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词条 SM UB-44
释义

  1. Design and construction

  2. Service career

  3. Summary of raiding history

  4. References

     Notes  Citations 

  5. Bibliography

{{other ships|German submarine U-44}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=Ship caption=SM UB-44
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=Ship country=German EmpireGerman Empire|naval}}Ship name=UB-44Ship ordered=31 July 1915[1]Ship builder=AG Weser, Bremen[1]Ship yard number=246[1]Ship laid down=3 September 1915[1]Ship launched=20 April 1916[1]Ship commissioned=11 May 1916[1]Ship status=Missing since 8 August 1916
}}{{Infobox service record		is_ship= yesis_multi= yeslabel= Service record as UB-44partof=
  • German Imperial Navy:
  • Pola Flotilla, May – August 1916
commanders=Franz Wäger[1]3,409}}) sunk[1]
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Gröner|1991|pp=23-25}}Ship class=German Type UB II submarineShip displacement=
  • {{convert|272|t|LT|abbr=on}} surfaced
  • {{convert|305|t|LT|abbr=on}} submerged
Ship length=
  • {{convert|36.90|m|ftin|abbr=on}} o/a
  • {{convert|27.90|m|ftin|abbr=on}} pressure hull
Ship beam=
  • {{convert|4.37|m|ftin|abbr=on}} o/a
  • {{convert|3.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}} pressure hull
3.68|m|ftin|abbr=on}}Ship propulsion=
  • 1 × propeller shaft
  • 2 × 4-stroke 6-cylinder diesel engine, {{convert|284|PS|kW bhp|abbr=on}}
  • 2 × electric motor, {{convert|280|PS|kW shp|abbr=on}}
Ship speed=
  • {{convert|8.82|kn|lk=in}} surfaced
  • {{convert|6.22|kn}} submerged
Ship range=
  • {{convert|6,940|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|5|kn}} surfaced
  • {{convert|45|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|4|kn}}submerged
Ship test depth=Ship complement=22Ship armament=
  • 2 × {{convert|50|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} bow torpedo tubes
  • 4 torpedoes
  • 1 × {{convert|8.8|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} Uk L/30 deck gun
Ship notes=
}}

SM UB-44{{#tag:ref|"SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" ({{lang-en|His Majesty's}}) and combined with the U for Unterseeboot would be translated as His Majesty's Submarine.|group=Note}} was a Type UB II submarine or U-boat for the German Imperial Navy ({{lang-de|Kaiserliche Marine}}) during World War I. UB-44 operated in the Mediterranean and disappeared in August 1916.

UB-44 was ordered in July 1915 and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in September. UB-44 was a about {{convert|37|m|ftin}} in length and displaced between {{convert|270|and|305|t|LT}}, depending on whether surfaced or submerged. She was equipped to carry a complement of four torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and had an {{convert|5|cm|in|adj=on|sp=us}} deck gun. As part of a group of six submarines selected for Mediterranean service, UB-44 was broken into railcar sized components and shipped to Pola where she was assembled and launched in April 1916 and commissioned in May.

In two patrols in her three-month career, UB-44 sank one ship of {{GRT|3,409|disp=long}}. In early August 1916, UB-44 departed from Cattaro for Hersingstand and never arrived. Her fate is officially unknown, but she may have been sunk by a torpedo boat near the island of Paxoi on 8 August.

Design and construction

The German UB II design improved upon the design of the UB I boats, which had been ordered in September 1914.[2] In service, the UB I boats were found to be too small and too slow. A major problem was that, because they had a single propeller shaft/engine combo, if either component failed, the U-boat became almost totally disabled.[3] To rectify this flaw, the UB II boats featured twin propeller shafts and twin engines (one shaft for each engine), which also increased the U-boat's top speed.[4] The new design also included more powerful batteries,[3] larger torpedo tubes, and a deck gun.[5] As a UB II boat, U-47 could also carry twice the torpedo load of her UB I counterparts, and nearly ten times as much fuel.[5] To contain all of these changes the hull was larger,[3] and the surface and submerged displacement was more than double that of the UB I boats.[5]

The Imperial German Navy ordered UB-44 from AG Weser on 31 July 1915 as one of a series of six UB II boats (numbered from {{SMU|UB-42||2}} to {{SMU|UB-47||2}}).[5] UB-44 was {{convert|36.90|m|ftin}} long and {{convert|4.37|m|ftin}} abeam. She had a single hull with saddle tanks and had a draught of {{convert|3.68|m|ftin}} when surfaced. She displaced {{convert|305|t|LT}} while submerged but only {{convert|272|t|LT}} on the surface.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=23-25}}

The submarine was equipped with twin Daimler diesel engines and twin Siemens-Schuckert electric motors—for surfaced and submerged running, respectively—that drove one propeller shaft. UB-44 had a surface speed of up to {{convert|8.82|kn}} and could go as fast as {{convert|6.22|kn}} while underwater. The U-boat could carry up to {{convert|27|t|LT}} of diesel fuel, giving her a range of {{convert|6,940|nmi}} at {{convert|5|kn}}. Her electric motors and batteries provided a range of {{convert|45|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=23-25}}

UB-44 was equipped with two {{convert|50|cm|in|1|sp=us|adj=on}} bow torpedo tubes and could carry four torpedoes. The U-boat was also armed with one {{convert|8.8|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} Uk L/30 deck gun.

UB-44 was laid down by AG Weser at its Bremen shipyard on 3 September 1915.[1] As one of six U-boats selected for service in the Mediterranean while under construction, UB-44 was broken into railcar-sized components and shipped overland to the Austro-Hungarian port of Pola.[6][7] Shipyard workers from Weser assembled the boat and her five sisters at Pola,[6] where she was launched on 20 April 1916.[1]

Service career

SM UB-44 was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 11 May 1916 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Franz Wäger.[1][8] UB-44, Wäger's fourth U-boat command,[9] was assigned to the Navy's Pola Flotilla ({{lang-de|Deutsche U-Halbflotille Pola}}).[1] Although the flotilla was based in Pola, the site of the main Austro-Hungarian Navy base, boats of the flotilla operated out of the Austro-Hungarian base at Cattaro which was located farther south and closer to the Mediterranean. German U-boats typically returned to Pola only for repairs.[10]

On 30 June, Wäger and UB-44 achieved their only success when they sank the steamer Moeris {{convert|46|nmi}} southeast of Cape Sidero, Crete. The 3,409-gross register ton British steamer was carrying a general cargo from Glasgow for Alexandria when she went down with the loss of three men.[11]

After Germany's conquest of Romania (see Romania during World War I), the German Imperial Navy had sufficient fuel oil for submarines located in the Black Sea. UB-44 and three of her sister ships in the Pola Flotilla were ordered to Constantinople and, en route, had to navigate through the Dardanelles, which had been heavily mined by the Allies in the middle of 1916.[12][13] UB-44 departed from Cattaro on 8 August for Hersingstand (located on the Gallipoli peninsula)[14] to pick up a pilot for the trip through the Dardanelles, but never arrived.[15]

UB-44{{'}}s fate is unknown. Two British post-war reports list UB-44 as falling victim to the Otranto Barrage on 30 July but, as author Dwight Messimer points out, German records record UB-44{{'}}s departure from Cattaro nine days after that. Messimer reports that it is possible that UB-44 was sunk by the torpedo boat HMS 368 (probably the French TB368, based at Brindisi), which was reported by an Athenian newspaper as sinking a U-boat {{convert|6|nmi}} on 8 August off Paxoi with a lance bomb.[15]

Summary of raiding history

DateNameNationalityTonnage[16]Fate[17]
30 June 1916Moeris{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}3,409Sunk

References

Notes

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite Uboat.net|name=UB 44|id=UB+44|type=1sub|accessdate=12 February 2009}}
2. ^Gardiner, p. 174.
3. ^1 2 Miller, p. 48.
4. ^Williamson, p. 13.
5. ^1 2 3 Tarrant, p. 172.
6. ^1 Halpern, p. 383.
7. ^Miller, p. 49.
8. ^Wäger was in the Navy's April 1907 cadet class with 34 other future U-boat captains, including Werner Fürbringer, Heino von Heimburg, Hans Howaldt, Otto Steinbrinck, and Ralph Wenninger. See: {{cite Uboat.net|name=Crew 4/07|id=4%2F07|type=1crew|accessdate=13 February 2009}}
9. ^{{cite Uboat.net|name=Franz Wäger|id=383|type=1comm|accessdate=13 February 2009}} Wäger had previously commanded {{SMU|UB-1||2}}, {{SMU|UC-7||2}}, and {{SMU|UB-18||2}}.
10. ^Halpern, p. 384.
11. ^{{cite Uboat.net|name=Moeris|id=4201|type=1ship|accessdate=13 February 2009}}
12. ^Halpern, pp. 248–49.
13. ^The other three boats were {{SMU|UB-42||2}}, {{SMU|UB-45||2}}, and {{SMU|UB-46||2}}.
14. ^Halpern, p. 461.
15. ^1 Messimer, p. 165.
16. ^Tonnages are in gross register tons
17. ^{{cite Uboat.net|id=ub44|name=UB 44|type=1boat|accessdate=8 March 2015}}

Citations

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{Cite book| last = Bendert| first = Harald |title=Die UB-Boote der Kaiserlichen Marine, 1914-1918. Einsätze, Erfolge, Schicksal | location = Hamburg | publisher = Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH| year = 2000 | isbn = 3-8132-0713-7 | language = German| ref = harv}}
  • {{cite book

|last1=Gröner
|first1=Erich
|author-link1=
|author-mask1=
|last2=Jung
|first2=Dieter
|display-authors=
|last-author-amp=
|last3=Maass
|first3=Martin
|translator-last1=Thomas
|translator-first1=Keith
|translator-last2=Magowan
|translator-first2=Rachel
|year=1991
|title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels
|volume=2
|work=German Warships 1815–1945
|location=London
|publisher=Conway Maritime Press
|isbn=0-85177-593-4
|ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991
}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Rössler|first=Eberhard|title=U-Bootbau bis Ende des 1. Weltkrieges, Konstruktionen für das Ausland und die Jahre 1935 – 1945|work=Die deutschen U-Boote und ihre Werften|volume=I|year=1979|location=Munich|publisher=Bernard & Graefe|isbn=3-7637-5213-7|language=German|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book | last = Gardiner | first = Robert, ed. |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921 | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-87021-907-8 | oclc = 12119866 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Halpern | first = Paul G. |title=A Naval History of World War I | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-87021-266-6 | oclc = 28411665 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Messimer | first = Dwight R. |title=Verschollen: World War I U-boat losses | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-55750-475-3 | oclc = 231973419 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Miller | first = David |title=The Illustrated Directory of Submarines of the World | location = St. Paul, Minnesota | publisher = MBI Pub. Co | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-7603-1345-9 | oclc = 50208951 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Tarrant | first = V. E. |title=The U-Boat Offensive: 1914–1945 | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-87021-764-7 | oclc = 20338385 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Williamson | first = Gordon|authorlink=Gordon Williamson (writer)|title=U-boats of the Kaiser's Navy | location = Oxford | publisher = Osprey | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-84176-362-0 | oclc = 48627495 }}
{{Refend}}{{German Type UB II submarines}}{{August 1916 shipwrecks}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}{{Good article}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ub044}}

7 : German Type UB II submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1916|World War I submarines of Germany|Maritime incidents in 1916|U-boats sunk in 1916|1916 ships|Missing U-boats of World War I
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