“Mentalism”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mentalism is a performing art in which its practitioners, known as mentalists, appear to demonstrate highly developed mental or intuitive abilities. Performances may appear to include hypnosis, telepathy, clairvoyance, divination, precognition, psychokinesis, mediumship, mind control, memory feats, deduction, and rapid mathematics. Mentalists are sometimes categorized as psychic entertainers, although that category also contains non-mentalist performers such as psychic readers and bizzarists.

Background

Much of what modern mentalists perform in their acts can be traced back directly to "tests" of supernatural power that were carried out by mediums, spiritualists, and psychics in the 19th century.^[1] However, the history of mentalism goes back even further. Accounts of seers and oracles can be found in works by the ancient Greeks{{Attribution needed|date=September 2011}} and in the Old Testament of the Bible. Among magicians, the mentalism performance generally cited as one of the earliest on record was by diplomat and pioneering sleight-of-hand magician Girolamo Scotto in 1572. The performance of mentalism may utilize these principles along with sleights, feints, misdirection, and other skills of street or stage magic.^[2]

Performance approaches

Styles of presentation can vary greatly. Traditional performers such as Dunninger and Annemann attributed their results to supernatural or psychic skills {{Contradict-inline|article=Joseph Dunninger|reason=|date=date=March 2019}}.

Some contemporary performers, such as Derren Brown, attribute their results to natural skills, such as the ability to read body language or to manipulate the subject subliminally through psychological suggestion.

Others, including Chan Canasta and David Berglas would make no specific claims but leave it up to the audience to decide.

Contemporary mentalists often take their shows onto the streets and perform tricks to a live, unsuspecting audience. They do this by approaching random members of the public and ask to demonstrate their supernatural powers. Performers such as Derren Brown who often adopt this method of performance tell their audience before the trick starts that everything they see is an illusion and that they are not really "having their mind read." This has been the cause of a lot of controversy in the sphere of magic as some mentalists want their audience to believe that this type of magic is 'real' whilst others think that it is morally wrong to lie to a spectator.^[3]

Mentalist or magician

Mentalists generally do not mix "standard" magic tricks with their mental feats. Doing so associates mentalism too closely with the theatrical trickery employed by stage magicians. Many mentalists claim not to be magicians at all, arguing that it is a different art form altogether. The argument is that mentalism invokes belief and when presented properly, is offered as being "real" be it a claim of psychic ability, or proof that supports other claims such as a photographic memory, being a "human calculator", the power of suggestion, NLP, etc.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Mentalism plays on the senses and a spectator's perception of tricks.

Magicians ask the audience to suspend their disbelief and allow their imagination to play with the various tricks they present. They admit that they are tricksters and entertainers, and know the audience understands it's an illusion and the magician cannot really achieve the impossible feats shown, such as sawing a person in half and putting them back together without injury.

However, many magicians mix mentally-themed performance with magic illusions. For example, a mind-reading stunt might also involve the magical transposition of two different objects. Such hybrid feats of magic are often called mental magic by performers. Magicians who routinely mix magic with mental magic include David Copperfield, David Blaine, The Amazing Kreskin, and Dynamo.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}. Notable mentalists who mix magic with mentalism include The Amazing Kreskin, Richard Osterlind, David Berglas, Derren Brown, and Joseph Dunninger.

Notable mentalists

Historical figures

Mentalism techniques have, on occasion, been allegedly used outside the entertainment industry to influence the actions of prominent people for personal and/or political gain. Famous examples of accused practitioners include:

"The Amazing Kreskin" has audience members hide his cheques before the show; if Kreskin cannot find the cheque at the end of his performance, he does not get paid.

In television

In fiction

Raju Gari Gadhi 2: Rudra, Played by Akkineni Nagarjuna, performs as a mentalist in Telugu movie Released on October 2017

See also

References

1. ^Cassidy, Bob: "Fundamentals of Professional Mentalism". Lybrary, 2007. pp. 7-9.
2. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/mentalist.html | title=An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=1995 | first=James | last=Randi | accessdate = 2008-03-28}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sorcerers-apprentice.co.uk/karma.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-04-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426185334/http://www.sorcerers-apprentice.co.uk/karma.htm |archivedate=2015-04-26 |df= }}
4. ^Gordon, Mel: "Hanussen: Hitler's Jewish Clairvoyant". Feral House, 2001
5. ^George King, The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina of Russia. Replica Books, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-7351-0104-3}}
6. ^{{cite news | last = Hamilton-Parker | first = Craig | coauthors = | title = Medium with a message | newspaper = Scotland on Sunday | location = | pages = 5 | publisher = | date = December 1, 1996 }}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jayasurya-play-mentalist-ranjith-sankars-pretham-683560|title=Jayasurya to play a mentalist in Ranjith Sankar's 'Pretham'|language=en|access-date=2016-08-13|date=2016-06-20}}