“Meridian, Mississippi”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Lauderdale_County_Mississippi_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Meridian_Highlighted.svg

Meridian is the sixth largest city in the state of Mississippi, United States.^[2] It is the county seat of Lauderdale County and the principal city of the Meridian, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area. Along major highways, the city is {{convert|93|mi|abbr=on}} east of Jackson, Mississippi; {{convert|154|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Birmingham, Alabama; {{convert|202|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of New Orleans, Louisiana; and {{convert|231|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Memphis, Tennessee.

Established in 1860, at the junction of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and Southern Railway of Mississippi, Meridian built an economy based on the railways and goods transported on them, and it became a strategic trading center. During the American Civil War, General William Tecumseh Sherman burned much of the city to the ground in the Battle of Meridian (February 1864). Rebuilt after the war, the city entered a "Golden Age". It became the largest city in Mississippi between 1890 and 1930, and a leading center for manufacturing in the South, with 44 trains arriving and departing daily. Union Station, built in 1906, is now a multi-modal center, with access to Amtrak and Greyhound Buses averaging 242,360 passengers per year. Although the economy slowed with the decline of the railroad industry, the city has diversified, with healthcare, military, and manufacturing employing the most people in 2010. The population within the city limits, according to 2008 census estimates, is 38,232, but a population of 232,900 in a {{convert|45|mi|adj=on}} radius and 526,500 in a {{convert|65|mi|adj=on}} radius, of which 104,600 and 234,200 people respectively are in the labor force, feeds the economy of the city.

The area is served by two military facilities, Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field, which employ over 4,000 people. NAS Meridian is home to the Regional Counter-Drug Training Academy (RCTA) and the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state. Key Field is named after brothers Fred and Al Key, who set a world endurance flight record in 1935. The field is now home to the 186th Air Refueling Wing of the Air National Guard and a support facility for the 185th Aviation Brigade of the Army National Guard. Rush Foundation Hospital is the largest non-military employer in the region, employing 2,610 people. Among the city's many arts organizations and historic buildings are the Riley Center, the Meridian Museum of Art, Meridian Little Theatre, and the Meridian Symphony Orchestra. Meridian was home to two Carnegie libraries, one for whites and one for African Americans. The Carnegie Branch Library, now demolished, was one of a number of Carnegie libraries built for blacks in the Southern United States during the segregation era.

The Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Experience (The MAX) is located in downtown Merdian. Jimmie Rodgers, the "Father of Country Music", was born in Meridian. Highland Park houses a museum which displays memorabilia of his life and career, as well as railroad equipment from the steam-engine era. The park is also home to the Highland Park Dentzel Carousel, a National Historic Landmark. It is the world's only two-row stationary Dentzel menagerie in existence.

Other notable natives include Miss America 1986 Susan Akin; James Chaney, an activist who was one of three civil rights workers murdered in 1964; and Hartley Peavey, founder of Peavey Electronics headquartered in Meridian. The federal courthouse was the site of the 1966–1967 trial of suspects in the murder of Chaney and two other activists. For the first time, an all-white jury convicted a white official of a civil rights killing.^[4]

History

Previously inhabited by the Choctaw Native Americans, the area now called Meridian was obtained by the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek in 1830 during the period of Indian removal.^[3] After the treaty was ratified, European-American settlers began to move into the area.

After receiving a federal land grant of about {{convert|2000|acres}},^[4] Richard McLemore, the first settler of Meridian,^[3] began offering free land to newcomers to attract more settlers to the region and develop the area.^[5] Most of McLemore's land was bought in 1853 by Lewis A. Ragsdale, a lawyer from Alabama. John T. Ball, a merchant from Kemper County, bought the remaining {{Convert|80|acre|km2}}.^[6] Ragsdale and Ball, now known as the founders of the city,^[7] began laying out lots for new development on their respective land sections.^[6]

There was much competition over the proposed name of the settlement. Ball and the more industrial residents of the city supported the name "Meridian," believing the term to be synonymous with "junction"; the more agrarian residents of the city preferred "Sowashee" (meaning "mad river" in Choctaw, from the name of a nearby creek); and Ragsdale proposed "Ragsdale City."^[8]^[9] Ball erected a station house on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad – the sign on which would alternate between "Meridian" and "Sowashee" each day. Eventually the continued development of the railroads led to an influx of railroad workers who overruled the others in the city and left "Meridian" on the station permanently.^[8] The town was officially incorporated as Meridian on February 10, 1860.^[6]

At the start of the American Civil War in 1861, Meridian was still a small village. But the Confederates made use of its strategic position at the railroad junction and constructed several military installations there to support the war.^[6] During the Battle of Meridian in 1864, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led troops into the city, destroying the railroads in every direction, as well as an arsenal and immense storehouses;^[10] his forces burned many of the buildings to the ground.^[18] Sherman is reported to have said afterwards, "Meridian, with its depots, store-houses, arsenal, hospitals, offices, hotels, and cantonments no longer exists."^[11] Despite the destruction, workers rapidly repaired the railroad lines and they were back in operation 26 working days after the battle.^[3]

Race relations were tense during the Reconstruction era, as whites resisted freedmen being allowed to choose their labor, vote, and have freedom of movement. Following a fire that damaged many businesses, the riot of 1871 erupted, with whites attacking blacks in the community. The black community had expanded after the war, as people moved to the city for more opportunity and to create community away from white supervision.

The town boomed in the aftermath of the Civil War, and experienced its "Golden Age" from 1880 to 1910.^[5] The railroads in the area provided for both passenger transportation and industrial needs, stimulating industry, businesses and a population boom.^[5] Related commercial activity increased in the downtown area. Between 1890 and 1930, Meridian was the largest city in Mississippi and a leading center for manufacturing in the South.^[3]

The wealth generated by this strong economy resulted in residents constructing many fine buildings, now preserved as historic structures, including the Grand Opera House in 1890,^[12] the Wechsler School in 1894,^[13] two Carnegie libraries in 1913,^[14] and the Threefoot Building, Meridian's tallest skyscraper, in 1929.^[15]

The city continued to grow thanks to a commission government's efforts to bring in 90 new industrial plants in 1913 and a booming automobile industry in the 1920s. Even through the stock market crash of 1929 and the following Great Depression, the city continued to attract new businesses. With escapism becoming popular in the culture during the depth of the Depression, the S. H. Kress & Co. building, built to "provide luxury to the common man,"^[16] opened in downtown Meridian, as did the Temple Theater, which was first used as a movie house.^[16] The federal courthouse was built in 1933 as a WPA project.^[4]

After a brief slowdown of the economy at the end of the Depression, the country entered World War II, which renewed the importance of railroads. The rails were essential to transport gasoline and scrap metal to build military vehicles, so Meridian became the region's rail center again. This renewed prosperity continued until the 1950s, when the affordability of automobiles and the subsidized Interstate Highway System drew off passengers from the trains.^[16] The decline of the railroad industry, which went through considerable restructuring among freight lines as well, caused significant job losses. The city's population declined as workers left for other areas.^[5]

During the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, Meridian was home to a Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) office and several other activist organizations.^[16] James Chaney and other local residents, along with Michael Schwerner, his wife Rita, and Andrew Goodman, volunteers from New York City, worked to create a community center. They held classes during Freedom Summer to help prepare African Americans in the area to prepare to regain their constitutional franchise, after having been excluded from politics since disenfranchisement in 1890.^[17] Whites in the area resented the activism, and physically attacked civil rights workers.^[18] In June 1964, Chaney, Schwerner, and Goodman went to Neshoba County, Mississippi, to meet with members of a black church that had been bombed and burned. The three disappeared that night on their way back to Meridian.^[17] Following a massive FBI investigation, their murdered bodies were found two months later, buried in an earthen dam.

Seven Klansmen, including a deputy sheriff, were convicted by an all-white jury in the federal courthouse in Meridian of "depriving the victims of their civil rights".^[4] Three defendants were acquitted in the trial for the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner.^[19] This was the first time that a white jury had convicted "a white official in a civil rights killing."^[20]

In 2005, the state brought charges in the case for the first time. Edgar Ray Killen was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to 60 years in prison.^[21] Meridian later honored Chaney by renaming a portion of 49th Avenue after him and holding an annual memorial service.^[22]

Starting in the 1960s and following the construction of highways that made commuting easier, residents began to move away from downtown in favor of new housing subdivisions to the north. After strip commercial interests began to move downtown, the city worked to designate several areas as historic districts in the 1970s and 80s to preserve the architectural character of the city.^[5] The Meridian Historic Districts and Landmarks Commission was created in 1979, and the Meridian Main Street program was founded in 1985.^[5]

Meridian Main Street organized several projects to revitalize downtown. This included construction of a new Amtrak Station in 1997, based on the design of the historic train station used during Meridian's Golden Age; it had been demolished.^[44] Other projects included renovation of the Rosenbaum Building in 2001 and Weidmann's Restaurant in 2002, as well as support for integrated urban design.^[23] Meridian Main Street, along with The Riley Foundation, helped renovate and adapt the historic Grand Opera House in 2006 for use as the "Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and the Performing Arts."^[23]^[24]

After ownership of the Meridian Main Street was transferred to the Alliance for Downtown Meridian in late 2007,^[25] the two organizations, along with the Meridian Downtown Association, spearheaded the downtown revitalization effort.^[26] The Alliance serves as an umbrella organization, allowing the other two organizations to use the its support staff and housing, and in turn the Alliance serves as a liaison between the organizations.^[26] Plans were underway to renovate the Threefoot Building, but newly elected Mayor Cheri Barry killed the plans in early 2010.^[27] Today, the Alliance helps to promote further development and restoration downtown; its goal is to assist businesses such as specialty shops, restaurants, and bars because these help downtown become more active during the day and at night. The Meridian Downtown Association is primarily focused on increasing foot traffic downtown by organizing special events, and the Meridian Main Street program supports existing businesses downtown.^[26]

Hotels

Given Meridian's site as a railroad junction, its travelers have attracted the development of many hotels. Even before Meridian reached its "Golden Age," several large hotels, including the Great Southern and the Grand Avenue hotels, were built before the start of the 20th century.^[28] With the growth of the railroads and the construction of the original Union Station in 1906, many hotels were constructed for passengers and workers.^[16] The Elmira Hotel was constructed in 1905,^[29] and the Terminal Hotel was constructed in 1910.^[30] Hotel Meridian was constructed in 1907, and Union Hotel was built in 1908.^[28] Union Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979,^[58] and both Hotel Meridian and Grand Avenue Hotel were listed as contributing properties to the Meridian Urban Center Historic District.^[16]

As the city grew, the hotels reflected ambitions of the strong economy, as evidenced by the 11-story skyscraper Lamar Hotel built in 1927.^[28] Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, the Lamar Hotel was adapted for use as a county annex building.^[58] In 1988 it was listed as a Mississippi Landmark.^[31] The E.F. Young Hotel was built in 1931.^[32] A staple in the African-American business district that developed west of the city's core, the hotel was one of the only places in the city during the years of segregation where a traveling African American could find a room.^[16]

As the city suburbs developed in the 1960s and '70s, most hotels moved outside of downtown. Rehabilitation of the Riley Center in 2006 has increased demand and a push for a new downtown hotel.^[33]^[34] The Threefoot Building has been proposed for redevelopment for this purpose, but restoration efforts stalled with a change in city administrations.^[35] The Threefoot Preservation Society was formed in 2013 to raise public awareness and support for the building's renovation, featuring tours of the first floor and anniversary events.

Historic districts

Meridian has nine historic districts that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Meridian Downtown Historic District is a combination of two older districts, the Meridian Urban Center Historic District and the Union Station Historic District. Many architectural styles are present in the districts, most from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Italianate, Art Deco, Late Victorian, and Bungalow. The districts are:^[36]^[37]

Government and infrastructure

Meridian has operated under the mayor-council or "strong mayor" form of government since 1985.^[38] A mayor is elected every four years by the population at-large. The five members of the city council are elected every four years from each of the city's five wards, considered single-member districts. The mayor, the chief executive officer of the city, is responsible for administering and leading the day-to-day operations of city government. The city council is the legislative arm of the government, setting policy and annually adopting the city's operating budget.^[39]

The city has a Department of Homeland Security (DHS), becoming the only local DHS in the state. The team oversees an area of nine counties. Upon receiving $2.5 million in grants from the Mississippi Emergency Management Agency and other organizations, the department began training law enforcement offices from other Southern states in passenger rail rescue as well as offering civilian classes in basic handguns, Boy Scout first aid and hunting, and firearms training. The DHS helps during times of crisis such as Hurricane Ivan in September 2004, when the department helped establish and support shelters for 700 evacuees.^[40] The city now serves as the leader of one of the task forces in the Mississippi DHS, a combination of three nine-county teams.^[41]

Headed by police chief Lee Shelbourn since 2009, the Meridian Police Department consists of 115 full-time officers as well as part-time and reserve staff available.^[42] In 2009, the department's Criminal Investigations Division responded to 4000 cases, 2000 of which were felonies.^[41] In 2000, 2094 crimes were reported, up slightly from 2008 crimes the preceding year. Meridian has been described as "the safest city in Mississippi with more than 30,000 people."^[43] The East Mississippi Correctional Facility is located in unincorporated Lauderdale County, near Meridian. It is operated by the GEO Group on behalf of the Mississippi Department of Corrections.^[44] The chief of the Meridian Fire Department is Anthony Clayton.^[45] The fire department responded to more than 1600 calls in 2009, including 123 structural fires and 609 emergency service calls.^[41] The Mississippi Department of Mental Health operates the East Mississippi State Hospital in Meridian.^[46]^[47]^[48] The United States Postal Service operates the Meridian,^[49] North Meridian,^[50] and the West Meridian Station post offices.^[51]

In state politics, the Mississippi Senate district map divides the city into three sections.^[52] The northern tip of the city is in the 31st State Senate District and seats Terry Clark Burton (R). A strip of the city from the southwest corner up to the northeast corner comprises part of the 32nd State Senate District and seats Sampson Jackson, II (D). The western and southeastern portions of the city lie in the 33rd State Senate District and seats Videt Carmichael (R).^[53] In the Mississippi House of Representatives districts, the city is divided into four districts.^[54] The southern and eastern portions of the city reside in House District 81 and are represented by Steven A. Horne (R). The city's core makes up the entirety of House District 82 and is represented by Wilbert L. Jones (D). Surrounding House District 82 is House District 83, represented by Greg Snowden (R). The western section of the city, along with a small section in the north, lie in House District 84 and are represented by Tad Campbell (R).^[55]

On the national level, the city is located in Mississippi's 3rd congressional district, represented by Gregg Harper (R), who has been in office since 2009. Lauderdale County, home to Meridian, has voted for the Republican candidate in every United States presidential election since 1972. Prior to the shift to the Republican Party, white area voters supported Democratic Party candidates, as for decades since the late nineteenth century, it was a one-party state.^[56]

Demographics

The city's growth has reflected the push and pull of many social and economic factors. The total population increased in each census from the city's founding until 1970, although varying from rates as high as 165% to as low as 0.2%. In the 1970 census the population decreased, then slightly increased by 1980, after which the population slowly declined, increasing again since the turn of the 21st century. Between 1980 and 2000, the population declined more than 14%.^[58] As of the census of 2000, the city's population was 39,968, and the population density was {{convert|885.9|PD/sqmi|1}}.^[59] In 2008, the city was the sixth largest in the state.^[60] The population increased as of 2010.

Meridian is the principal city in the Meridian micropolitan area, which as of 2009 consisted of three counties – Clarke, Kemper, and Lauderdale – and had a population of 106,139.^[61] There is a population of 232,900 in a {{convert|45|mi|adj=on}} radius and 526,500 in a {{convert|65|mi|adj=on}} radius.^[74]

While the overall population growth of the city has varied, there has been a steady growth in the number and percentage of non-white residents.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} The only decline in this group was between 1960 and 1970, when the city's overall population declined markedly. In the 2010 Census, the racial makeup of the city was 61.55% African American, 35.71% White, 0.9% Asian, 0.2% Native American, <0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.59% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.75% of the population.^[59]

According to the 2000 Census, of the 17,890 housing units inside city limits, 15,966 were occupied, 10,033 of them by families. 31.1% of occupied households had children under the age of 18, 36.2% were married couples living together, 23.3% consisted of a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.06.^[59] The average household size has steadily decreased since 1970, when it was 3.04. Meridian's median age has increased from 30.4 in 1970 to 34.6 in 2000.^[58]

The median income for a household in the city was $25,085, and the median income for a family was $31,062. Males had a median income of $29,404 versus $19,702 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,255. About 24.6% of families and 28.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.8% of those under age 18 and 22.0% of those age 65 or over.^[59]

Religion

The population of Meridian and its surrounds is fairly observant, with 65.2% of Lauderdale County identifying as affiliated with some type of religious congregation, compared with the national average of 50.2%.^[62] Of the affiliated in 2000, 30,068 (59.0%) were in the Southern Baptist Convention, 9,469 (18.6%) were with the United Methodist Church, and 1,872 (3.7%) were associated with the Catholic Church.^[62]^[63]

Immigrant Jews from Germany and eastern Europe were influential in commercial development of the city, building businesses and services.^[64] Congregation Beth Israel was founded in 1868, just before the city's "Golden Age."^[65] Meridian once had the largest Jewish community in the state, with 575 Jewish people living in the city in 1927.^[64] Today, fewer than 40 Jews live in Meridian, most of whom are elderly.^[66]

Geography and climate

Meridian is located in the East Central Hills region of Mississippi in Lauderdale County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|45.9|sqmi|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|45.1|sqmi|abbr=on}} is land and {{convert|0.8|sqmi|abbr=on}} is water. Along major highways, the city is {{convert|93|mi|abbr=on}} east of Jackson, Mississippi; {{convert|154|mi|abbr=on}} west of Birmingham, Alabama; {{convert|202|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of New Orleans, Louisiana; {{convert|231|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Memphis, Tennessee; and {{convert|297|mi|abbr=on}} west of Atlanta, Georgia.^[67] The area surrounding the city is covered with oak and pine forests, and its topography consists of clay hills and the bottom lands of the head waters of the Chickasawhay River.^[6]

The natural terrain of the area has been modified in the urban core of the city by grading, but maintains its gentle rolling character in the outlying areas. Numerous small creeks are found throughout the city and small lakes and woodlands lie in the northern and southern portions of the city. Sowashee Creek runs through the southern portion of the city and branches off into Gallagher's Creek, which flows through the center of the city. Loper's Creek runs through the far-western part of the city while smaller creeks including Shearer's Branch, Magnolia Creek, and Robbins Creek are dispersed throughout the city.^[5]

Meridian is in the humid subtropical climate zone. The average high temperature during summer (June through August) is around {{convert|90|°F}} and the average low is around {{convert|70|°F}}. In winter (December through February) the average maximum is around {{convert|60|°F}} and minimum {{convert|35|°F}}. The warmest month is July, with an average high of {{convert|92.9|°F}}, and the coldest month of the year is January with an average low of {{convert|34.7|°F}}.

The average annual precipitation in the city is {{convert|58.65|in|mm|abbr=on}}. Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, and the wettest month of the year is March, in which an average of {{convert|6.93|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain falls.^[68] Much rainfall is delivered by thunderstorms which are common during the summer months but occur throughout the year. Severe thunderstorms – which can produce damaging winds and/or large hail in addition to the usual hazards of lightning and heavy rain – occasionally occur. These are most common during the spring months with a secondary peak during the fall months. These storms also bring the risk of tornadoes. {{Weather box

Economy

Early on, the economy depended greatly upon the railroads in the area. The city was the largest in Mississippi around the start of the 20th century, with five major rail lines and 44 trains coming in and out daily.^[73] The city's economy not only depended on the rails but the goods, such as timber and cotton, transported on them. With these rail-based industries, the city was a great economic power in the state and region from about 1890 through 1930.^[3] Though its economy slowed with the decline of the railroading industry in the 1950s,^[5] the city has adapted, moving from a largely rail-based economy to a more diversified one, with healthcare, military, and manufacturing employing the most people.^[72]

Along with Lauderdale County and the city of Marion, Meridian is served by the East Mississippi Business Development Corporation, which was formed in 1996 by a group of business leaders from the area.^[74] While as of April 2010, the city's civilian labor force was only 15,420 people,^[75] there is a population of 232,900 in a {{convert|45|mi|adj=on}} radius and 526,500 in a {{convert|65|mi|adj=on}} radius, of which 104,600 and 234,200 people respectively are in the labor force.^[72] The city thus serves as a hub of employment, retail, health care, and culture activities.^[76] Eighty percent of Lauderdale County's workers reside in the county while 90% live within 45 miles.^[72]

In April 2010, there were 6,260 people employed in the healthcare field in Lauderdale County.^[75] Rush Hospital is the largest healthcare organization in the region, employing 2,610 people, followed by East Mississippi State Hospital with 1,500 and Anderson Hospital with 1,475.^[72] There are three hospitals in Meridian, as well as many other healthcare-related facilities. Jeff Anderson Regional Medical Center provides cardiovascular surgery, a Level II newborn intensive-care unit, and a health and fitness center. Rush Foundation Hospital and the related Rush Health Systems operate a Specialty Hospital of Meridian, which offers long-term care for non-permanent patients who require more recovery time in a hospital setting. Riley Hospital has two centers for stroke treatment and rehabilitation services. Other healthcare facilities in Meridian include the Alliance Health Center and East Mississippi State Hospital, the latter of which has been in operation since 1882.^[77]

Retail is another major employer in the county, with 5,280 people employed in April 2010.^[75] Nearly $2 billion annually is spent on retail purchases in the city.^[78] The {{convert|633685|sqft|0|adj=on}} Bonita Lakes Mall offers over one hundred shopping venues, including department stores, specialty shops, restaurants, eateries, and United Artists Theatres.^[133] Phase I of the construction of Meridian Crossroads, a {{convert|375000|sqft|adj=on}} shopping center in the Bonita Lakes area, was completed in November 2007, providing a major boost to retail in the area.^[78] Also, the shopping district on North Hills Street has continued to expand, and in March 2007, additional retail and office space was opened near the Highway 19 Walmart Supercenter.^[79]

The area is also served by two military facilities, Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field, which supply over 4,000 jobs to residents of the surrounding area.^[80] NAS Meridian provides training for naval carrier pilots and other enlisted personnel. Also housed at the base is the Regional Counter-Drug Training Academy (RCTA), which provides narcotics training for law enforcement in many southeastern states. Containing the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state, the city is the leader in a nine county regional response team and a twenty-nine county regional response task force.^[137] Key Field is the site of the famous flight by brothers Fred and Al Key, who set a world endurance flight record in 1935.^[81] Key Field is now home to the 186th Air Refueling Wing of the Air National Guard and a support facility for the 185th Aviation Brigade of the Army National Guard.^[82] The site also contains an exhibit reviewing the history of aviation, and is the home of Meridian's Aviation Museum.^[7]

The total manufacturing employment of Lauderdale County in April 2010 was 2,850 people.^[75] Peavey Electronics Corporation, which has manufactured guitars, amplifiers, and sound equipment since 1965, operates its headquarters in the city. Other businesses in the area include Avery Dennison, Structural Steel Services, Sara Lee, Tower Automotive, and Teikuro Corporation. The city is also home to four industrial parks.^[80]

In downtown, the MSU Riley Center provides revenue from tourism, arts, and entertainment sales.^[83] The Riley Center attracts more than 60,000 visitors to downtown Meridian annually for conferences, meetings, and performances.^[84] Loeb's Department Store on Front St has remained a Mississippi clothing landmark, having passed through four generations of family ownership. The store has been selling fine men's and women's clothing since 1887, when the store was first opened by Alex Loeb.^[85]

Culture

Arts

Known for more than a century of arts, Meridian contains many art and cultural organizations and hosts many cultural events.^[86] One of the first art organizations in the city, The Meridian Art League, was established in February 1933. Art exhibitions were originally held in Lamar Hotel in downtown Meridian, but after a name change to Meridian Art Association in 1949, exhibitions were held at various locations around the city. After the Carnegie library at 25th Ave and 7th St was closed, the Art Association remodelled the building into the Meridian Museum of Art to serve as a permanent home for exhibits.^[87] The museum was opened in 1970 and has since featured rotating exhibitions as well as many educational programs for both students and adults. Over thirty exhibitions are held annually, ranging from traditional decorative arts to ethnographic and tribal materials, photography, crafts, and many other works of art. The collection also includes 18th and 19th century portraits, 20th century photography, and several sculptures.^[88]

The Meridian Council for the Arts (MCA) was founded as Meridian's and Lauderdale County's official arts agency in 1978. MCA operates its Community Art Grants program, the annual Threefoot Festival, several workshops, and other special events each year.^[89] MCA is partnered with many arts organizations in the city and county including the Meridian Museum of Art, the Meridian Little Theatre, and the Meridian Symphony Orchestra.^[90] Meridian Little Theatre, one of the South's oldest subscription-based community theatres, was built in 1932 and currently provides entertainment to residents of and visitors to Meridian and Lauderdale County, entertaining over 22,000 guests each season, making it Mississippi's most-attended community theatre.^[91] The Meridian Symphony Orchestra (MSO) – founded in 1961 – played its first concert in 1962 and its first full season in 1963. In 1965 the MSO booked its first international soloist, Elena Nikolaidi, to perform with the orchestra. The Orchestra helped the Meridian Public School District develop its own orchestra and strings programs and also helped develop the Meridian Symphony Chorus. The current conductor is Dr. Claire Fox Hillard, who has been with the orchestra since 1991.^[92] The MSO will celebrate its 50th anniversary in February 2011 with a performance from Itzhak Perlman.^[93]

The city's former Grand Opera House was built in 1889 by two half brothers, Israel Marks and Levi Rothenberg. During its operation the opera house hosted many famous artists and works, the first being a German company's rendition of Johann Strauss II's "The Gypsy Baron".^[94]^[95] After closing in the late 1920s due to the Great Depression, the opera house was abandoned for nearly 70 years. A $10 million grant in 2000 by the Riley Foundation, a local foundation chartered in 1998, sparked the building's restoration while $15 million came from a combination of city, county, and federal grants.^[94] The opera house's renovation was completed in September 2006 under the new name "Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and Performing Arts." The Riley Center, which includes a 950-seat auditorium for live performances, a 200-seat studio theater, and {{convert|30000|sqft|0|abbr=on}} of meeting space,^[96] attracts more than 60,000 visitors to downtown Meridian annually for conferences, meetings, and performances.^[84]

Meridian is rightly considered an architectural treasure trove being one the nations most intact cities from the turn of the last century. Architecture students from around the nation and Canada are known to visit Meridian in groups as part of their coursework due to numerous structures in the city having been designed by noted architects. The only home in the US south designed by noted Canadian born architect Louis S. Curtiss, famous for inventing the glass curtain wall skyscraper, is extant on Highland Park. The Frank Fort-designed Threefoot Building is generally considered one of the best Art Deco skyscrapers in the US and is often compared to Detroit's famed Fisher Building. Noted California architect Wallace Neff designed a number of homes in Meridian as well as in the Alabama Black Belt which adjoins the city across the nearby Alabama State line. He had relatives in Meridian and Selma who were executives in the then thriving railroad industry and would take commissions in the area when commissions in California were lean. His work is mostly concentrated in the lower numbered blocks of Poplar Springs Drive where his 2516 Poplar Springs Drive is often compared to the similarly designed Falcon Lair, the Beverly Hills home in Benedict Canyon of Rudolph Valentino. One Neff work was lost to an expansion of Anderson Hospital in 1990 and another in Marion Park burned in the 1950s. The Meridian Post Office with its interior done entirely of bronze and Verde marble is also noteworthy as a very fine example of the type of post office built in thriving and well to do cities in the 1920s and originally had Lalique lighting which was removed sadly during a 1960s remodeling and which are now in private residences on Poplar Springs Drive and in North Hills.

Meridian has also been selected as the future location of the Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Center (MAEC). The Mississippi Legislature approved the idea in 2001^[97] and in 2006 promised $4 million in funding if private contributors could raise $8 million.^[98] The city donated $50,000 to the cause in September 2007.^[99] The MAEC, as proposed, would be located on {{convert|175|acre}} at Bonita Lakes and consist of an outdoor amphitheatre, an indoor concert hall, and a Hall of Fame honoring Mississippi artists.^[7] The Hall of Fame will be located downtown in the old Montana's building. That property and the adjacent Meridian Hotel building were acquired in July 2010 for $300,000.^[100] In February 2009, the MAEC revealed its Walk of Fame outside of the Riley Center in an attempt to promote the planned Hall of Fame. The first star on the walk was dedicated to Jimmie Rodgers, a Meridian native.^[101] In September of the same year, the second star was revealed, recognizing B.B. King, a famous blues musician from Mississippi.^[102] On June 1, 2010, authors Tennessee Williams, Eudora Welty, and William Faulkner were added to the walk.^[103] Sela Ward was added to the walk on June 24, 2010.^[104] The MAEC plans to add many more Mississippi-born stars to the Walk of Fame; names mentioned include Morgan Freeman, Jimmy Buffett, Elvis Presley, Conway Twitty, and others.^[102]

Another location in the city used for large productions is the Hamasa Shrine Temple Theater. The Temple Theater houses a 778-pipe Robert Morgan organ, one of two Theater Organs still in their original installations in the state.^[105] With seating for 1800 persons, the silent movie era was a prosperous time for the Temple. At the time, it was one of the largest stages in the United States, second only to the Roxy Theater in New York City.^[106] Today, seating 1576 persons, the Temple is used year-round for area events, live stage shows, plays, concerts, Hamasa Shrine functions, and public screenings of classic movies.^[107]

The park is also home to a 19th-century carousel manufactured around 1895 by Gustav Dentzel of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Highland Park Dentzel Carousel has been in operation since 1909, is a National Historic Landmark, and is the world's only two-row stationary Dentzel menagerie in existence. Its house is the only remaining original carousel building built from a Dentzel blueprint.^[112] Around Town Carousels Abound is a public arts project of 62 carousel horses, representing the historic carousel. Sixty-two pieces have been sponsored by local businesses and citizens, and design of the horses was conceived and painted by local artists. They are placed throughout the city and county.^[113]

Recreation

The city contains several recreational parks, including Highland Park, Bonita Lakes, and Okatibbee Lake. Highland Park contains picnic shelters, swimming pools, tennis courts, a baseball field, softball fields, and a playground,^[114] all open year-round to visitors.^[7] Bonita Lakes is a city-owned, {{convert|3300|acre|km2|adj=on}} park including three lakes. The park also includes the Long Creek Reservoir and Lakeview Municipal Golf Course, along with nature trails, a jogging and walking track, biking paths, horseback riding trails, pavilions, picnic facilities, boat ramps, paddle boats, concessions, and fishing.^[180] Along with the lakes, the Bonita Lakes area includes Bonita Lakes Mall, Bonita Lakes Crossing, and Bonita Lakes Plaza.^[115] Okatibbee Lake is a {{convert|7150|acre|km2|adj=on}} establishment containing a {{convert|4144|acre|km2|adj=on}} lake which offers boating, fishing, swimming, water skiing, picnicking, hunting, hiking and camping.^[116] Splashdown Country Water Park, a 25-room motel, and cabins are located on the lake.^[180]

Since 1992, Meridian has been a host of the State Games of Mississippi, a statewide annual multi-sport event modeled after the Olympic Games.^[117] The organization is a member of the National Congress of State Games, which is affiliated with the U.S. Olympic Committee.^[118] In its first year 1,200 athletes competed in twelve sports, and since then over 70,000 athletes have participated in the Games. In 2009, more than 4500 athletes participated in 27 sports.^[117] All competitors in the games can compete in the Southeast Sports Festival, while medalists may move up to the bi-annual State Games of America.^[118]

Originally the games were held in one weekend in June, but as more sports were added, the event was expanded to two weekends.^[119] Opening ceremonies always begin on the third Friday in June in downtown Meridian.^[117] The games are held at several sports parks, including Northeast Park, Sammie Davidson Complex, and other various fields throughout the city. Northeast Park is an {{convert|85|acre|adj=on}} park on Highway 39 that contains ten tennis courts, four softball fields, three soccer fields, an asphalt track, and a large picnic pavilion.^[120] The Sammie Davidson Sports Complex includes six tennis courts, four softball fields, and a half-mile track. Other sports fields include the Meridian Jaycee Soccer Complex, Sykes Park, and Phil Hardin Park.^[121]

There are also several golf courses in the city, including the aforementioned Lakeview Municipal Golf Course, an 18-hole course open to the public daily.^[122] Briarwood County Club, located on Highway 39 North, is a private club with golf, swimming, fishing, and dining facilities.^[123] Other golf courses serving the city include Northwood Country Club, Okatibbee Creek Golf Center, and Ponta Creek Golf Course.^[122]

Transportation

Railroads and public transit

Air

The city is served by Meridian Regional Airport, located at Key Field, 2811 Airport Boulevard South, {{convert|3|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of the city. At {{Convert|10004|foot|m}}, the airport's runway is the longest public runway in Mississippi. The airport, which has been in service since 1930, offers daily flights to Dallas/Fort Worth, TX.^[125]

During the Great Depression, residents of the city contemplated abandoning the airport because of the cost of maintenance, but in 1935 Brothers Fred and Al Key, managers of the airport, thought of a way to keep the airport operating. From June 4 until July 1, 1935, the brothers flew over the city in their plane, the "Ole Miss." The record they established in their 27 days aloft, totaling 653 hours and 34 minutes, attracted enough publicity and funds to the city to keep the airport running. Key Field is therefore named after the brothers, whose flight endurance record remains unbroken in conventional flight.^[126]

Highways

Runs west through Jackson, Mississippi, eventually terminating near Kent, Texas, and east through Tuscaloosa, Alabama, eventually terminating in Florence, South Carolina.

Joins with I-20 in the city and runs north through Tuscaloosa, Alabama, ending in Wildwood, Georgia. It also runs south through Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and on to Slidell, Louisiana.

Runs parallel to Interstate 59 south to New Orleans, Louisiana, and north all the way to the Canada–US border.

Transnational route which runs north through Columbus, Mississippi, to the US-Canada border and south through Quitman, Mississippi, to Mobile, Alabama, and the Gulf of Mexico.

Runs west through Jackson, Mississippi, to Dallas, Texas, and east through Demopolis, Alabama, all the way to Tybee Island, Georgia and the Atlantic Ocean.

Runs north to West, Mississippi, and south to the Mississippi-Alabama border, where it continues as Alabama State Route 10.

Education

Early public education in Meridian was based on the 1870 Mississippi Constitution. From 1870 to 1885, trustees appointed by the City Council served on the Board of School Directors, which had authority to operate the schools.^[127] Although there were several schools in the city before 1884, they were privately owned and only enrolled about 400 students. The city did not build its first publicly owned school until September 1884.^[128] The first public school for blacks in the city was held in facilities rented from St. Paul Methodist Church. The Mississippi Legislature amended the city charter in January 1888 to allow the city to maintain its own municipal school district, and in March of the same year $30,000 in bonds was approved for the city to build new public schools.^[127] From this bond, the Wechsler School was built in 1894, becoming the first brick public school building in the state built for blacks.^[127]

From this early district and later additions, the Meridian Public School District grew to its current size, which now includes six elementary schools,^[129] 3 middle schools,^[130] and 3 high schools.^[131] The city also contains several private schools including Lamar School, Calvary Christian School, Community Christian School, and St. Patrick's Catholic School.^[132] The campus of Meridian High School, the main high school in the district, occupies {{convert|37|acre}}, including six buildings and 111 classrooms. The school is made up of grades 10–12 and enrolls approximately 1,500 students.^[133]

Meridian is home to two post-secondary educational institutions. Meridian Community College, founded in 1937, is located at 910 Highway 19 N and offers free tuition for four semesters to graduates from the Meridian Public and Lauderdale County School Districts as well as homeschooled children who reside inside Lauderdale County.^[134] Originally known as Meridian Junior College and located at Meridian High School, the college moved to its present location in 1965. After desegregation laws were passed, MJC merged with T.J. Harris Junior College in 1970, which had previously enrolled African-American students. The name change from Meridian Junior College to Meridian Community College took place In 1987 "to more accurately reflect the diversity of opportunities it provides for a growing community area."^[135] Mississippi State University also operates a campus in the city. As of the Fall 2008 semester, 763 students from 33 counties throughout the state and several in Alabama attended the college.^[136]

Meridian is served by the Meridian-Lauderdale County Public Library, located at the corner of 7th Street and 26th Avenue. The city originally had two Carnegie libraries, both built in 1913 – one for blacks and one for whites. A group of women had formed the Fortnightly Book and Magazine Club in the 1880s and began raising money to build a library for the city. The books they collected and shared within the club were later the basis of the library collection for Meridian. With wide support for the library, the club enlisted Israel Marks, a city leader, to approach the national philanthropist Andrew Carnegie for funding assistance.^[137] The library for blacks was built at 13th Street and 28th Avenue on land donated by St. Paul Methodist Church, and the library for whites was established in a building originally owned by members of the First Presbyterian Church of Meridian, who sold it to the city on September 25, 1911.^[138] The African American library was the only library for blacks in the state until after World War I^[139] and is the only Carnegie library ever built for African Americans in the country.^[140] The two libraries served the city until 1967, when the institutions became integrated because of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, combined their collections, and moved all materials to their current location.^[141] The former white library was renovated and converted into the Meridian Museum of Art in 1970, and the former African-American library was demolished on May 28, 2008.^[142]

Media

The only daily newspaper printed in the city is The Meridian Star,^[143] which has been in operation since 1898.^[144] The paper was originally named The Evening Star but was renamed in 1915 and has been Meridian's only daily newspaper since 1921. With a daily circulation of about 12,000 in March 2010,^[145] the paper serves Lauderdale County as well as adjacent portions of western Alabama and eastern Mississippi.

Though the Meridian Star is now the only newspaper printed in the city, there have been a few other historical newspapers. One such paper is the Memo Digest, a ten to twenty page publication published during the 1970s. The Digest focused on issues relevant to the African-American population of the region, gathering a circulation of about 5,000 people.^[146] Other newspapers in the city have included The Colored Messenger,^[147] The State,^[148] The Weekly Mercury,^[149] The Blade, Weekly Echo, Fair Play, Headlight, Meridian Morning Sun, Teacher and Preacher, and Clarion.^[146]

The city is the principal city in the Meridian, Mississippi Designated Market Area (DMA), which includes 72,180 households with televisions.^[150] WTOK-TV broadcasts as an ABC affiliate from the city, headquartered at 815 23rd Avenue.^[151] WTOK operates two digital subchannels, WTOK-DT2, a MyNetworkTV affiliate, and WTOK-DT3, Meridian's CW.^[152] WGBC-TV, the market's NBC affiliate, is headquartered at 1151 Crestview Circle.^[153] Since January 5, 2009, WGBC has also been the market's FOX affiliate, and it also features some programming from the Retro Television Network (RTN). WGBC operates under a program services agreement with WMDN-TV, the market's CBS affiliate which operates a local AccuWeather service on its second subchannel.^[154] WMAW-TV is the local affiliate of Mississippi Public Broadcasting.^[155]

The city is also the principal city in the Meridian Arbitron Radio Market, which includes 64,500 people over the age of 12.^[156] WUCL (FM 105.7), headquartered at 3436 Highway 45 North,^[157] takes the largest share of ratings in the market at 14.8% in Fall 2009. In the same period, WZKS (FM 104.1) was second with 11.1%, and WMOX (AM 1010) was third with 7.4%.^[158] Other popular stations in the market include WKZB (FM 97.9), WOKK (FM 97.1), WEXR (FM 106.9), WYHL (AM 1450), and WJXM (FM 95.1).^[158] Mississippi Public Broadcasting can be found on WMAW-FM (FM 88.1).^[155]

Notable people

Meridian has produced or hosted many famous people in the arts and other areas. For example:

In acting

In art

In business and politics

In music

Classical composer John Luther Adams, although more associated with Alaska, was born in Meridian.

Steve Forbert, prominent folk singer best known for "Romeo's Tune" is from Meridian.

In sports

The city has also been home to several athletes, many of whom have competed at professional levels. Among them are: Dennis Ray "Oil Can" Boyd, former Major League Baseball pitcher;^[176]

Jay Powell, another pitcher; Joe Stringfellow played in the NFL;^[179] professional basketball player George Wilson, professional basketball player Rodney Hood, University of Georgia basketball coach Joni Taylor and NFL players Cordera Eason, Austin Davis and Alejandro Villanueva.

Others

In popular culture

Non-fiction

In From a Notebook, Joan Didion recounts that she met a man while visiting Meridian in the 1970s who told her, "The KKK which used to be a major factor in this community isn't a factor anymore, both the membership and the influence have diminished, and I cannot think of any place where the black is denied entrance, with the possible exception of private clubs."^[186]

Fictional characters

Cullen Bohannon, the protagonist of the AMC series Hell on Wheels, hails from Meridian, Mississippi, where he is a tobacco farmer and later a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War.^[187]

In the film X-Men, the character Rogue hails from Meridian, Mississippi, and a small portion of the movie takes place there.

In the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, one of the characters, Dill Harris, is from Meridian.^[188]

References

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111. ^{{cite web|title=Jimmie Rodgers Memorial Festival |url=http://www.jimmierodgers.com/festival.html |publisher=Jimmie Rodgers Foundation |date=August 21, 2009 |accessdate=August 27, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023174703/http://www.jimmierodgers.com/festival.html |archivedate=October 23, 2008 }}
112. ^{{Cite book |last=Charleton |first=James H. |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Highland Park Dentzel Carousel & Shelter Building|url={{NHLS url|id=87000863}} |date = October 1985|publisher=National Park Service}}
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183. ^{{cite web |last=McKee |first=Anne |url=http://meridianstar.com/editorials/x546250994/Great-Mississippians-The-Flying-Key-Brothers-Al-and-Fred |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120714183836/http://meridianstar.com/editorials/x546250994/Great-Mississippians-The-Flying-Key-Brothers-Al-and-Fred |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 14, 2012 |title=Great Mississippians, The Flying Key Brothers |date=October 1, 2009 |publisher=The Meridian Star |accessdate=June 26, 2010 }}
184. ^{{cite web|url=http://godhatesfags.com/wbcinfo/phelpsbio.html|title=Brief Biography of Westboro Baptist Church Pastor Fred Phelps|website=Godhatesfags.com|accessdate=September 9, 2011}}
185. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/908/000025833/ |title=Fred Phelps |website=Nndb.com |date= |accessdate=2017-05-02}}
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187. ^This is mentioned first in the pilot, and again many times throughout the show, e.g., in season 3, episode 4.
188. ^https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/t/to-kill-a-mockingbird/character-analysis/dill-harris