“Merced, California”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Merced {{IPAc-en|m|ɜːr|ˈ|s|ɛ|d}} (Spanish for "Mercy") is a city in, and the county seat of, Merced County, California, United States, in the San Joaquin Valley. As of 2014, the city had a population of 81,743.^[8] Incorporated on April 1, 1889, Merced is a charter city that operates under a council-manager government. It is named after the Merced River, which flows nearby.

Merced, known as the "Gateway to Yosemite," is less than two hours by automobile from Yosemite National Park to the east and Monterey Bay, the Pacific Ocean, and multiple beaches to the west. The community is served by the passenger rail service Amtrak, a minor, heavily subsidized airline through Merced Regional Airport, and three bus lines. It is approximately {{convert|110|mi|km}} from Sacramento, {{convert|130|mi|km}} from San Francisco, {{convert|45|mi|km}} from Fresno, and {{convert|270|mi|km}} from Los Angeles.

In 2005, the city became home to the 10th University of California campus, University of California, Merced (UC Merced), the first research university built in the U.S. in the 21st century.^[9]

Community

Since 2005, Merced has been home to University of California, Merced. Current recreational opportunities in the city include Applegate Park and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103195238/http://www.cityofmerced.org/depts/parks_n_community_services/cs/applegate/default.asp zoo], Bear and Black Rascal Creeks and their bike trails, a skate park located in Applegate, Playhouse Merced, a live-stage theater downtown, two first-run movie theaters, The Mainzer Theater which is known for its historic and architectural value, the County Courthouse Museum circa 1889, the Merced Multicultural Arts Center and the County Library. Though still growing, Merced has several shopping areas including the Merced Mall, anchored by Target, Sears, JCPenney and Kohl's, a strip mall located on the city's northwest side which includes Best Buy, Barnes & Noble, Lowe's, Wal-Mart, and several restaurants. Merced's Main Street contains several restaurants, a movie theater, and other assorted shops.

Also within a short distance from the city limits are the Castle Air Museum, Lake Yosemite, and Merced Falls. Merced is also the headquarters of Malibu Boats, a manufacturer of inboard boats. The city of Merced along with its surrounding cities are serviced by the Merced Sun-Star and the Merced County Times. The Sun-Star daily newspaper has a circulation of over 20,000 in the Merced area and the Times weekly newspaper has a circulation of over 5,000.

Homes at the median level in Merced had lost 62% of their value from the second quarter of 2006, when they peaked at $336,743, the biggest drop anywhere in the country, according to data provided to Forbes by Local Market Monitor, a Cary, North-Carolina-based real-estate research firm. Home prices have since rebounded, with the median sale price in April 2018 at $247,000.^[10] Earlier, home building and buying grew exponentially in Merced, but the metro area went to a 14.2% unemployment rate in December 2013. Having since recovered to a rate of 8.7% in April 2018, it is still above the national and state unemployment averages. However, some efforts have been directed towards diversifying its economy and are showing a lowering trend in the overall unemployment rate,^[11] according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

During the Great Recession Merced suffered one of the greatest property price collapses in the country and house prices at the end of 2009 had fallen to 1998 levels, according to Zillow, making housing affordable compared to many other California locations. Merced's population has grown faster than the state average since 1980. Over the past nine years, the annualized growth rate is about 3.4%. This rapid expansion of population has stimulated significant retail growth since 1992. Several major retail chain stores have entered Merced, adding over {{convert|750000|sqft|m2}} of new retail space in that time and increasing the City's sales tax receipts by over $500,000 annually.

On 6/19/2018, Merced appeared on the MSN.com portal page as one of the 50 worst cities in the [https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/realestate/the-50-worst-cities-to-live-in/ss-AAytiGT?li=BBnb7Kz#image=26 USA]

The economy has traditionally relied upon agribusiness and upon the presence of Castle Air Force Base. Over the past twenty years, more diversified industry has entered the area, including printing, fiberglass boat building, warehousing and distribution, and packaging industries.

In September 1995, Castle Air Force Base closed after phasing down over the previous three years. This affected residential real estate and some sectors of the retail and service economies but overall retail continued to increase. No significant increase in unemployment was noted. Re-use of the former base is actively proceeding. Industrial development is increasing in the area.

Since 1992, more than {{convert|400000|sqft|m2}} of new industrial activity has started. In May 1995, Merced was selected as the home of the next University of California campus. UC Merced opened with its first 1,000 students in September 2005. Local planning is underway to accommodate campus development, which will eventually accommodate about 25,000 students.

History

The first Merced post office opened in 1870.^[12] Merced incorporated in 1889^[12] and now operates under the Council-Manager form of government.

During World War II, the Merced County fairgrounds were the site of a temporary "assembly center" where Japanese Americans were detained after being removed from their West Coast homes under Executive Order 9066. 4,669 men, women and children from central California (with most coming from Merced County) were confined in the Merced Assembly Center from May 6 to September 15, 1942, when they were transferred to the more permanent Granada internment camp in Colorado.^[13]

Transportation

Major highways

Air

Bus

Rail

High-speed rail

Officials of the California High-Speed Rail Authority say a flat, straight stretch through the San Joaquin Valley connecting Merced and Bakersfield will likely be the first completed. Regional Manager Thomas Tracy told the Visalia City Council that the {{convert|800|mi|km|adj=on}} project will be built in eight phases. The first segment, due by 2015, would stretch from Bakersfield to Merced on an initial run from San Diego to Sacramento. At its full 220 mph speed, the normally three-hour car trip from Merced to Bakersfield would take 45 minutes.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Geography and geology

Merced is located at {{Coord|37|18|N|120|29|W}}.^[7] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|23.3|sqmi|km2}}.

Merced is approximately {{convert|110|mi|km}} southeast of San Francisco and {{convert|310|mi|km}} northwest of Los Angeles.^[16]

A major groundwater plume containing the contaminant PCE was discovered in Merced in 1987.^[17] Subsequently, drilling of new water wells was severely restricted.^[18]

Climate

Merced has a semi-arid climate, featuring very hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.^[19] Average January temperatures are a maximum of 55.0 °F and a minimum of 36.0 °F. Average July temperatures are a maximum of 97.1 °F and a minimum of 60.9 °F. There are an average of 98.7 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 33.6 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The record highest temperature of 114 °F was recorded on July 24, 1902, and August 8, 1905. The record lowest temperature of 13 °F was recorded on January 13, 2007.

Most of the rainfall occurs during the winter and averages {{convert|12.21|in|mm}} annually. There are an average of 48 days annually with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1998 with {{convert|21.66|in|mm}} and the driest year was 1947 with {{convert|5.50|in|mm}}. The most rainfall in one month was {{convert|8.00|in|mm}} in January 1909. The most rainfall in 24 hours was {{convert|2.20|in|mm}}, which occurred on January 30, 1911, and March 9, 1911. Although snow is relatively rare in Merced, averaging only {{convert|0.6|in|mm|adj=on}} annually, the city's proximity to the Sierra Nevada has resulted in some instances of remarkably heavy snowfall. The record 24-hour snowfall was {{convert|13.9|in|cm}} on February 16, 1946. The most snowfall in one month was {{convert|39.0|in|cm}} in December 1906.^[25]

Agriculture

Merced is ranked as the fifth-top producing county in California. In 2016, Merced County generated more than 3.4 billion dollars in total value of production. The top five commodities from 2016 in Merced are:^[21]

Economy

Top employers

According to the city's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,^[22] the top employers in the city are:

In the summer of 2014, the Castle Commerce Center's call center closed, subtracting 400 jobs from AT&T's share of employment.^[23]^[24]

Education

The Merced area has access to several institutions of higher learning. Within a one-hour radius, close to 100,000 students attend colleges and universities, including: University of California, Merced, California State University, Stanislaus, California State University, Fresno and the University of the Pacific. Engineering, Business, and Nursing are some of the most studied subjects at these campuses. The University of California, Merced campus opened in late 2005 northeast of the city limits. UC Merced enrolled about 7,967 students during the 2017-2018 academic year.^[25] Merced is served by the Merced Union High School District and three major public high school campuses, Merced High School, Golden Valley High School, and El Capitan High School as well as a few smaller campuses offering alternative education. Merced has one community college, Merced College, which has an enrollment of more than 10,884 students as of Spring 2017.^[26]

In May 2008, the UC Board of Regents endorsed continued planning for a UC Merced School of Medicine.

Health

A 2016 [https://www.co.merced.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/12213/CHA-FINAL---V1?bidId= Community Health Assesment] prepared by the Merced County Department of Public Health (MCDPH), determined that top health topics that affect Merced and Merced county are income, education, and employment; heart disease and stroke; diabetes; access to health care; and drug and alcohol abuse. In 2017 the MCDPH published the [https://www.co.merced.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/12852/MCDPH_CHIP_FINAL Merced County Community Health Improvement Plan] in an effort to "address health disparities and to promote health equity with the goal of health and wellness for all county residents."{{Expand section|date=May 2013}}

Demographics

2010

The 2010 United States Census^[29] reported that Merced had a population of 78,959

. The population density was 3,386.4 people per square mile. (1,307.5/km²). The racial makeup of Merced was 41,177 (52.1%) White, 4,958 (6.3%) African American, 1,153 (1.5%) Native American, 9,342 (11.8%) Asian, 174 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 17,804 (22.5%) from other races, and 4,350 (5.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39,140 persons (49.6%).

The Census reported that 77,878 people (98.6% of the population) lived in households, 492 (0.6%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 588 (0.7%) were institutionalized.

There were 24,899 households, out of which 11,484 (46.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 10,958 (44.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 4,921 (19.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,941 (7.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,156 (8.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 167 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 5,356 households (21.5%) were made up of individuals and 1,823 (7.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.13. There were 17,820 families (71.6% of all households); the average family size was 3.65.

The population was spread out with 25,091 people (31.8%) under the age of 18, 10,475 people (13.3%) aged 18 to 24, 20,986 people (26.6%) aged 25 to 44, 15,484 people (19.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 6,922 people (8.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.

There were 27,446 housing units at an average density of 1,177.1 per square mile (454.5/km²), of which 10,637 (42.7%) were owner-occupied, and 14,262 (57.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.5%. 31,690 people (40.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 46,188 people (58.5%) lived in rental housing units.

2000

As of the census^[30] of 2000,^[31] there were 63,893 people, 20,435 households, and 14,631 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,216.7 people per square mile (1,242.2/km²). There were 21,532 housing units at an average density of 1,084.0 per square mile (418.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 57.4% White, 6.3% African American, 1.3% Native American, 12.4% Asian (mostly Hmong), 0.2% Pacific Islander, 23.2% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26.4% of the population.

There were 20,435 households, out of which 42.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.2% contained married couples living together, 18.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were "nonfamilies." 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.62.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.7% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 17.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,429, and the median income for a family was $32,470. Males had a median income of $31,725 versus $24,492 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,115. About 22.4% of families and 27.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.9% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Hmong community

Escaping persecution from Communist forces after the Laotian Civil War, Hmong refugees from Laos moved to the United States in the 1970s and '80s, first settling in Merced and other areas in the Central Valley of California.^[32]^[33] The Hmong could not initially take part in farming like they had expected, as the land was owned by other people.^[33] They could not get high end agricultural jobs because they did not speak sufficient English and Mexican migrants already held low end agricultural jobs. As such, a great many of Merced's Hmong collected social services and Hmong gangs arose, prompting other residents to perceive them as being the cause of economic troubles.^[34] As the Hmong settlement matured and the Hmong children gained English language skills, the town's overall attitude began to be more accepting of the Hmong community.^[33]

This acceptance is reflected in various services provided to the Hmong community. This includes the Merced Lao Family Community Inc., a nonprofit organization that provides social services to Hmong people,^[35] the Merced Department of Public Health's MATCH (Multidisciplinary Approach to Cross-Cultural Health) program, intending to draw Hmong patients into the health care system,^[32]^[36] a body of Hmong-speaking faculty and paraprofessionals (including college classes on Hmong culture and language),^[35]^[37] and media outlets for the Hmong community—cable television channel Channel 11 broadcasts programming to the Hmong community twice per week and radio station KBIF 900 AM airs programming oriented towards Hmong people.^[35]

While Merced has historically had a proportionally large portion of Hmong (in 1997, 12,000 of Merced's 61,000 residents were Hmong^[34]), demographic shifts have reduced this. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 prompted a move of some Hmong to Minnesota, North Carolina, and Wisconsin. More recently, many Hmong have gone to Alaska to work in crabbing and fishing industries that require little proficiency in English.^[33]

Racial demographics

In 2010, Latinos became a majority population in Merced and Merced County as the agricultural industry brought in migrant farm laborers. The area's affordable housing prices attracted both Latino and Asian immigrants. Merced has large Asian-American (e.g. Hmong, followed by Chinese, Vietnamese, Laotian, Cambodian, Filipino, Thai, Korean^[38] and Asian Indian) populations relative to the city and county's population size.^[31]

Government

In the California State Legislature, Merced is in {{Representative|casd|12|fmt=sdistrict}}, and in {{Representative|caad|21|fmt=adistrict}}.^[3]

In the United States House of Representatives, Merced is in {{Representative|cacd|16|fmt=district}}.^[39]

Sister cities

Notable people

Sports

Merced has a history of minor league baseball including the California League Merced Bears (1940s)^[46] and Atwater Angels (1970s) in nearby Atwater, California. There were the defunct Merced Black Bears of the Horizon Air Summer Series and the current Atwater Aviators of the Golden State Collegiate Baseball League.^[47]

See also

References and notes

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.municode.com/library/ca/merced/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=THCH_ARTIIIFOGO_S300FOGO|title=Merced, CA Code of Ordinances [codes] - Sec. 300. - Form of government|publisher=Municode|accessdate=February 4, 2015}}
2. ^{{Cite web | url = http://www.cityofmerced.org/depts/city_council/default.asp | accessdate = 2014-09-16 | title = Merced City Council | publisher = City of Merced, CA}}
3. ^¹²{{Cite web |url=http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html |title=Statewide Database |publisher=UC Regents |accessdate=November 21, 2014}}
4. ^{{Cite GovTrack|CA|16}}
5. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |title=California Cities by Incorporation Date |format=Word |publisher=California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions |accessdate=August 25, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017052413/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |archivedate=October 17, 2013 |df= }}
6. ^{{cite web|title=2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Jun 28, 2017}}
7. ^¹{{Cite GNIS|1659751|Merced|accessdate=February 24, 2015}}
8. ^¹{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPANNRSIP.US12A| title=American FactFinder - Results| publisher=United States Census Bureau | accessdate=May 22, 2015}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucmerced.edu/about_ucmerced/mission.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523060140/http://www.ucmerced.edu/about_ucmerced/mission.asp|deadurl=y|title=UC Merced – Mission Statement|archivedate=May 23, 2007|accessdate=February 14, 2019}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.realtor.com/local/Merced_CA |title=Merced, CA Housing Market |publisher= Realtor.com |date=April 17, 2018 |accessdate= May 31, 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.ca_merced_msa.htm |title=Merced, CA Economy at a Glance |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=April 15, 2018 |accessdate= May 31, 2018}}
12. ^¹{{California's Geographic Names|801}}
13. ^Iwata, Adrienne. "Merced (detention facility)" Densho Encyclopedia (accessed 17 Jun 2014).
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cattracks.ucmerced.edu/|title=Home {{!}} CatTracks|website=cattracks.ucmerced.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-07-16}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=am2Station&pagename=am%2Fam2Station%2FStation_Page&p=1237405732508&cid=1229726269596|title=Merced's Amtrak station|accessdate=February 14, 2019}}
16. ^"History of Merced." City of Merced. Retrieved on September 18, 2010.
17. ^Paul M. Santi1, John E. McCray2 and Jamie L. Martens, Hydrogeology Journal, Issue Volume 14, Numbers 1–2, January, 2006, Springer Berlin /Heidelberg
18. ^Environmental Site Assessment for proposed development, Merced, California, Earth Metrics Inc, October 17, 1989
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=18427&cityname=Merced,+California,+United+States+of+America&units=|title=Merced, California Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|accessdate=February 14, 2019}}
20. ^¹{{Cite web |url=https://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca5532 |title=MERCED AP, CALIFORNIA (045532) - Period of Record General Climate Summary. Period of Record : 06/01/1899 to 06/09/2016 |publisher=Western Regional Climate Center |accessdate=September 2, 2017 }}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/Statistics/PDFs/2016-17AgReport.pdf|title=California Agriculture Statistics Review 2016-2017|last=|first=|date=|website=California Department of Food and Agriculture|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-07-16}}
22. ^City of Merced, California Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, for the Year ended June 30, 2010 Retrieved 2010-09-24
23. ^ .
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://costa.house.gov/index.php/2014-press-releases/1044-costa-outraged-at-at-t-call-center-closure |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-11-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206001403/http://costa.house.gov/index.php/2014-press-releases/1044-costa-outraged-at-at-t-call-center-closure |archivedate=December 6, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucmerced.edu/fast-facts|title=Fast Facts 2018-19 | UC Merced|website=www.ucmerced.edu|accessdate=February 14, 2019}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://datamart.cccco.edu/Students/Enrollment_Status.aspx|website=California Community College Chancellor's Office|title=Enrollment Status Summary|accessdate=11 February 2018}}
27. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://dof.ca.gov/Forecasting/Demographics/Estimates/E-1/|title=E-1 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State — January 1, 2017 and 2018|accessdate=September 28, 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0646898|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Merced city|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=July 12, 2014}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}
31. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0646898.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-08-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AA13CtiR?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0646898.html |archivedate=August 24, 2012 |df= }}
32. ^¹{{citation|last=Warner|first=Miriam E|last2=Mochel|first2=Marilyn|year=1998|title=The Hmong and Health Care in Merced, California|url=http://www.hmongstudies.com/HSJ-v2n2_Warner.pdf|journal=Hmong Studies Journal|volume=2|issue=2|pages=30|accessdate=November 28, 2010}}
33. ^¹²³Reiter, Carol. "Hmong seeking life in Merced, Ca {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063605/http://shrdo.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=149 |date=July 16, 2011 }}." Merced Sun-Star at Suab Hmong Radio. January 29, 2008. Retrieved on September 20, 2010.
34. ^¹{{citation|last=Fadiman|first=Anne|authorlink=Anne Fadiman|year=1997|title=The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|title-link=The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down}}
35. ^¹²{{citation|last=Withers|first=Andrea C. |year=2004|title=Hmong Language and Cultural Maintenance in Merced, California|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ724693|journal=Bilingual Research Journal|volume=28|issue=3|pages=299–318|doi=10.1080/15235882.2004.10162624 }}
36. ^Anderson, Barbara. "Merced's Mercy Medical opens its door to Hmong shamans." The Modesto Bee. Monday October 19, 2009. Retrieved on November 29, 2010.
37. ^"MERCED COLLEGE OFFERING HMONG LANGUAGE COURSE." Fresno Bee. December 10, 1987. Retrieved on November 29, 2010.
38. ^{{Cite web|url = http://stat.pcanet.org/ac/directory/directory.cfm|title = Korean Presbyterian church in Merced|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
39. ^{{Cite GovTrack|CA|16|accessdate=October 1, 2014}}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2006/05/25/engadget-reader-meetup-in-merced-ca-on-for-june-10th/|title=Engadget reader meetup in Merced, CA on for June 10th|website=Engadget|accessdate=February 14, 2019}}
41. ^Novelist takes on Vatican secrecy with new spy thriller {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217143821/http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20338/edition_id/415/format/html/displaystory.html |date=February 17, 2009 }}
42. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19800321&id=YgMMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JFoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4706,5549981 | title=Kidnap victim reunites with 'mystery woman'|first=David|last=Peterson|work=St. Petersburg Times |agency=United Press International |date= March 21, 1980 | accessdate =September 15, 2009}}
43. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/player/rick-williams-124334|title=Rick Williams Stats, Fantasy & News|website=MLB.com|accessdate=February 14, 2019}}
44. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucmercedbobcats.com/|title=University of California, Merced Athletics|website=www.ucmercedbobcats.com|accessdate=February 14, 2019}}
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.muhsd.k12.ca.us/Domain/48/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-10-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007005215/http://www.muhsd.k12.ca.us/Domain/48 |archivedate=October 7, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
46. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi|title=1941 Merced Bears Statistics|website=Baseball-Reference.com|accessdate=February 14, 2019}}
47. ^http://pointstreaksites.com/view/goldenstatecollegiatebaseballleague/teams-397/atwater-aviators