“Software widget”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A software widget is a relatively simple and easy-to-use software application or component made for one or more different software platforms.

A desk accessory or applet is an example of a simple, stand-alone user interface, in contrast with a more complex application such as a spreadsheet or word processor. These widgets are typical examples of transient and auxiliary applications that don't monopolize the user's attention.

On the other hand, graphical control elements (GUI "widgets") are examples of reusable modular components that are used together to build a more complex application, allowing programmers to build user interfaces by combining simple, smaller parts.

Classification

Because the term, and the coding practice, has been extant since at least the 1980s, it has been applied in a number of contexts.^[1]

Primary types

A Graphical control element (GUI widget) is part of a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows a computer user to control and change the appearance of elements for operating a software application. In this context a widget may refer to a generic GUI element such as a check box, to an instance of that element, or to a customized collection of such elements used for a specific function or application (such as a dialog box for users to customize their computer screen appearances). A Widget toolkit is a set of programming tools that help developers reuse GUI widgets to build a user interface.

A desktop widget is a specialized GUI widget intended to run on a computer desktop for computer users to control simple utility functions such as clocks, messaging services, and calendars. A mobile widget is the comparable equivalent for mobile devices (i.e. smart phones).

A web widget is a portable application installed and executed, typically by non-expert webmasters on HTML-based web pages, to offer site visitors shopping, advertisements, videos, or other simple functionality from third party widget publishers.

Types of web widgets

Types of GUI widgets

Widget Engine

A widget engine is the software platform on which desktop or web widgets run. The widget model in widget engines is attractive because of ease of development. Most of these widgets can be created with a few images and about 10 to several hundred lines of XML/JavaScript/VBScript source code. A single host software system, such as a web browser, runs all the loaded widgets. This allows several desktop widgets to be built sharing resources and code.

The term widget engine is not to be confused with that of a widget toolkit. Toolkits are used by GUI programmers, who combine several widgets (reusable components) to form a single application. A widget in a toolkit provides a single, low level interaction, and is prepared to communicate with other widgets in the toolkit. On the other hand, widget engines such as desktop widgets and web widgets are intended for end users. Desktop and web widgets are stand-alone, task-oriented applications which can be composed of several related interactions on its own.

Types

GUI widgets

A graphical control element (often called GUI widget) represents a part of a graphical user interface (GUI) which the user can use to interact with the program to which the GUI belongs to. Graphical control elements are implemented like subroutines. Widget toolkits and software frameworks, like e.g. GTK+ or Qt, contain them in software libraries so that programmers can use them to build GUIs for their programs.

Graphical user interface builders, such as e.g. Glade Interface Designer, facilitate the authoring of GUIs.

Desktop widgets

Desktop widgets (commonly just called widgets) are interactive virtual tools that provide single-purpose services such as showing the user the latest news, the current weather, the time, a calendar, a dictionary, a map program, a calculator, desktop notes, photo viewers, or even a language translator, among other things. Widgets can provide or augment the graphical shell.

Originally, desk accessories were developed to provide a small degree of multitasking in operating systems that could only held one main application at a time, but when real multitasking OSes became available, these were replaced by normal applications.

Widget draft standard

On 9 November 2006, the Web Application Formats Working Group in W3C released the first public working draft of Widgets 1.0.^[8] The intention is to standardise some aspects of widgets. The Opera browser is the first client side widget engine to adopt this draft W3C standard.^[9] Apache Wookie (Incubating) is the first server side widget engine to adopt this W3C standard. Wookie is a server that manages widget instances and allows them to be embedded in web applications in addition to being provided for client devices such as Opera.

Mobile widgets

Most mobile widgets are like desktop widgets, but for a mobile phone. Mobile widgets can maximize screen space use and may be especially useful in placing live data-rich applications on the device idle-screen/home-screen/"phone-top". Several Java ME-based mobile widget engines exist, but the lack of standards-based APIs for Java to control the mobile device home-screen makes it harder for these engines to expose widgets on the phone-top.

Several AJAX-based native widget platforms are also available for mobile devices.

The growing pervasiveness of mobile widgets is easily understood. While widgets are a convenience in the online world, they can be looked at as near-essential in the mobile world. The reason: the mobile device is small and the interface is often challenging. Wading through large amounts of information in a mobile environment is not just a nuisance; it is a near impossibility.

Android, of all mobile operating systems, has supported mobile widgets natively since April 30, 2009.

Some of the most popular widgets on the Android operating system include DashClock, Google Keep and HD Widgets.^[10]

Web widgets

Web browsers can also be used as widget engine infrastructures. The web is an environment well suited to distribution of widgets, as it doesn't require explicit interaction from the user to install new code snippets.

Web widgets have unleashed some commercial interest, due their perceived potential as a marketing channel, mainly because they provide interactivity and viral distribution through social networks. The first known web widget, Trivia Blitz, was introduced in 1997. It was a game applet offered by Uproar.com (the leading online game company from 2000 - 2001) that appeared on over 35,000 websites ranging from GeoCities personal pages to CNN and Tower Records. When Uproar.com was acquired by Vivendi Universal in 2001, the widget was discontinued.

TV set widgets

Widgets are also available for TVs.Yahoo! Widget Engine is announced as a component of the next generation TV sets.

Information flow of desktop widgets

A desktop widget is a small footprint application, which resides on the user’s desktop using little desktop real estate and computer resources, such as HDD and RAM. Its purpose is to provide relevant information to the user in a non-intrusive manner and using few resources. Basically, desktop widgets enable the user to view on demand, encapsulated information from predetermined data sources. Ideally, a desktop widget must present personalized content, based on the user’s preferences. It is supposed to provide the most important information that a user requires on a daily basis. Most of the desktop widgets are available as free downloads from the developers’ websites.

References

1. ^{{cite conference |author = Ralph R. Swick, Mark S. Ackerman |title = The X Toolkit: More Bricks for Building User-Interfaces, or, Widgets for Hire |booktitle = USENIX Winter |pages = 221–228 |year = 1988 |url = http://www-ftp.lip6.fr/pub/distributed_systems/athena/xtk.PS.gz |accessdate = 2007-01-03 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927025710/http://www-ftp.lip6.fr/pub/distributed_systems/athena/xtk.PS.gz |archivedate = 2007-09-27 |df = }}
2. ^{{cite news|accessdate=2008-05-07|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/02/AR2007110201894_pf.html|title=Widgets Become Coins of the Social Realm |work=The Washington Post|date=2007-11-03|author=Rampell, Catherine|page=D01 }}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/23/BU7C11TAES.DTL |title=Developers compete at Facebook conference |accessdate=2008-08-14 |last=Ustinova |first=Anastasia |date=2008-07-23 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |publisher= |doi= |quote=}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=48242 |title=Facebook Expands Power of Platform Across the Web and Around the World |accessdate=2008-08-14 |date=2008-07-23 |publisher=Facebook |doi= |quote=}}
5. ^Blattner, Glinert, Jorge and Ormsby, 'Metawidgets: towards a theory of multimodal interface design'. Appears in Computer Software and Applications Conference, 1992. COMPSAC '92. Proceedings, Sixteenth Annual International {{ISBN|0-8186-3000-0}}.
6. ^_{Employee benefits - Wikipedia}
7. ^{{cite web|last=Teigene|first=Arnstein|title=Increased focus on Opera extensions and ending support for Unite applications and Widgets|url=http://my.opera.com/addons/blog/2012/04/24/sunsetting-unite-and-widgets|date=24 April 2012|accessdate=12 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426210156/http://my.opera.com/addons/blog/2012/04/24/sunsetting-unite-and-widgets|archivedate=26 April 2012}}
8. ^{{Cite web |title=Widgets 1.0 |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/widgets/ |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium}}
9. ^{{Cite web |title=Web Specifications Supported in Opera 9 |url=http://www.opera.com/docs/specs/opera9/#wml |publisher=Opera ASA}}
10. ^¹Top 10 Best Android Widgets Ever Retrieved March 22, 2015.