| 词条 | SM U-3 (Austria-Hungary) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
SM U-3 or U-III was the lead boat of the U-3 class of submarines or U-boats built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ({{lang-de|Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine}} or {{lang|de|K.u.K. Kriegsmarine}}) before and during the First World War. The submarine was built as part of a plan to evaluate foreign submarine designs, and was built by Germaniawerft of Kiel, Germany. U-3 was authorized in 1906, begun in March 1907, launched in August 1908, and towed from Kiel to Pola in January 1909. The double-hulled submarine was just under {{convert|139|ft|m}} long and displaced between {{convert|240|and|300|t|ST}}, depending on whether surfaced or submerged. The design of the submarine had poor diving qualities and several modifications to U-3{{'}}s diving planes and fins occurred in her first years in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Her armament, as built, consisted of two bow torpedo tubes with a supply of three torpedoes, but was supplemented with a deck gun in 1915. The boat was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy in September 1909, and served as a training boat—sometimes making as many as ten cruises a month—through the beginning of the First World War in 1914. At the start of that conflict, she was one of only four operational submarines in the Austro-Hungarian Navy U-boat fleet. Over the first year of the war, U-3 conducted reconnaissance cruises out of Cattaro. On 12 August 1915, U-3 was damaged after an unsuccessful torpedo attack on an Italian armed merchant cruiser and, after she surfaced the next day, was sunk by a French destroyer. U-3{{'}}s commanding officer and 6 men died in the attack; the 14 survivors were captured. Design and constructionU-3 was built as part of a plan by the Austro-Hungarian Navy to competitively evaluate foreign submarine designs from Simon Lake, Germaniawerft, and John Philip Holland.[6] The Austro-Hungarian Navy authorized the construction of U-3 (and sister ship, U-4) in 1906 by Germaniawerft of Kiel, Germany.[1] U-3 was laid down on 12 March 1907 and launched on 20 August 1908.[2][7] After completion, she was towed via Gibraltar to Pola,[3] where she arrived on 24 January 1909.[2]U-3{{'}}s design was an improved version of Germaniawerft's design for the Imperial German Navy's first U-boat, {{SMU|U-1|Germany|2}},[1] and featured a double hull with internal saddle tanks. The Germaniawerft engineers refined the design's hull shape through extensive model trials.[3]U-3 was {{convert|138|ft|9|in|m|0}} long by {{convert|14|ft|m|1}} abeam and had a draft of {{convert|12|ft|6|in|m}}.[3] She displaced {{convert|240|t|ST}} surfaced and {{convert|300|t|ST}} submerged.[5] She was armed with two bow {{convert|45|cm|in|1|sp=us|adj=on}} torpedo tubes, and was designed to carry up to three torpedoes.[3]Service careerAfter U-3{{'}}s arrival at Pola in January 1909, she was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 12 September 1909 as SM U-3.[2] During the evaluation of the U-3 class conducted by the Navy, the class' poor diving and handling characteristics were noted.[6] To alleviate the diving problems, U-3{{'}}s fins were changed in size and shape several times, and eventually, the front diving planes were removed and a stationary stern flap was affixed to the hull.[6][8] U-3 served as a training boat between 1910 and 1914 and made as many as ten cruises per month in that capacity.[2] At the beginning of World War I, she was one of only four operational submarines in the Austro-Hungarian Navy.[9] On 22 August 1914, U-3 began operating reconnaissance cruises out of the naval base at Brioni, but moved a month later to Cattaro. In April 1915, a {{convert|3.7|cm|in|sp=us|adj=on}} quick firing (QF) deck gun was added.[2] On 10 August, U-3 departed from Cattaro for what would be her final time for a patrol north of Brindisi.[2] Two days later, while returning to Cattaro from the Straits of Otranto,[10] U-3 launched a torpedo attack on the Italian armed merchant cruiser {{SS|Citta di Catania||2}}.[2] The torpedoes missed their mark and, in the ensuing action, U-3 was rammed by Citta di Catania, which destroyed the U-boat's periscope. When she attempted to surface, she was shelled by the escorting destroyers. She submerged to escape the artillery but was further damaged by a depth charge attack from the French destroyer Bisson while resting on the seabed. When U-3 surfaced the following day, she was shelled and sunk by Bisson.[2] Fourteen of her crew were saved and captured, but seven died in the attack,[2] including her commander, Linienschiffsleutnant Karel Strnad.[11][12] U-3 had no successes during the war.[13] Notes1. ^1 2 Gibson and Prendergast, p. 384. 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sieche, p. 19. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Gardiner, pp. 342–43. 4. ^Baumgartner and Sieche, as excerpted here (reprinted and translated into English by Sieche). Retrieved 14 November 2008. 5. ^1 2 3 4 Sieche, p. 17. 6. ^1 2 Gardiner, p. 340. 7. ^In their book The German Submarine War, 1914–1918, R. H. Gibson and Maurice Prendergast report that U-3 was launched in 1909 (p. 384). 8. ^These same remedies were applied to U-3{{'}}s sister ship {{SMU|U-4|Austria-Hungary|2}}. 9. ^Gardiner, p. 341. 10. ^Kemp, p. 14. 11. ^{{cite Uboat.net|name=Karl Strnad|id=539|type=1comm|accessdate=14 November 2008}} 12. ^Sister ship {{SMU|U-4|Austria-Hungary|6}} was dispatched on 15 August to search for the missing U-3. See: Sieche, p. 20. 13. ^{{cite Uboat.net|name=KUK U3|id=KUK+U3|type=1sub|accessdate=14 November 2008}} ReferencesBibliography{{Refbegin}}
External links
|id=KUK+U3 |name=KUK U-3 |type=1sub }}
8 : U-3-class submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1909|Maritime incidents in 1915|U-boats sunk in 1915|World War I shipwrecks in the Adriatic|1908 ships|World War I submarines of Austria-Hungary|Ships built in Kiel |
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