| 词条 | SM U-36 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
SM U-36{{#tag:ref|"SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" ({{lang-en|His Majesty's}}) and combined with the U for Unterseeboot would be translated as His Majesty's Submarine.|group=Note}} was a Type 31 U-boat in the service of the Imperial German Navy of the German Empire, employed in the commerce war in World War I. ConstructionU-36 was laid down on 2 January 1913 at Germaniawerft in Kiel. She was launched on 6 June 1914 and commissioned on 14 November 1914, under the command of Kapitänleutnant Ernst Graeff.[2] During February 1915, she carried out acceptance trials at Kiel,[2] and was attached to the 2d Half-Flotilla in the North Sea in March.[2]DesignGerman Type U 31 submarines were double-hulled ocean-going submarines similar to Type 23 and Type 27 subs in dimensions and differed only slightly in propulsion and speed. They were considered very good high sea boats with average manoeuvrability and good surface steering.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=6}} U-36 had an overall length of {{convert|64.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, her pressure hull was {{convert|52.36|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long. The boat's beam was {{convert|6.32|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (o/a), while the pressure hull measured {{convert|4.05|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. Type 31s had a draught of {{convert|3.56|m|ftin|abbr=on}} with a total height of {{convert|7.68|-|8.04|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The boats displaced a total of {{convert|971|t|LT}}; {{convert|685|t|LT|abbr=on}} when surfaced and {{convert|878|t|LT|abbr=on}} when submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=6}} U-36 was fitted with two Germania 6-cylinder two-stroke diesel engines with a total of {{convert|1850|PS|kW bhp|0|lk=on}} for use on the surface and two Siemens-Schuckert double-acting electric motors with a total of {{convert|1200|PS|kW shp|0|abbr=on}} for underwater use. These engines powered two shafts each with a {{convert|1.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}} propeller, which gave the boat a top surface speed of {{convert|16.4|kn|lk=in}}, and {{convert|9.7|kn}} when submerged. Cruising range was {{convert|8790|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|8|kn}} on the surface, and {{convert|80|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|5|kn}} under water. Diving depth was {{convert|50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=6}} The U-boat was armed with four {{convert|50|cm|in|sing=on|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes, two fitted in the bow and two in the stern, and carried 6 torpedoes. Additionally U-36 was equipped in 1915 with two {{convert|8.8|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} Uk L/30 deck guns. The boat's complement was 4 officers and 31 enlisted.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=6}} Service historySM U-36{{'}}s movements and operations were monitored and reported by British Naval Intelligence, better known as "Room 40".[2] Her first war patrol was in Heligoland Bight from 29 to 30 March 1915; she reported no sinkings during this time.[2] On 23 April, she returned to Heligoland Bight, apparently from a North Sea patrol.[2][3]She departed on 29 April, bound again for the North Sea, where she sank the 1,966-ton Danish steamer Lilian Drost on 8 May, captured the 1,241-ton Swedish steamer Björn on 10 May as a prize, while capturing and releasing the 654-ton Dutch steamer Niobe the same day.[2] U-36 returned to her North Sea station on 17 July. Operating off the north and northwest coast of Scotland, she sank three steamers and almost a dozen smaller vessels. On 22 July, the 3,644-ton Russian Rubonia fell victim. That same day, U-36 also attacked a group of fishing vessels west of the Orkney Islands, sinking nine small trawlers and two sailing vessels, while taking one prize. The following day, the 1,505-ton Frenchman Danae was stopped according to prize rules and sunk, and the 3,819-ton Norwegian Fimreite was sunk as well.[2]On the day she was sunk, U-36 intercepted and captured the American windjammer Pass of Balmaha, bearing a cargo of cotton intended for Russia and en route to Kirkwall to be inspected by British authorities. An ensign from U-36 was left aboard the windjammer to ensure her successful passage to Cuxhaven. Pass was refitted as a merchant raider and re-christened {{SMS|Seeadler|auxiliary cruiser|2}}, commanded by Count Felix von Luckner,[4] soon to become famous for her naval exploits in the Atlantic and Pacific. FateU-36 was sunk in the afternoon of 24 July 1915 in combat off the coast of North Rona in the Outer Hebrides with the British Q-ship[2][5] {{ship||Prince Charles|Q-ship|2}}, commanded by Lieutenant Mark Wardlaw, Royal Navy. The submarine had just stopped and boarded the Danish vessel SS Luise and a boarding party was in the process of dumping her cargo when a lookout sighted an approaching steamer. U-36 sailed towards the disguised Prince Charles and ordered her to stop while firing at her. The Q-ship complied, swinging out her boats. The unsuspecting submarine came within about {{convert|600|m|yd|abbr=on}} of the ship when Prince Charles hoisted the British flag of war and commenced firing. Taken completely by surprise, U-36 took several direct hits and heavy damage, and sank. When Luise moved to pick up the survivors floating in the water, Prince Charles fired into her, believing her to be a German resupply vessel. Forty-five minutes after U-36 sank, the remaining survivors were picked up by the Q-ship. Kptlt. Graeff and 15 crewmen were saved, but 18 others were lost. U-36 was the first U-boat sunk by Q-ship, and one of only a handful to fall victim. Lieutenant Wardlaw received a Distinguished Service Order for the action, and two of his crew received Distinguished Service Medals. The merchant crew of the Q-ship was awarded a prize sum of £1,000, to be divided amongst themselves.[6]Summary of raiding history
See also
Notes1. ^{{cite Uboat.net|id=97|name=Ernst Graeff|type=1comm|accessdate=11 January 2015}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 {{cite book|last=Birch and Clarke|title=Contribution to the History of German Naval Warfare, 1914-1918|location=The National Archives, Kew: HW 7/3|volume=2: The Fleet in Being|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C3159541}} 3. ^The British called them "cruises". 4. ^{{cite book|last=Pardoe|first=Blaine|title=The Cruise of the Sea Eagle: The Amazing True Story of Germany's Gentleman Pirate|publisher=The Lyons Press|location=Cuilford, CT|page=19|year=2005|isbn=1592286941}} 5. ^She is described as an "armed collier" in the original document. 6. ^{{cite book|last=Chatterton|first=E. Keble|title=Q-ships and their story|publisher=Sidgwick and Jackson, Ltd.|location=London|year=1922|pages=13–16|chapter=Chapter II: The Beginning of Success|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89100004324|isbn=}} 7. ^Tonnages are in gross register tons 8. ^{{cite Uboat.net|id=u36|name=U 36|type=1boat|accessdate=11 January 2015}} Citiations{{reflist}}Bibliography
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }}*{{cite book|title=A Naval History of World War I|last=Halpern|first=Paul G.|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-1-85728-498-0}}
External links
|id=U+31 |name=U 31 |type=1type }}
|id=36 |name=U 36 |type=1sub }}
8 : German Type U 31 submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1914|Maritime incidents in 1915|U-boats sunk in 1915|World War I submarines of Germany|World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean|1914 ships|Ships built in Kiel |
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