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词条 Smart motorway
释义

  1. History

  2. Contracts

  3. Operation and variants

     Controlled motorway  Locations  Dynamic hard shoulder  Locations  All lane running  Locations  Through-junction running  Locations 

  4. Under construction

  5. Planned

     To begin construction before 2020 (RIS1)  In development for RIS2 (2020-2025) 

  6. Signage

  7. Timeline of introduction

      1995    2001    2005    2009    2010    2011    2012    2013    Statutory instruments  

  8. Map

  9. Effectiveness

  10. Criticisms

  11. References

  12. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}

A smart motorway (formerly managed motorway) is a section of motorway in Great Britain that uses active traffic management (ATM) techniques to increase capacity by use of variable speed limits and hard shoulder running at busy times. Benefits include smoother traffic flow, more reliable journey times, fewer road traffic collisions, and reduced noise and harmful vehicle emissions.[1][2] The term controlled motorway is sometimes used for schemes that use variable speed limits without hard-shoulder running (for example, the M25 motorway from J27 to J30).

History

The traffic management technique, including hard shoulder running, was first used in its full specification in the UK on the M42 motorway in the West Midlands in 2006.[3][4] A higher speed limit of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|0}} was trialled on the southbound carriageway between junctions 4 and 3A from 2008 (a {{convert|10|mph|km/h|0}} increase on the previous maximum permissible speed).[5]

In 2007 plans were announced by the then secretary of state for transport, Ruth Kelly, to extend the scheme to two sections of the M6 motorway near Birmingham (4-5 and 8a-10) by 2011 at a cost of £150 million.[6][7] The emergency refuges were to be extended to every {{convert|800|m|mi|}} on the roll out.[8] A study into the use of ATM on the M1, M4, M20 and M25 motorways was also announced,[6] however the Department for Transport had decided to proceed with a scheme to widen sections of the M25.[8]

From 2013 the current term smart motorway was used by the Highways Agency (now Highways England) to promote the technology to road users.[9]

Contracts

A £2 billion contract was announced to extend the scheme to sections of the M1, M4, M5, M6, M60 and M62 in February 2010[10] with a further announcement by the new government in October 2010.{{r|nds}} The contract was awarded to four delivery partners Balfour Beatty, Carillion and joint ventures BAM Nuttall/Morgan Sindall Group and Costain Group/Serco.[11] In January 2012, Carillion won the contract for M6 junctions 5 - 8 near Birmingham for £126 million.{{r|carillion}}

In early 2018, the contracts previously awarded to Carillion were taken on by Kier, following the collapse of the former.[12]

Operation and variants

Highways England, the South Wales Trunk Road Agent (there are no motorways in North Wales), Transport NI (Northern Ireland) and Transport Scotland are responsible for the construction and maintenance of smart motorways in their respective countries.

Controlled motorway

Variable speed limits with the hard shoulder operating as it would on a conventional motorway. They have most often been installed where a motorway has previously been widened but with a discontinuous hard shoulder to incorporate existing bridges, therefore using the hard shoulder as a running lane is ruled out. Existing gantries are upgraded to support signals capable of displaying a mandatory speed limit and speed cameras.

Locations

  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|1}}: J6a-J10[13], J23a-J24[14][15][16], J25-J28[17] and J31-J32
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|4}}: J24-J28[18][19]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|6}}: J10a-J11a[20]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|9}}: J1-J1a (southbound)[23]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|20}}: J4-J5 (eastbound) and J5-J7[21]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|25}}: J2-J3[22], J6-J7 (counter-clockwise)[23], J7-J23[24][25] and J27-J30[26][27]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|40}}: J16-M42 J3a (northbound)[31]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|42}}: J7-J9[31]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|60}}: J8-J18[28][29]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|62}}: J28-J29[35]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|90}}: M9 J1a-J2 and J2-J3 (southbound)[30]{{Cref2|Note 1}}
  • {{ukroadsmall|90}}: Special road between the M90 in South Queensferry[30]
Notes
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=disc}}{{Cnote2|Note 1|1: A bus lane is in operation on the southbound hard-shoulder between J1a and J2a and on the approach to the southbound M9. The hard shoulders on the Queensferry Crossing are opened to buses when the Forth Road Bridge is closed.}}{{Cnote2 End}}

Dynamic hard shoulder

Variable speed limits with the hard shoulder selectively opened as a running lane during periods when there is a lower speed limit in force.

Locations

  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|1}}: J10-J13[31]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|4}}: J19-J20[32]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|5}}: J15-J17[32]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|6}}: J4-J10a[33][34]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|42}}: J3a-J7[4]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|62}}: J26-J28 and J29-J30 (eastbound)[35]

All lane running

Variable speed limits with the hard-shoulder removed and converted to a permanent running lane.

Locations

  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|1}}: J16-J19[36], J24-25[14][15][16], J28-J31[37], J32-J35a[38] and J39-J42[39]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|3}}: J2-J4a[40]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|5}}: J4a-J6[41]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|6}}: J11a-J13[20] and J16-J19[42]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|25}}: J5-J6, J6-J7 (clockwise)[23] and J23-J27[43]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|62}}: J18-J20[28][29], J25-J26 and J29-J30 (westbound)[35]

Through-junction running

Isolated stretches on a smart motorway where the hard shoulder becomes a permanent running lane through a junction and immediately surrounding the slip roads.

Locations

  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|1}}: J11, J11a and J12
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|6}}: J10

Under construction

The following schemes are under construction:

  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|1}}: J13-J16[44] (all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|4}}: J3-J12[45] (part all lane running, part controlled motorway)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|6}}: J2-J4[46] (all lane running) and J13-J15[47] (all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|23}}: J8-J10[48] (all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|27}}: J4-J11 (all lane running)

Planned

To begin construction before 2020 (RIS1)

  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|3}}: J9-J14 (all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|6}}: J21a-J26 (all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|20}}: J3-J5 (all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|25}}: J10-J16[49][15] (upgrade of controlled motorway to through junction running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|40}}: J16-M42 J3a[14][50][15] (upgrade of controlled motorway to all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|42}}: J3-J4[50][15] (all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|56}}: J6-J8[51] (all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|60}}: J1-J4 and J24-J27 (all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|62}}: J10-J12[52] (all lane running) and J20-J25[53][54][77][15] (all lane running)
  • {{ukmotorwayAsmall|1}}: J6-J8[55][56][15]

In development for RIS2 (2020-2025)

  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|1}}: J19-J23a[14][15] and J35a-J39[57][15]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|5}}: M6 J8-J4a[14][15]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|42}}: M5 J4a-J3[14][15]
  • {{ukmotorwaysmall|53}}: J5-J11[53][15]

Signage

Early systems used dot matrix signs on gantries to display short text messages, with smaller variable signs above each lane and to the sides of the carriageway. Current smart motorway systems often use the "MS4" sign type [58] which can include pictograms from the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions.

Timeline of introduction

1995

M25: J10-J15 (first mandatory variable speed limits used on the British motorway network)

2001

M25: J15-J16

2005

M42: J3a-J7 (first hard shoulder selectively opened to traffic, the scheme was known as active traffic management)

2009

  • M6: J4-J5
  • M40: J16-M42 J3a northbound
  • M42: J3a (eastbound approach) and J7-J9

2010

  • M6: J8-J10a
  • M20: J4-J7
  • M1 (Northern Ireland): J1-J3 (only variable speed limits on a motorway in Northern Ireland)
  • A12 (Northern Ireland): M1-A501 (only variable speed limits on a primary route in Northern Ireland)

2011

  • M4: J24-J28 (only variable speed limits on a motorway in Wales)
  • M1: J6a-J10 and J25-J28

2012

  • M25: J2-J3 and J7-J10
  • M1: J10-J13
  • M62: J25-J30

2013

  • M90: J1-J2
  • M90: J2-J3 (southbound)

Statutory instruments

  • The M25 Motorway (Junctions 10 to 15) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 1995
  • The M25 Motorway (Junctions 10 to 16) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2001
  • The M42 (Junctions 3A to 7) (Actively Managed Hard Shoulder and Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2005
  • The M42 (Junctions 3A to 7) (Actively Managed Hard Shoulder and Variable Speed Limits) (Amendment) Regulations 2009
  • The M40 Motorway (M40 Junction 16 to M42 Junction 3A) (Northbound) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2009
  • The M42 Motorway (Junctions 7 to 9) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2009
  • The M6 Motorway (Junctions 4 to 5) (Actively Managed Hard Shoulder and Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2009
  • The Motorway M1 and Westlink A12 (Speed Limits and Variable Speed Limits) Order (Northern Ireland) 2010
  • The M6 Motorway (Junctions 8 to 10A) (Actively Managed Hard Shoulder and Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2010
  • The M20 Motorway (Junctions 4 to 7) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2010
  • The M4 Motorway (West of Junction 23A (Magor) to East of Junction 29 (Castleton)) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2011
  • The M1 Motorway (Junctions 25 to 28) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2011
  • The M1 Motorway (Junctions 6A to 10) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2011
  • The M25 Motorway (Junctions 2 to 3) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2012
  • The A823(M) Pitreavie Spur Trunk Road (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2012

Map

The map to the right visually represents the operational and under construction elements of the UK's current smart motorway system.[59]

Effectiveness

In 2007 it was estimated that ATM could be introduced within two years at a cost of around £5-15 million per mile[60] as opposed to 10 years and £79 million per mile for widening.[61][62]

The M42 scheme was initially run as an experiment and a Highways Agency report into the first six months of the scheme showed a reduction in variability journey times of up to 27%.[6][63] The journey time statistics can be broken down to show that northbound journey times were reduced by 26%, equating to an average reduction of 4 minute as compared to the period when the variable speed limits were on but the hard shoulder was not being used and 9% southbound (equating to 1 minute) during the afternoon rush hour.[99] The report also indicated a fall in the number of accidents from over 5 a month to 1.5 per month on average.[6][63] The Agency did state that normally accident statistics should be compared over a 3-year period, so the initial results should be treated with caution. They also stated that no accidents had been caused by hard shoulder use as a normal lane.[64] The report also stated that there had been a 10% fall in pollution and 4% fall in fuel consumption.[6] The report also indicated a compliance rate of 98% to the indicated speed limits when using the hard shoulder.[64] For comparison before the introduction of mandatory speed limits at road works, the compliance rate was 10% as opposed to 89% afterwards, showing a similar effect.[65]

Criticisms

The Campaign for Better Transport argued that whilst it would reduce the need for widening schemes, it did nothing to reduce traffic and CO2 emissions. Friends of the Earth criticised the scheme as "widening on the cheap" and also pointed to a possible increase in vehicle emissions.[6] Highways England argue that ATM reduces the environmental impact in regards to widening as it is carried out within the existing boundaries of the motorway as well as a possible improvement in local air quality due to smoother traffic flow.[66]

The RAC cited a study in the Netherlands that showed drivers using the hard shoulder when they were not permitted, increasing the risk of a collision for vehicles stopped. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents also expressed concern that emergency services would take longer to reach an incident.[62] The Highways Agency rejected this concern based on the 5,000 miles of dual carriageway that does not have a hard shoulder.[67] Disability groups were concerned that some drivers would not be able to access the emergency phones or even exit their vehicles, leaving them at increased risk.[67] Ruth Kelly, former Secretary of State for Transport stated that these schemes were useful, but that motorway widening would still be considered where it was appropriate.[62]

The scheme has attracted criticism from motoring organisations such as the AA, who in 2018 reported that many members were concerned that speed limits were being imposed without good cause in situations where traffic was light. [68] In response, Highways England stated that they had "started a comprehensive review of how variable speed limits are set, including the amount of time they are visible to drivers"[68].

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/18495.aspx|title=M20 Junctions 4 - 7 Controlled Motorways|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120810121037/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/18495.aspx|archivedate=10 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/mobile-services/mobile-site/our-road-network-mobile/|title=Highways England - Our Road Network}}
3. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110606115008/http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/25827.aspx|date=November 2009|archivedate=6 June 2011|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/25827.aspx/|title=Managed Motorways|publisher=Highways Agency|website=www.highways.gov.uk}}
4. ^1 {{cite web |title=Active Traffic Management |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/knowledge/1334.aspx |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways Agency |accessdate=20 September 2018 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100303180925/http://www.highways.gov.uk/knowledge/1334.aspx |archivedate=3 March 2010}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/foi/responses/2008/april081/m42speed |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080806101931/http://www.dft.gov.uk/foi/responses/2008/april081/m42speed |dead-url=yes |archive-date=6 August 2008 |title=60mph speed limit on the M42 Active Traffic Management pilot |publisher=Department for Transport |website=www.dft.gov.uk |accessdate=10 December 2008}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7061188.stm |title='Extra lane' plan to be extended |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=31 December 2007|date=25 October 2007 }}
7. ^{{cite web |title=M42 Active Traffic Management Scheme, Birmingham |url=https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/m42/ |website=www.roadtraffic-technology.com |publisher=Verdict Media |accessdate=20 September 2018}}
8. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/transport/Story/0,,2232061,00.html |title=Plan to open up hard shoulder on M25 to ease traffic shelved |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |accessdate=2007-12-31 |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=2007-12-24 |location=London}}
9. ^{{cite web |last1=Marshall |first1=Chris |title=Smart Motorways |url=http://www.roads.org.uk/articles/smart-motorways |website=www.roads.org.uk |publisher=roads.org.uk |accessdate=9 September 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306133136/http://www.thegovmonitor.com/world_news/britain/2-billion-in-managed-motorway-schemes-starts-on-uk-highways-24205.html|title=£2 Billion In Managed Motorway Schemes Starts On UK Highways|work=GovMonitor|date=2010-02-18}}
11. ^https://www.newcivilengineer.com/news/transport/carillion-scoops-126m-managed-motorways-scheme/8624364.article
12. ^{{cite news |last1=Curry |first1=Rihannon |title=Kier takes on Carillion staff for HS2 and motorways work |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2018/01/22/kier-takes-carillion-staff-hs2-motorways-work/ |accessdate=27 July 2018 |work=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |date=22 January 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web |title=M1 Junctions 6A - 10 Controlled Motorway |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/24830.aspx |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways Agency |accessdate=25 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921030921/http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/projects/24830.aspx |archivedate=21 September 2011}}
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Major roads investment in the Midlands|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/major-roads-investment-in-the-midlands |website=www.gov.uk |publisher=HM Government |date=1 December 2014 |accessdate=12 February 2015}}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web |title=Road Investment Strategy: Investment Plan - commitments |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/381495/ris-investment-plan-map-of-commitments.pdf |website=www.assets.publishing.service.gov.uk |publisher=Department for Transport |accessdate=29 July 2018}}
16. ^1 {{cite web |title=M1 junctions 23a to 25: smart motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m1-junctions-23a-to-25-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=30 August 2018}}
17. ^{{cite web |title=M1 J25-28 Widening Scheme |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/27136.aspx |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways Agency |accessdate=25 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810154122/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/27136.aspx |archivedate=10 August 2012}}
18. ^{{cite web |title=M4 Variable Speed Limit |url=http://www.traffic-wales.com:80/vsl |website=www.traffic-wales.com |publisher=Traffic Wales |accessdate=27 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022010111/http://www.traffic-wales.com:80/vsl |archivedate=22 October 2011}}
19. ^{{cite web |title=. M4 Junctions 24 - 28 Variable Speed Limit Scheme - Your Questions Answered... |url=http://www.traffic-wales.com/media/33521/m4-vsl-qa-sheet-january-2011.pdf |website=www.traffic-wales.com |publisher=Traffic Wales |accessdate=27 July 2018 |date=January 2011}}
20. ^1 {{cite web |title=M6 Junction 10a to13: Smart Motorway |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/m6-junction-10a-13/ |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=29 July 2018 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160607085016/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/m6-junction-10a-13/ |archivedate=2 June 2015}}
21. ^{{cite web |title=M20 Junctions 4 - 7 Controlled Motorways |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/projects/18495.aspx |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways Agency |accessdate=29 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909212025/http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/projects/18495.aspx |archivedate=9 September 2012}}
22. ^{{cite web |title=M25 Junction 1b - 3 |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5723.aspx |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways Agency |accessdate=29 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110145520/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5723.aspx |archivedate=10 November 2010}}
23. ^1 {{cite web |title=M25 Junctions 5-7: Smart Motorway |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/m25-junctions-5-7/ |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=31 July 2018 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160607090241/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/m25-junctions-5-7/ |archivedate=2 June 2015}}
24. ^{{cite news |title=M25 speed limit work in Surrey comes to end |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-surrey-13103824 |accessdate=31 July 2018 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=16 April 2011}}
25. ^{{cite web |title=M25 Controlled Motorway - January 2013 - Consultation Document - M25 Junction 16 to 23 |url=http://assets.highways.gov.uk/consultations/M25%20Managed%20Motorways/S120491%20Annex%20A%20-%20M25%20CM%20J16-23%20Consultation%20document.pdf |website=www.assets.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways Agency |accessdate=31 July 2018 |date=January 2013}}
26. ^{{cite web |title=M25 Jct 27 to 30 Widening |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5739.aspx |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways Agency |accessdate=2 September 2018 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5739.aspx |archivedate=10 August 2012}}
27. ^{{cite web |title=The M25 Motorway (Junctions 27 to 30) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2013 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/3166/made |website=www.legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |date=11 December 2013 |accessdate=2 September 2018}}
28. ^1 {{cite web |title=M60 junction 8 to M62 junction 20 |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m60-junction-8-to-m62-junction-20-2/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=29 July 2018}}
29. ^1 {{cite web |title=M60/M62 smart motorways - Public information exhibition |url=http://assets.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/m60-junction-8-to-m62-junction-20/FINAL%20-%20N150128%20-%20Manchester%20Smart%20Motorways%20Exhibition%20Boards.pdf |website=www.assets.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=29 July 2018}}
30. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Intelligent Transport System (ITS) |url=https://www.theforthbridges.org/plan-your-journey/road-user-guide/intelligent-transport-system-its/ |website=www.theforthbridges.org |publisher=Transport Scotland |accessdate=16 September 2018}}
31. ^{{cite web |title=M1 Junction 10-13 Improvements: Smart Motorway |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/road-projects/m1-junction-10-13-improvements/ |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways Agency |accessdate=16 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121031736/http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/road-projects/m1-junction-10-13-improvements/ |archivedate=21 November 2013}}
32. ^1 {{cite web |title=M4 Junction 19-20 and M5 Junction 15-17: Smart Motorway |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/road-projects/m4-junction-19-20-and-m5-junction-15-17 |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways Agency |accessdate=16 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111175734/http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/road-projects/m4-junction-19-20-and-m5-junction-15-17 |archivedate=11 January 2015}}
33. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=The Birmingham Motorway 'Box' |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/knowledge/1356.aspx |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways Agency |accessdate=2 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219050807/http://www.highways.gov.uk/knowledge/1356.aspx |archivedate=19 December 2010}}
34. ^{{cite web |title=M6 Birmingham Box Phase 3: Smart Motorway |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/road-projects/m6-birmingham-box-phase-3 |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=2 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209183431/http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/road-projects/m6-birmingham-box-phase-3 |archivedate=9 February 2016}}
35. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=M62 Junctions 25 to 30: Smart Motorway|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/24037.aspx|website=www.highways.gov.uk||publisher=Highways Agency|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222232757/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/m62-junctions-25-to-30/|archivedate=22 December 2014}}
36. ^{{cite web |title=M1 Junctions 19 to 16 All Lane Running |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m1-junctions-19-to-16-all-lane-running/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=21 September 2018}}
37. ^{{cite web |title=M1 Junctions 28-31: Smart Motorway |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/road-projects/m1-junctions-28-31 |website=www.highways.gov.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=21 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811225239/http://www.highways.gov.uk:80/roads/road-projects/m1-junctions-28-31 |archivedate=11 August 2016}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/24170.aspx|title=M1 J32 to J35a Managed Motorway|publisher=Highways Agency}}
39. ^{{cite web|title=M1 Junctions 39-42: Smart Motorway|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/m1-junctions-39-42/|publisher=Highways Agency|accessdate=10 February 2015}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/29735.aspx|title=M3 J2-4a Managed Motorway|publisher=Highways Agency}}
41. ^{{cite web|title=M5 Junctions 4a to 6 Smart Motorway|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/m5-junctions-4a-to-6/|website=www.highways.gov.uk|publisher=Highways England|accessdate=15 January 2016}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=M6 Junctions 16-19: Smart Motorway|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/m6-junctions-16-19-smart-motorway/|website=www.highways.gov.uk|publisher=Highways England|accessdate=29 February 2016}}
43. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160607090246/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/road-projects/m25-junctions-23-27/|archivedate=2 June 2015|website=www.highways.gov.uk|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5743.aspx|title=M25 Junctions 23-27: Smart Motorway|publisher=Highways England}}
44. ^{{cite web |title=M1 junction 13 to junction 16: smart motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m1-junction-13-to-junction-16-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=30 August 2018}}
45. ^{{cite web |title=M4 junctions 3-12: smart motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m4-junctions-3-12-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=28 August 2018}}
46. ^{{cite web |title=M6 junction 2 to junction 4: smart motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m6-junction-2-to-junction-4-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=20 September 2018}}
47. ^{{cite web |title=M6 junction 13 to junction 15 smart motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m6-junction-13-to-junction-15-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=20 September 2018}}
48. ^{{cite web |title=M23 junctions 8 to 10: smart motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m23-junctions-8-to-10-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=20 September 2018}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=Major roads investment in London and the south east|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/major-roads-investment-in-london-and-the-south-east|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=HM Government|date=1 December 2014||accessdate=3 April 2015}}
50. ^1 {{cite web |title=M40/M42 Interchange: smart motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m40m42-interchange-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=27 August 2018}}
51. ^{{cite web |title=M56 junctions 6 to 8 smart motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m56-junctions-6-to-8-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=27 August 2018}}
52. ^{{cite web |title=M62 junction 10 to junction 12: smart motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m62-junction-10-to-junction-12-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=19 August 2018}}
53. ^1 {{cite web|title=Major roads investment in the north west|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/major-roads-investment-in-the-north-west|publisher=Gov.uk|accessdate=10 February 2015}}
54. ^{{cite web |title=M62 Junction 20 to Junction 25 Smart Motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/m62-junction-20-to-junction-25-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=26 August 2018}}
55. ^{{cite web |title=A1(M) Junction 6 to Junction 8 Smart Motorway |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/projects/a1m-junction-6-to-junction-8-smart-motorway/ |website=www.highwaysengland.co.uk |publisher=Highways England |accessdate=8 September 2018}}
56. ^{{cite web |title=Major roads investment in the east of England |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/major-roads-investment-in-the-east-of-england |website=www.gov.uk |publisher=HM Government |accessdate=8 September 2018 |date=1 December 2014}}
57. ^1 {{cite web |title=Major roads investment in the north east and Yorkshire |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/major-roads-investment-in-the-north-east-and-yorkshire |website=www.gov.uk |publisher=HM Government |accessdate=28 August 2018 |date=1 December 2014}}
58. ^Highways England http://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/ha/standards/ians/pdfs/ian109.pdf
59. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.keithmichaels.co.uk/other-insurance/smart-motorway-map/|title=Smart Motorways UK {{!}} Smart Motorway Map|last=|first=|date=|work=Keith Michaels PLC|access-date=2017-07-03|language=en-US}}
60. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=QH3BTA1IECLSBQFIQMGCFFOAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/12/26/nmway126.xml|title=No hard shoulder driving on M25 |work=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph News and Media |accessdate=2007-12-31 |date=2007-12-26 |last=Cleland |first=Gary |location=London}}
61. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/fashion/mensstyle/article1761719.ece |title=Hard-shoulder driving lies ahead for motorways in effort to reduce congestion |date=2007-10-25 |work=The Times |publisher=News International Limited |accessdate=2007-12-31 |last=Webster |first=Ben | location=London}}
62. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/fashion/mensstyle/article1761720.ece |title=Hard shoulder scheme cut journey times on motorways |date=2007-10-25 |work=Times Online|publisher=News International Limited |accessdate=2007-12-31|first=Hannah |last=Strange |author2=Ben Webster | location=London}}
63. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardianpolitics/story/0,,2199543,00.html |title=Kelly extends experiment to let drivers use hard shoulder |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |accessdate=31 December 2007 |last=Meikle |first=James |date=26 October 2007 |location=London}}
64. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tpm/m42activetrafficmanagement/ATM6MonthSummaryResultsforP1.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080306113842/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tpm/m42activetrafficmanagement/ATM6MonthSummaryResultsforP1.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2008-03-06 |format=PDF |publisher=Department for Transport |author=Highways Agency |title=M42 Active Traffic Management Results –First Six Months |date=2007-10-25|accessdate=2007-12-31}}
65. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/oct/26/epublic.technology12 |title=Smooth-flowing traffic is on the way |work=Society - The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |accessdate=2007-12-31 |date=2005-10-26 |last=Murray|first=Louise |location=London}}
66. ^{{cite web |work=M42 Jct 3a - Jct 7 Active Traffic Management |title= How does it affect the environment? |publisher=Highways Agency |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/4684.aspx |accessdate=2007-12-31}}
67. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/transport/Story/0,,1862284,00.html |title=Motorway hard-shoulder use 'could cost lives' |work=Guardian Unlimited |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |accessdate=2007-12-31 |last= Sturcke |first=James |author2=Agencies |date=2006-08-31 |location=London}}
68. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/thousands-smart-motorway-drivers-m6-14595188 |title=Thousands of 'smart motorway' drivers on M6 may have been wrongly fined |work=Birmingham Mail |publisher=Reach Plc |date=2018-04-30 |last=Rodger |first=James |location=Birmingham}}

}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120708065301/http://www.highways.gov.uk/knowledge_compendium/assets/documents/Portfolio/Project%20Summary%20Report%20-%201254.pdf M42 ATM Monitoring and Evaluation - Project Summary Report]
{{Motorways in the United Kingdom |state=collapsed}}

1 : Motorways in England
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