| 词条 | Smart highway |
| 释义 |
Smart highway and smart road are terms for a number of different proposals to incorporate technologies into roads, for improving the operation of connected and autonomous cars, for traffic lights and street lighting, and for monitoring the condition of the road. Intelligent transportation systems{{Main|Intelligent transportation system}}{{See also|Virginia Smart Road}}Intelligent transportation systems usually refers to the use of information and communication technologies (rather than innovations in the construction of the roadway) in the field of road transport, including infrastructure, vehicles and users, and in traffic management and mobility management, as well as for interfaces with other modes of transport.[1] Photovoltaic pavementPhotovoltaic pavement is a form of pavement that generates electricity by collecting solar power with photovoltaics.[2] Parking lots, footpaths, driveways, streets and highways are all candidate locations where this material could be used. In 2013 Students at the Solar Institute at George Washington University installed a solar panel walking path designed by Onyx Solar, something they call solar pavement.[3] SolaRoad is a system being developed by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), the Ooms Groep, Imtech and the Netherlands province of North Holland.[4] They plan to install their panels on 100 m of cycle path in Krommenie, Netherlands in November 2014.[5] A variant concept of a "solar road" installed in Avenhorn, by Ooms Avenhorn Holding AV, uses asphalt and tarmac to absorb the sun’s rays and heat water for use in domestic heating.[6]The Solar Roadways company of Idaho, USA, is developing a prototype system to replace current roads, parking lots, and driveways with photovoltaic solar road panels that generate electricity.[7] South Korea has built a freeway with the median covered by solar panels above a bikepath.[8]The first photovoltaic road in the world was constructed in Tourouvre, Orne, France in 2016.[9][10] Called "Wattway", it was built by Société Nouvelle Aeracem (SNA), and dedicated by the French Minister of Ecology, Ségolène Royal on October 25, 2016.[10] The 1-km section of road opened to traffic on 22 December 2016.[11] It is believed the road will provide enough power for the town's streetlights. The Jinan solar highway opened in China in December 2017 along a 1.2 mile stretch. It uses transparent concrete on the top layer with the solar panels underneath. It was the second solar roadway in the city, the first opened in September 2017 using a different technology.[12][13] Vehicle infrastructure integration{{Further|Platoon (automobile)|Vehicle infrastructure integration}}Structural health monitoring{{Main|Structural health monitoring}}Solar Road PanelsThe main purpose of solar roadways is to replace asphalt roads with Solar Panels which generate energy through the sun that can be used by local houses or businesses that are connected to the system from either the house’s driveway or the businesses parking lot. The panels will also increase the number of charging stations for electric cars if that station is connected to the solar roadway. Each panel is roughly 12’ by 12’ of interlocking panels that have their own LED lights that will be used as the road lines, and can also be used to spell out words like “Reduce Speed” or “Traffic Ahead” to help the flow of traffic.[14] There are 3 layers that make up the solar panels: 1. The Road Surface Layer - The Road Layer is the High Strength layer that has the photovoltaic cells which attracts the sun’s rays, it has traction so vehicles don’t slide off the road, and it’s waterproof to protect the layers below.[14] 2. The Electronic Layer - The Electronic Layers contain a mini microprocessor board that helps control the heating element of the panels, this technology can help melt the snow that lands on the panels so that hazardous road conditions will no longer be an issue in the more northern regions. This layer can sense how much weight is on the panels and can control the heating element to melt the snow.[14] 3. The Base Plate Layer - The Base Plate Layer is the layer that collects the energy from the sun and distributes the power to the homes or businesses that are connected to the solar roadways. This will also be used to transfer the energy to cars as they drive over the strip to recharge the battery.[14] CriticismSlate magazine stated that solar roadways would produce less electricity than solar cells that are placed at an angle, and that less light would touch them because of shade, dirt covering the road, and cars blocking the sun from touching the panels.[15]Critics have pointed out that solar roadways would be both more expensive, and less productive than more conventional ways of combining solar power with infrastructure, such as building shelters over roads and parking areas and putting traditional solar panels on the roofs; Elon Musk demonstrated that there is ample space in the US, apart from roads, to fulfill the power requirements of the country.[16][17][18] Smart pavementThe Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) began testing out “smart pavement” at a rest stop outside of Conway, Missouri along historic Route 66 late in 2016. The pilot program currently covers about 200 square feet of sidewalk at the visitor center and cost $100,000 (Landers), largely subsidized by the Federal Highway Administration.[19] It’s all part of Missouri’s Road to Tomorrow initiative to find new innovations in their transportation infrastructure. Missouri wants to take advantage of these roadways to implement other, related technologies. The panels will heat the road and keep snow and ice from accumulating. They will also feature LED diodes that will increase the visibility of road lines. The LEDs would also double in helping prevent paint from inhibiting solar power generation.[20] The panels have not had enough time to determine durability, energy efficiency, or cost effectiveness in a real world sense yet, so MoDOT has not reach any conclusions about feasibility and future application yet. Wireless vehicle charging{{See|In-road electric vehicle charger|Inductive charging|Wireless power transfer}}The Online Electric Vehicle being developed by KAIST (the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) has electrical circuits built into the road which will power suitably adapted vehicles via contactless electromagnetic induction. A pilot system powering electric buses is under development. Germany's IAV is another company that is developing induction chargers. Electromechanical batteriesRoadway-powered electric vehicle system is the patent held by Howard R. Ross. It has several components. The first of which is an all electric vehicle that would be fit with electromechanical batteries that accept a charge from the road. The road is the second component and would have strategically placed charging coils as to only charge the car when needed. These cars and roads would not require gas or solar power.[21] Nowhere in the world is an invention like this currently implemented, and this is due to the cost of the infrastructure overhaul that would be needed to bring this patent into reality. Road markingsThe Smart Highway concept developed by Studio Roosegaarde and the infrastructure management group Heijmans in the Netherlands incorporated photo-luminescent paint for road markings, which absorb light during the day then glow for up to 10 hours. The technology was demonstrated on a stretch of highway in Brabant, Netherlands.[22][23] Frost protection and melting snow, iceSnowmelt systems using electricity or hot water to heat roads and pavements have been installed in various locations. Solar Roadways has proposed including a snowmelt system with their photovoltaic road panels since the panels already have electrical power connections for harvesting photovoltaic power.[24] Critics point to the very large energy requirements of such a system (much greater than the energy collected by the roadway in ideal conditions).[25][26]ICAX Limited of London's "Interseasonal Heat Capture" technology captures solar energy in thermal banks and releases it back under a roadway, heating it and keeping asphalt free of ice.[27] See also
References1. ^http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:207:0001:0013:EN:PDF 2. ^{{cite journal|author=Matej Lufčić|author2=Marina Maras|author3=Mario Vukelić|title=Energy Saving Design and Materials in Road Transport|url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/540022.Energy_saving_design_and_materials_in_road_transport.doc|accessdate=23 May 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524041829/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/540022.Energy_saving_design_and_materials_in_road_transport.doc|archivedate=24 May 2014|df=}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://inhabitat.com/students-install-the-worlds-first-solar-pavement-panels-in-virginia/ |title=Students Install the World's First Solar Pavement Panels in Virginia | Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building |publisher=Inhabitat |accessdate=2014-06-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531095151/http://inhabitat.com/students-install-the-worlds-first-solar-pavement-panels-in-virginia/ |archivedate=2014-05-31 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solaroad.nl/|title=SolaRoad website|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205735/http://www.solaroad.nl/ |archivedate=2014-06-06|df=}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://inhabitat.com/the-netherlands-to-pave-roads-with-solaroad-solar-panels/ |title=The Netherlands to Pave Roads with Solaroad Solar Panels | Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building |publisher=Inhabitat |date=2012-05-23 |accessdate=2014-06-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426110537/http://inhabitat.com/the-netherlands-to-pave-roads-with-solaroad-solar-panels/ |archivedate=2014-04-26 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmag.com/section/miscellaneous/dutch-company-drives-new-solar-power|title=Dutch Company Drives New Solar Power|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214130/http://www.ecmag.com/section/miscellaneous/dutch-company-drives-new-solar-power|archivedate=2014-05-27|df=}} 7. ^Following the Solar Brick Road {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004212/http://singularityhub.com/2014/05/22/following-the-solar-brick-road-to-clean-energy-and-smart-roadways/ |date=2014-05-24 }} singularityhub.com 8. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.techtimes.com/articles/72306/20150727/daejeon-sejong-bike-highway-solar-powered-good-environment.htm |title = The Daejeon-Sejong Bike Highway Is Solar Powered And Good For The Environment |last = Reich |first = J.E. |date = July 27, 2015 |website = Tech Times |publisher = |access-date = 2016-11-02 |quote = The solar panels are used to power the lights that line the highway proper, as well as ... electric car chargers. |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002413/http://www.techtimes.com/articles/72306/20150727/daejeon-sejong-bike-highway-solar-powered-good-environment.htm |archivedate = November 4, 2016 |df = }} 9. ^{{cite web | url = | title = France gets a step closer to solar roads | last = Tsagas | first = Ilias | date = August 4, 2016 | website = PV Magazine Global | publisher = | access-date = 2016-11-02 | quote = ...the product is based on crystalline silicon, and although it is very thin, ... it is also “very sturdy, skid-resistant and designed to last,” with the durability to bear all types of vehicles, including trucks.}} 10. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Bourgin|first1=Yohann|title=High Tech. Ségolène Royal lance la première route solaire dans l'Orne|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/environnement/amenagement-du-territoire/high-tech-segolene-royal-lance-la-premiere-route-solaire-dans-l-orne-4582630|accessdate=November 2, 2016|work=Sud-Ouest|date=October 25, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028223847/http://www.ouest-france.fr/environnement/amenagement-du-territoire/high-tech-segolene-royal-lance-la-premiere-route-solaire-dans-l-orne-4582630|archivedate=October 28, 2016|df=}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/dec/22/solar-panel-road-tourouvre-au-perche-normandy |title=World's first solar panel road opens in Normandy village |work=The Guardian |author=Kim Willsher |date=December 22, 2016 |accessdate=December 23, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222204933/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/dec/22/solar-panel-road-tourouvre-au-perche-normandy |archivedate=December 22, 2016 |df= }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=https://electrek.co/2017/12/21/china-solar-roadways-transparent-concrete-solar-cells-charge-cars/ |title=China is building solar roadways – ‘transparent concrete’ atop solar cells that charge driving cars |work=Electrek |author=John Fitzgerald Weaver |date=December 21, 2017 |accessdate=January 15, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116135255/https://electrek.co/2017/12/21/china-solar-roadways-transparent-concrete-solar-cells-charge-cars/ |archivedate=January 16, 2018 |df= }} 13. ^{{cite web |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/30/china-opens-1-kilometer-long-solar-road/ |title=China Opens 1-Kilometer Long Solar Road |work=CleanTechnica |author=Steve Hanley |date=December 30, 2017 |accessdate=January 15, 2018}} 14. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Ranjan|first1=Rajeev|title=Solar Power Roads: Revitalising Solar Highways, Electrical Power and Smart Grids|journal=International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science|date=January–February 2015|volume=3|issue=1|pages=380–385}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2017/12/solar_roads_are_almost_definitely_not_the_future.html|title=What Is the Point of a Solar Road?|first=Neel V.|last=Patel|date=December 28, 2017|publisher=|via=Slate}} 16. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.equities.com/news/elon-musk-demonstrates-why-solar-roadways-would-be-really-silly|title=Elon Musk Demonstrates Why Solar Roadways Would be Really Silly|last=equities.com|work=Equities.com|access-date=2018-09-05|language=en-US}} 17. ^{{Cite news|url=https://interestingengineering.com/solar-roadways-engineering-failure|title=Solar Roadways: An Engineering FAILURE|date=2017-05-18|access-date=2018-09-05|language=en-US}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dvhn.nl/drenthe/Parkeren-onder-zonnepanelen-bij-TT-Circuit-21255430.html|title=Cookiemelding - DVHN.nl|website=www.dvhn.nl}} 19. ^{{cite news|last1=Cronkleton|first1=Robert A.|title=Missouri’s solar roadways to begin with sidewalk at historic Route 66 Welcome Center|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article93755517.html|accessdate=20 April 2017|agency=Kansas City Star|date=August 4, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511125201/http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article93755517.html|archivedate=11 May 2017|df=}} 20. ^{{cite journal|last1=Landers|first1=Jay|title=Missouri to Test Solar Roadways, Smart Pavement as Part of Road to Tomorrow Project|journal=Civil Engineering—ASCE|date=2016|volume=86|issue=9|pages=30–31|url=http://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0352321|accessdate=20 April 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504172325/http://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0352321|archivedate=4 May 2017|df=}} 21. ^{{cite web|last1=Ross|first1=H.R.|title=Roadway-Powered Electric Vehicle System|url=https://www.google.com/patents/US5669470|website=Google Patents}} 22. ^{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Liat |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-10/30/smart-highway-glows-in-the-dark |title=Netherlands highways will glow in the dark from mid-2013 (Wired UK) |publisher=Wired.co.uk |accessdate=2014-06-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530095727/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-10/30/smart-highway-glows-in-the-dark |archivedate=2014-05-30 |df= }} 23. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27021291 |title=Glow in the dark road unveiled in the Netherlands |publisher=BBC |date=2014-04-14 |accessdate=2014-06-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703073055/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27021291 |archivedate=2014-07-03 |df= }} 24. ^"Solar-powered 'smart' roads could zap snow, ice" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204050905/http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/01/19/smart.roads/ |date=2017-02-04 }}, Thom Patterson. CNN. January 19, 2011. Retrieved 8 feb 2017 25. ^"Solar Powered Roads: The Future, or Just Hype?" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081821/http://www.zeroto60times.com/2016/06/solar-powered-roads-future/|date=2017-02-11}}, Andy Jensen. Zero to 60 Times. June 2016. Retrieved 8 feb 2017 26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/solar-panels-replaced-tarmac-on-a-road-here-are-the-results-103568|title=Solar panels replaced tarmac on a road -- here are the results|last=Ryan|first=Dylan|website=The Conversation|language=en|access-date=2019-02-09}} 27. ^"Independent results published by TRL on Toddington ice clearing demonstration using Interseasonal Heat Transfer™ to heat roads" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219074315/http://icax.co.uk/toddington_results.html |date=2016-12-19 }}, ICAX. April 2008. Retrieved 8 feb 2017 External links
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