1. Design

2. Deception tactics

3. Sinking

4. Summary of raiding history

5. See also

6. References
    Notes  Citations  Bibliography 

Two aspects of her service are noteworthy. UC-44 was the first submarine to use the tactic of releasing oil and debris from her torpedo tubes to fool the enemy into believing it had been sunk by depth charges. Her actual sinking, sometimes claimed to be the result of British deception, also yielded intelligence that showed how little effect the Dover Barrage antisubmarine defences were having on the U-boats and forced changes in its command and operation before the year ended.

Design

A German Type UC II submarine, UC-44 had a displacement of {{convert|400|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|480|t|LT}} while submerged. She had a length overall of {{convert|49.45|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|5.22|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|3.68|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing {{convert|260|PS|kW shp}} (a total of {{convert|520|PS|kW shp}}), two electric motors producing {{convert|460|PS|kW shp}}, and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of {{convert|50|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=31-32}}

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|11.7|kn}} and a submerged speed of {{convert|6.7|kn}}. When submerged, she could operate for {{convert|60|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|9410|nmi}} at {{convert|7|kn}}. UC-44 was fitted with six {{convert|100|cm|in|adj=on}} mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three {{convert|50|cm|in|adj=on}} torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one {{convert|8.8|cm|in|adj=on|sp=us|abbr=on}} Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=31-32}}

Deception tactics

During a particularly intense depth charge attack on 15 February 1917, Kapitanleutnant Kurt Tebbenjohanns, UC-44's commander, ordered that the vessel's front torpedo tubes be filled with waste oil and other debris, then fired, simulating what might have been expected to reach the surface had the submarine sank. The ruse worked, and the attack was ended, allowing UC-44 to escape. Other U-boat commanders, and eventually their counterparts in other navies, adopted this deception tactic. It was particularly effective for the Germans at first, as British commanders were easily satisfied that they had sunk the enemy.^[5]

Sinking

In summer 1917 UC-44 was operating off Waterford Harbour on the southern coast of Ireland, laying mines and then re-laying them after British minesweepers had cleared the field. The Royal Navy officers in charge of the minesweeping surmised from the regularity with which this occurred and the haste with which the mines were laid that the Germans had broken their codes. Some of them later claimed that, realising this, they had the minesweeper run a dummy operation in mid-July, leaving all the mines in place and reporting that it had cleared them using the code suspected to have been broken, then closing the harbour to all shipping for two weeks.^[6] The hope was reportedly that a stricken U-boat would sink in shallow water where it and its contents could be recovered and examined by Room 40 and other departments of naval intelligence.^[7] however the historical record suggests that the British had not become aware of the compromised code and closed Waterford until after UC-44 sank.^[6]

The British were pleasantly surprised that they had been fortunate enough to capture a U-boat commander. One officer who took tea with Tebenjohanns said the commander complained that the minesweepers had not done their jobs efficiently; they reportedly allowed him to share this news with his own superiors along with the report of his capture. When he was asked if the Germans had broken the code used by the British minesweepers, he said that as an officer he could not answer that, but the interrogator believed his demeanor and body language as he replied betrayed that the Germans had indeed done so.^[6]

Navy divers later reached the wrecked submarine to sweep it for intelligence, something the British had not previously been able to do with a sunken U-boat. They described the explosion damage as concentrated around UC-44's stern and engine room, near where the mine had been released from. This, along with the other eight mines being discovered and swept, suggests that the submarine sank when one of its own mines accidentally detonated while being laid, and not due to any deception operation by the Royal Navy, or^[6] as other accounts have it a leftover mine laid by UC-42^[8]

Intelligence recovered from UC-44 was greatly disturbing to the Admiralty. The submarine's logs showed that U-boats were passing the Dover Barrage at will; Tebenjohanns' standing orders were to pass the net on the surface at night when possible and dive no deeper than {{convert|40|m}} if not. U-boats that for whatever reason bypassed the English Channel entirely and went around the northern tip of Scotland were advised to do so completely on the surface since that would lead the English to think the Dover defences were working. This discovery was a contributing factor to Reginald Bacon being relieved as commander of the Dover Patrol at the end of the year.^[9]

Summary of raiding history

See also

• List of German U-boats
• List of shipwrecks in August 1917

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

• {{cite book

• {{cite book

• {{cite book | last = Gardiner | first = Robert, ed. | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921 | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-87021-907-8 | oclc = 12119866 }}
• {{cite book | last = Tarrant | first = V. E. | title = The U-Boat Offensive: 1914–1945 | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-87021-764-7 | oclc = 20338385 }}

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