men’s Rights philosophies make angry and controlling men even worse.|date=2014-05-06|work=We Hunted The Mammoth|access-date=2018-09-09|language=en-US}}
202. ^1 {{cite journal |last= Flood | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Flood | title = "Fathers' rights" and the defense of paternal authority in Australia |journal = Violence Against Women | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 328–347 | doi = 10.1177/1077801209360918 | pmid = 20133921 |date= March 2010 | ref = harv }} Pdf.
203. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/10536|title=Equality with a Vengeance: Men's Rights Groups, Battered Women, and Antifeminist Backlash|last=Dragiewicz|first=Molly|date=2011|publisher=Northeastern University Press|isbn=9781555537562|language=English}}

References

  • {{cite book | ref=harv | last = Ashe | first = F | year = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nXDbiPA9IuQC | title = The New Politics of Masculinity: Men, Power and Resistance | publisher = Routledge | location= London |isbn= 978-0-415-30275-3 }}
  • {{cite book |ref=harv |last= Clatterbaugh |first= Kenneth C. |authorlink= Kenneth Clatterbaugh |title= Contemporary perspectives on masculinity: men, women, and politics in modern society |year= 1997 |edition = 2nd |location= Boulder |publisher= Westview Press |isbn= 978-0-8133-2701-3 }}
  • {{cite book |ref= harv |last1= Dunphy |first1= Richard |authorlink1= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= Sexual Politics: An Introduction |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NVPQkt0bVpAC&printsec=frontcover |year= 2000 |publisher= Edinburgh University Press |location= Edinburgh |isbn= 978-0-7486-1247-5 }}
  • {{cite book | ref=harv |last = Farrell | first = W | title = The Myth of Male Power | year = 1994 | publisher = Berkley Books | isbn = 978-0-425-14381-0 |title-link = The Myth of Male Power }}
  • {{cite book|first1=Warren|last1=Farrell|first2=James P.|last2=Sterba|title=Does feminism discriminate against men?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRkqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA79|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-19-531282-9}}
  • {{cite book | ref={{harvid|Flood|2007}} |last = Flood | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Flood |title= International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities | year = 2007 |publisher= Psychology Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0-415-33343-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh7y6ELc90YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | author2 = Gardiner JK; Pease B; Pringle K}}
  • {{cite book |ref= harv |last1= Menzies |first1= Robert |authorlink2= |editor1-first= Susan B |editor1-last= Boyd |editor1-link= |title= Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change |year= 2007 |publisher= University of British Columbia Press |location= Vancouver |isbn= 978-0-7748-1411-9 |chapter= Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's "Rights" and Feminist "Wrongs" in Cyberspace |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA65 |pages= 65–97}}
  • {{cite book | ref=harv | last = Messner | first = MA | year = 1997 | title = Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements | location = Lanham | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC | isbn = 978-0-8039-5577-6 }}
  • {{cite book | ref=harv | last = Newton | first = J | title = From Panthers to Promise Keepers: rethinking the men's movement | year = 2004 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 9780847691302 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bXZkmNTSQUAC&printsec=frontcover }}

Further reading

  • {{cite book | title = Is There Anything Good About Men?: How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2010 | last = Baumeister | first = R.F. | authorlink = Roy Baumeister | isbn = 9780195374100 }}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Coston |first1= Bethany M. |last2= Kimmel |first2= Michael |title= White Men as the New Victims: Reverse Discrimination Cases and the Men's Rights Movement |journal= Nevada Law Journal |volume= 13 |issue= 2| year= 2013 |pages= 368–385 |url= http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1465&context=nlj}}
  • {{cite journal |last= Maddison |first= Sarah |year= 1999 |title= Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia |journal= Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies |volume= 4 |issue= 2 |pages= 39–52 |doi= |url= http://www.xyonline.net/sites/default/files/Maddison,%20Private%20men,%20public.pdf}}
  • {{cite journal |last= Messner |first= Michael A. |authorlink= Michael Messner |year= 1998 |title= The Limits of the "Male Sex Role": An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movement's Discourse |journal= Gender & Society |volume= 12 |issue= 3 |pages= 255–276 |doi= 10.1177/0891243298012003002 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249667166}}
  • {{cite book | last = Murdoch | first = Simon | chapter = Societal misogyny and the manosphere: understanding the UK anti-feminist movement | chapter-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190223113432/https://j4mb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/46/2019/02/190218-Hope-not-Hate-report.pdf | title = State of hate 2019: People vs the elite? | pages = 38–41 | publisher = Hope Not Hate | location = London | date = February 2019 }}
  • {{cite book | title = Spreading Misandry: The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture | year = 2001 |isbn =9780773522725 | publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press | last1 = Nathanson | first1 = P. | last2 = Young | first2 = K.K. }}
  • {{cite news|url= https://www.gq.com/news-politics/big-issues/201503/mens-rights-activism-the-red-pill?currentPage=1|title= Are You Man Enough for the Men's Rights Movement?|last= Sharlet |first= Jeff|work= GQ |date= March 2015}}

External links

  • {{dmoz|Society/People/Men/Issues/Organizations/|Men's issues organizations}}
{{Discrimination}}{{Masculinism}}{{Domestic violence}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Men's Rights}}

6 : Men|Men's rights|Men's health|Men's movement|Criticism of feminism|Masculinism
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