“Society for Information Management”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Society for Information Management (SIM) is a professional organization of over 5,000^[1] senior information technology (IT) executives, Chief Information Officers, prominent academicians, selected consultants, and others.

History

The idea of SIM began during a break session at the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) conference held in Las Vegas in August 1968.^[2] A conversation between Robert Head with the Software Resource Group and Herb Schwartz with the United States Atomic Energy Commission ensued on how current professional societies did not emphasize the managerial aspects of computing enough nor did they serve as a good communication mechanism between data processing managers and executive managers.

That conversation was the basis for the formation of The Society for Management Information Systems (SMIS) which in 1982 became the Society for Information Management.^[3]

A founding committee was formed and the first meeting was held on November 22, 1968, at the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in Washington D.C. The founders included Joseph P. Cunningham, Richard E. Dooley,^[4]^[5] Dr. James C. Emory, Robert B. Forest, Robert V. Head, Dr. Alan J. Rowe, James G. Rude, M.H. Schwartz, Robert G. Stevens, W. Robert Widener and Robert K. Wilmouth.

The first (founding) conference titled "Bridging the Gap Between the Management Function and Information Technology" with 250 attendees was held at the University of Minnesota on September 8–9, 1969.

Current and Past Presidents or Chairs

Membership

Criteria

Practitioner: A senior-level IT professional in either a public or private sector organization meeting the following criteria:

Corporate/divisional head of a corporate or divisional IS organization: Member of an IS management staff supporting corporate/divisional IS heads with key management roles, as certified by the head of the organization.

Academic: A full-time university or college faculty member making a significant contribution to the IS field.

Consultant: Leaders at the partner/principal level who influence the direction of their own company or their clients’ companies, and who directly contribute to the IS profession.

Other leader: A non-IT executive such as vendor, recruiter or leader from another profession who has a major role in matters impacting strategic IT direction.

SIM adheres to a strict policy against marketing or commercial activity. Sales and marketing representatives are only accepted as members through the SIM Partner Program.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

Governance

Organization Leadership

Strategic direction for SIM is provided by the Society’s member-elected Board of Directors.

Programs

Advanced Practices Council

[https://web.archive.org/web/20100621104753/http://www.simnet.org/Programs/AdvancedPracticesCouncil/tabid/847/Default.aspx Advanced Practices Council (APC)] is a forum for senior IT executives who commission exclusive research and share cross-industry perspectives.^[16] APC was founded in 1991 by Warren McFarlan of the Harvard Business School.^[17]

STEM Outreach

In 2005, the Society for Information Management (SIM) published a paper entitled "Trends and Implications for the IT Workforce." Academics engaged in teaching Computing courses all over the country were interviewed to gauge the current and future state of IT workforce development. One of the most startling findings, borne out by enrollment statistics, was that enrollment in Computing programs in U.S. colleges and universities was falling at alarming rates. In some programs enrollment had declined as much as 75%. Other programs had ceased to exist. The implication was that the U.S. was falling behind the rest of the world in developing a Technology workforce and would continue to do so unless something was done to reverse the trend.

As a result SIM developed the Future Potential in IT program to reach out to college students to encourage them to pursue degrees and careers in Information Technology. For the last several years, with the encouragement of SIM International, Future Potential in IT and similar IT Career Days have been conducted on a regional basis by SIM chapters at area colleges and universities. As originally envisioned Future Potential in IT was a half-day program conducted on college campuses. Chapters have had the freedom to design their local versions. A typical program would consist of refreshments, the opportunity to network with current IT professionals, and one or more speakers. Speakers are usually IT executives from local companies the students recognize. The program might also include a panel consisting of graduates of that institution who have successful careers in technology, complete with a "question and answer" period allowing the students to quiz senior IT professionals about their career choices.

Students have enthusiastically received these programs and have even helped organize and present them. At an event held at Northeastern University, all the seats were filled and many students resorted to sitting on windowsills. At every institution where a Future Potential in IT or IT Career Day event has been held, enrollments have increased.

SIM and its Chapters continue to recognize the importance of reaching out to influence college students’ choice of major. But they have also recognized the need to engage students much earlier in their education. SIM Chapters have begun to participate and sponsor STEM initiatives across the K – College level spectrum. This has included Chapter partnerships with YearUp, donations nearing $200,000 annually in college scholarships and a mix of locally designed and national programs such as: "IT for Girls," "icStars," "NCWIT Award for Aspirations in Computing," "CyberGirlz Technology Camp," and various other Teen Tech Camps.

The 2012 Chapter Leadership Summit, held in St. Louis, was attended by the top leaders from SIM Chapters across the country. At that Summit Chapters approved a proposal to expand the boundaries of the FPIT program to encompass all present STEM-related initiatives and to serve as a vehicle to encourage the identification and exploration of such programs at the Chapter level. The goal is for STEM initiatives which succeed in one chapter to be shared with other Chapters. We believe synergy among the Chapters will leverage our STEM Outreach. Beyond that goal, SIM and its Chapters will be involved in both helping teachers to introduce the broad variety of Computing degrees and career choices and influencing the curriculum employed to prepare the next generation of IT workers.

A recent analysis shows that involvement in STEM Outreach is central to most existing SIM Chapter Community Outreach programs. SIM Chapter Outreach will continue to support other philanthropic efforts, but STEM initiatives are expected to expand. This "transformed” Future Potential in IT program, re-branded STEM Outreach, will help SIM fulfill a key part of our mission, promoting careers in IT. STEM Outreach serves the best interests of our Society, our members and the organizations --- for-profit, non-profit, government and academic --- which employ them. STEM Outreach initiatives are featured every year at SIM's Annual Conference.

SIM's Annual Conference

SIM holds an annual practitioner-driven conference designed for and by CIOs and senior level IT executives. Working nationally with key senior IT executives, CIOs and recognized thought leaders, the annual conference addresses the topics, issues, best practices and trends that will give our audience the technology-related insight necessary to make the right decisions to impact their business strategies and future IT direction.

From 1995 to 2002, the conference was called SIM Interchange Annual Conference.^[18]

In 2018, the inaugural SIM Connect Live conference replaced SIMposium as SIM's annual conference. The event, held at the Sheraton Dallas on April 11-13, 2018 was a great success. SIM's 50th anniversary was celebrated at the conference.

SIM Women

SIM Women is a network inside the Society for Information Management to promote communication, mentorship and career development amongst the female members.

In January 2007 SIM Women began a phased roll out starting with the New Jersey, NY Metro and Fairfield-Westchester chapters. In April 2007 the ladies of Philadelphia were added, and in February 2008 the ladies of Boston joined SIM Women as well. There was great participation from each new chapter. In May 2008 the ladies from Central CT and the DC/Capital area were added. In August 2008 the ladies of the Toronto and Raleigh chapters joined. In September 2008 the ladies of Tennessee, Central and South Florida chapters were asked to participate, and Atlanta and Alabama joined in October. In December 2008 the Wisconsin, Minnesota, St. Louis, and Northeast Ohio chapters were welcomed. In January 2009 ladies of Houston, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Indianapolis joined the ranks. Chicago and Detroit ladies joined in the Spring of 2009. SIM women continued to add chapters every month and covered every SIMI chapter by June 2009.^[23]

To date, SIM Women has held monthly conference calls and multiple successful networking events. SIM Women’s conference calls are typically the last Wednesday of the month at 3:00 pm EST. Executive coaches, successful CIOs, and networking gurus are brought in to facilitate the calls and meetings. Topics covered included: Personal Branding, Peer Communication, Defining Your Personal Success, Internal Networking, Personal Accountability, Industry Visibility, and Mentoring Defined. SIM Women also rotates face-to-face networking events around the country.

Regional Leadership Forum (RLF)

Regional Leadership Forum (RLF) is an intensive, ten-month leadership development program focused on creating authentic leaders. Since 1992 over 3000 graduates and more than 300 sponsors have found RLF the key to developing leadership effectiveness. RLF offers a curriculum of intense reading,^[24] open exchanges on leadership practices, and interactive learning focusing on team-building, creative thinking and listening skills.

Founded by Richard Dooley, the first Regional Leadership Forum was held in Chicago in 1992 and was originally called the "SIM Chapter-Hosted Learning Forum".^[25]

Executive Regional Leadership Forum (ERLF)

ERLF is SIM's Executive Regional Leadership Forum and is designed for designed for high altitude leaders.

The Executive RLF builds executive competence, broadens influence power, grows executive capabilities, deepens the power of presence, and advances the career journey.

In our 21st century world of ever-accelerating change and fierce competition, the need for highly capable leadership at the executive level has never been greater. As leaders climb upward on their career journeys, they will find themselves in the new terrain of a more complicated world where both the stakes and risks are higher ... where they are less dependent on management ability and more dependent upon leadership and influence abilities.

Executive RLF offers important platforms to: raise consciousness about extending oneself amid the increased complexity when rising through the organization; expand worldviews on relationships and communication at every level; develop, demonstrate and utilize influence power; enable mental presence amid stress; and build intellectual power and strength in order to be influential, have impact and make a difference.

Award programs

The SIM Leader of the Year award provides a means for SIM to recognize member contributions to the growth, advancement, and excellence of SIM at the local level. Individuals may nominate themselves or another deserving candidate within SIM. The selection committee, made up of a cross-section of SIM members, evaluates all nominees and selects the most qualified candidates, regardless of chapter size. Four to six winners will be recognized on stage at SIM Connect Live annually.

The STEM Outreach awards provide a means for SIM to recognize chapter contributions of volunteerism and thought leadership for STEM Initiatives. There are four distinct awards to recognize contributions. The award categories are:

STEM Pioneer: recognizes a Chapter STEM Outreach Committee Chair, committee member or a chapter board member whose contributions have significantly advanced local STEM initiatives over multiple years.

Most Inspiring Leader: recognizes an RLF or Chapter Member who is deeply and personally involved in STEM programs/initiatives and has led innovative programs to recruit and mentor STEM students or young professionals during the past year.

Chapter Award – STEM Innovation: recognizes a SIM Chapter who sponsors a significant community outreach initiative highlighting technology innovation, STEM career opportunities, and other types of outreach.

STEM Non-Profit Partner Award: recognizes a non-profit partner who has worked closely with a SIM Chapter to make a significant impact in advancing STEM Educational opportunities.

The Friend of RLF award: The RLF Team annually selects an individual as a "Friend of RLF" who has given their time and talents to further the goals and values of RLF to our community of sponsors, graduates and future participants.

Local Chapters and Leadership

The strength of the SIM Organization is built around local its local Chapters.^[26] There are currently 42 local chapters throughout the United States and Canada:

Alabama Chapter

[https://simnet.site-ym.com/?page=ALA_Welcome Alabama Chapter Website] Chartered in October 1987.

Albany Chapter

Arizona Chapter

Austin Chapter

Atlanta Chapter

Boston Chapter

Boston Chapter Website. The geographic area of Boston Chapter members consists of Eastern and Central Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and Rhode Island. The Boston Chapter of SIM was formed through the efforts of Dick Harris, John Dacey and Edgar Canty. In the Fall of 1976 Mr. Harris, who was then ClO at Colonial Gas, was at a meeting in Chicago at which SIM National (then called the Society for the Management of Information Systems - SMIS) was encouraging chapter formation. Harris obtained a listing of SIM members in the Boston area, and called Canty and Dacey to arrange an organizing meeting. The organizing meetings were held at Babson College through the Fall of 1976 and into the Spring of 1977 and, in addition to Harris, Canty and Dacey, involved Don Brown, Les Ball, Chris Bullen and Charles Hewitt.

The first Boston SIM meetings began in the Fall of 1977 with the meeting locations alternated between Babson College and the MIT Faculty Club. Dick Harris was the first Chapter Chairman, and Jerry Kanter was the first speaker. The Articles of Organization were submitted to the Massachusetts Secretary of State’s office in May 1981, signed by Edgar Canty. The officers were Les Ball, President; Dave Callahan, Clerk; and Arthur Sarazini, Treasurer. Chapter Directors were Bill Synnott, John Dacey, Dick Harris and Dave Callahan. The Charter of Incorporation was received from national SMIS on June 18, 1981.

The Boston Chapter's programs include the MIT Sloan School of Management CIO Symposium, The Leadership Development Roundtable, SIM Silver, Sharpen the Leadership Saw, CIO Roundtables in both the Providence, RI and greater Boston areas, a Practitioner's Roundtable, a Consultants Roundtable, a Help Desk Roundtable and two all-day CIO Summits/Forums. It currently supports the following Outreach programs: Year Up, Teen Voices, Common Impact and Tech Boston.

Past and Current Presidents (Chair) of the Boston Chapter

Capital Area (Washington, D.C.) Chapter

[https://web.archive.org/web/20110425040606/http://simnet.site-ym.com/?page=CACWelcome Capital Area Website] SIM's first chapter to be Chartered in May 1979.

Central California (Fresno) Chapter

Central California Chapter Website. The geographical scope of the Central California Chapter is primarily within the San Joaquin Valley – from Stockton, CA to Bakersfield, CA.

Central Connecticut Chapter

Central Florida Chapter

Charlotte Region Chapter

Chicago Chapter

Colorado Chapter

Dallas/Fort Worth Chapter

The IT Executive of the Year Award was created by the Dallas/Fort Worth Chapter in 1998.

Detroit Chapter

Eugene Chapter

[https://www.simnet.org/members/group.aspx?id=184290 Eugene Chapter Website] Chartered in 2017.

Fairfield/Westchester (Connecticut and New York) Chapter

Houston Chapter

Indianapolis Chapter

Las Vegas Chapter

Louisville Chapter

Memphis Chapter

Minnesota Chapter

Nashville Chapter

New Jersey Chapter

New York Metro Chapter

Northeast Ohio Chapter

Philadelphia Chapter

Portland Chapter

The Portland Chapter of SIM was initially formed as a satellite of the Seattle SIM Chapter in 1996 through the efforts of Bill Harrison, Norm Alexander, Liz Alexander, Bill Henderson and Fred Pond. Independent since 1999, the Portland Chapter primarily draws members from the Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Washington areas but also has many active members from the Salem and Corvallis regions. As of mid-2012, the chapter boasts more than 170 active members. The region is home to 1.3 million people, over 20 colleges and universities, two professional sports teams and is a center for the apparel industry, especially footwear with such names as Nike, Keen, LaCrosse/Danner, and Adidas.

The Chapter has given back to the Oregon and SW Washington community through support of local charities and scholarships to universities in the area. Some of the highlights of SIM Portland’s community outreach and philanthropy includes:

Chapter programs are held monthly from September through May of the following year, traditionally on the second Wednesday evening of each month.

Past and Current Presidents of the Portland Chapter

Research Triangle Park (RTP) Chapter

Research Triangle Park Website Chartered in October 1988. Formerly known as the North Carolina Chapter.

San Antonio Chapter

[https://www.simnet.org/group/SanAntonio_Members San Antonio Chapter Website] Chartered in 2017

San Diego Chapter

San Francisco Bay Area Chapter

Seattle Area Chapter

South Florida Chapter

[https://web.archive.org/web/20110202114736/http://simsfla.com/ South Florida Chapter Website] Chartered in February 2006.

Southern California Chapter

Space Coast Chapter

[https://www.simnet.org/group/SC_Members Space Coast Chapter Website] Chartered in 2017.

St. Louis Chapter

St. Louis Chapter Website The St. Louis Chapter of SIM was formed in 2004 through the efforts of Bob Rouse, Eric Gorham, Judy Winkler, David Kocs, Terry Werner and many RLF graduates. The first meeting was held at Southwestern Bell (now ATT) in May 2004 with Darwin John as the speaker. Geographically, the chapter includes the metropolitan St. Louis region, including surrounding counties in Missouri and Illinois; the region is home to 2.9 million people, 16 colleges and universities, and 9 Fortune 500 companies.

The St. Louis SIM Charter was received at the New York SIMposium in the fall of 2004. Since then many chapter members have served on national SIM boards and committees.

From its beginning the Chapter concentrated on leadership programs at monthly meetings. In 2006 it established the annual Leadership Workshop, a 2.5-day event featuring CIO leaders and networking opportunities. In 2007 Paul Klover organized the first Charity Golf Tournament; it annually provides scholarships for undergraduate students in greater St. Louis.

The Chapter is also the primary organizer of a large annual technology conference, Gateway to Innovation, which includes biotech, healthcare, government, and information technology. Drawing 1,400 participants, high-tech start-ups, 50 vendors and leading speakers, the conference provides a forum for the community to meet and highlight progress and developments. The conference also gives back into the local community, donating more than $825,00 since the first year.

The chapter has given back to the community in many ways. The chapter has provided over 20 educational scholarships in recent years. It has helped Edgewood Center and Therapeutic Horsemanship, providing needed development and systems support for information technology to support their services and administration.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

Past and Current Presidents of the St. Louis Chapter

Tampa Bay Chapter

[https://www.simnet.org/members/group_content_view.asp?group=191273&id=644929 Tampa Bay Chapter Website] Chartered in 2017

Toronto Chapter

Western New York Chapter

Wichita Chapter

Wisconsin Chapter

Wisconsin Chapter Website. Chartered in 1982. Members are primarily located in southeastern Wisconsin.

SIM Foundation

The SIM Foundation, a 501(c)3 charitable organization, aims to accelerate, amplify and enable SIM philanthropic activities, foster increased collaboration and synergies across SIM through Foundation activities, and serve as an endowment to invest funds for future distribution. Among its strategic initiatives are fundraising (cultivating donor relationships), marketing (creating internal/external awareness), and operational excellence.

Society publications

See also

References

1. ^About SIM Delivering Business Value through IT Leadership www.simnet.org
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/86023/|title=Q&A: Society for Information Management President Ed Trainor|author=Thomas Hoffman|date=14 October 2003|work=Computerworld|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
3. ^Dickson, Gary W (August 1989) "A history of the Society for Information Management: the first 20 years". Published by the Society for Information Management
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4IOQL6w_aI|title=Dick Dooley|date=31 December 1969|work=YouTube|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
5. ^Eliot, Lance (1993). "A guided tour of the 1993 SIM annual conference, www.decisionsciences.org {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005140828/http://decisionsciences.org/DecisionLine/Vol24/24_5/info24_5.htm |date=2010-10-05 }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=%22Society+for+Information+Management%22+%22James+Kinney%22&source=bl&ots=79KBpogxRV&sig=-3IAu5NeQra50pCc9xVmS4MU1Wk&hl=en&ei=cqLQS5ybHMP6lwfUrJHgDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Society%20for%20Information%20Management%22%20%22James%20Kinney%22&f=false|title=CIO|work=google.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwkAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=SIM+1999+%22Society+for+Information+Management%22&lr=&cd=10#v=onepage&q=SIM%201999%20%22Society%20for%20Information%20Management%22&f=false|title=CIO|work=google.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=%22june+drewry%22+SIM+President+1999&source=bl&ots=MQisWQaIY1&sig=EfR030mp6jCsnLJKXZqtKgUW3-M&hl=en&ei=yJfQS_yPC8P48AbO06TIDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22june%20drewry%22%20SIM%20President%201999&f=false|title=Network World|work=google.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
9. ^{{cite web |url= https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/legislative-minutes-2001.aspx |title=2001 House Committee on Judiciary: Subcommittee on Civil Law|publisher=Oregon State Archives|date=2001-04-18}}
10. ^(November 18, 2002). "SIM files response to president's national strategy to secure cyberspace". businesswire.com
11. ^Letter from SIM to the American Bar Association on UCITA, January 27, 2003 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040531234857/http://ucita.com/pdf/SocietyforIMLetter1-30.pdf |date=May 31, 2004 }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://searchcio.techtarget.com/news/interview/0,289202,sid182_gci954548,00.html/|title=A CIO Conversation: SIM President Nancy Markle|work=techtarget.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://misqe.org/ojs2/index.php/misqe/article/view/88/83|title=Portable Document Format (PDF)|work=misqe.org|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2005/091905-pickett-sim.html?prl|title=Q&A: Incoming user group president: Don't believe all those nasty outsourcing rumors|author=Bob Brown|date=19 September 2005|work=Network World|accessdate=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010064827/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2005/091905-pickett-sim.html?prl|archive-date=2012-10-10|dead-url=yes|df=}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ciozone.com/index.php/Management/Bob-Keefe-On-The-State-Of-SIM.html/|title=Bob Keefe On The State Of SIM|author=Jay Rajani|work=ciozone.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
16. ^Lacity, Mary (September 1998 "An Empirical Investigation of Information Technology Sourcing Practices: Lessons from Experience", MIS Quarterly Vol. 22 No. 3
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://misqe.org/ojs2/index.php/misqe/article/view/200/182|title=Portable Document Format (PDF)|work=misqe.org|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
18. ^Luftman and McLean (June 2002). "Key issues for executives" MIS Quarterly Volume 26 Issue 2 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508031909/http://www.misq.org/archivist/vol/no26/issue2/SIM.pdf |date=2007-05-08 }}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QQAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=SIM+1989+%22Society+for+Information+Management%22&cd=4#v=onepage&q=SIM%201989%20%22Society%20for%20Information%20Management%22&f=false|title=CIO|work=google.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5AQAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=%22Society+for+Information+Management+Annual+Conference%22+1991&source=bl&ots=TTm8tFVEcj&sig=TM7wGh-9eWABeESiCG8Kk6Zx50k&hl=en&ei=h4TIS4iJHMGC8gbK6-yGBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAkQ6AEwAA/|title=CIO|work=google.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
21. ^Eliot, Lance (1993) "A guided tour of the 1993 SIM annual conference,". www.decisionsciences.org {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005140828/http://decisionsciences.org/DecisionLine/Vol24/24_5/info24_5.htm |date=2010-10-05 }}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Infrastructure/SIM-IT-and-Business-Advantage-Continue-to-Thrive/|title=SIM: IT and Business Advantage Continue to Thrive|work=eweek.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
23. ^http://www.simnet.org/?page=SIM_Women
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.networkworld.com/careers/2006/110606-careers-books.html|title=What to read to get ahead|author=Amy Schurr|date=4 November 2006|work=Network World|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
25. ^Wilson, Linda (June 28, 1993). "Learning to lead". InformationWeek p. 90.
26. ^Video: An interview with Peter Whatnell, 2009 SIM President{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
27. ^(March 11, 2010) "Atlanta IT leaders hit the links to benefit" tagthink.com {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120715200403/http://tagthink.com/5-press-releases/26-atlanta-it-leaders-hit-the-links-to-benefit-techbridge.html |date=July 15, 2012 }}
28. ^www.fwsim.org History and Mission page {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410151428/http://www.fwsim.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=701544&module_id=47240 |date=2009-04-10 }}