| 词条 | Southdown Road Skew Bridge |
| 释义 |
|bridge_name = Southdown Road Skew Bridge |native_name = |image = Southdown Road skew bridge (2).jpg |image_size = 250px |alt = A wide brick arch spanning a narrow road at an oblique angle |caption = West face of Southdown Road Skew Bridge showing the stepped nature of its intrados |official_name = |carries = Midland Main Line railway |crosses = Minor road |locale = Harpenden, Hertfordshire |maint = Network Rail |id = |designer = |design = Ribbed skew arch |material = Brick |spans = 1 |pierswater = |mainspan = |length = |width = |height = |load = |clearance = |below = |traffic = |begin = |complete = |open = 1868 |preceded = |followed = |heritage = |collapsed = |closed = |toll = |map_cue = |map_image = |map_alt = |map_text = |map_width = |coordinates = {{coord|51.8080|N|0.3465|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |lat = |long = |extra = }}Southdown Road Skew Bridge is a ribbed skew arch railway bridge, which carries the Midland Main Line across Southdown Road in Harpenden, Hertfordshire. Built of brick by the Midland Railway and opening in 1868, it is notable for its extreme skew angle of approximately 65°.[1] HistoryLocated approximately {{convert|0.8|mi|km}} south of Harpenden station, the bridge was built to carry a double-track standard gauge railway line across Southdown Road, which borders Harpenden Common in Hertfordshire, as part of the Midland Railway's southern extension towards its London terminus at St Pancras, and opened to traffic in 1868. Owing to the highly acute angle at which the railway crosses the road the bridge was built as a ribbed arch, a variation of the "false" skew arch and a design championed by French civil engineer A. Boucher.[2] The bridge was widened in 1893 when the line was converted to quadruple track.[3] On 1 January 1923 ownership of the bridge, along with the rest of the line, passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and thence to the London Midland region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. It became a Grade II Listed structure in 1984.[4] Following privatisation the bridge passed into the custodianship of Railtrack and it is currently the responsibility of Network Rail. Design and constructionThe easiest way to visualise Boucher's concept for the ribbed skew arch is to consider a regular arch bridge that carries the railway at right angles across the road and then to slice it vertically at regular intervals along the axis of its barrel, the planes all being parallel with the faces of the bridge, rather like the way a loaf of bread is sliced. The individual slices are then slid laterally with respect to one another in order to achieve the required oblique alignment. While the intrados of a "true" skew arch is smooth and cylindrical, the intrados of this type of "false" skew arch has a stepped appearance. Thus, the need to lay helical courses of brick at such an extreme angle to the horizontal is avoided as the multitude of conjoined regular arches approximate the desired structure.[5] Because of the extreme skew angle the span of each "slice" (known as the span on the skew) is much greater than the perpendicular distance between the abutments (known as the span on the square), the latter being the usable span for road traffic passing under the bridge. Thus, despite the impressive looking span when viewed face on, the usable span along the axis of the barrel is less so, to the extent that the road is visibly narrower where it passes under the bridge.[6] For a "true" skew arch the ratio of the span on the square to the span on the skew is equal to the cosine of the skew angle,[6] but for a ribbed skew arch this ratio is made even less favourable due to the steps in the barrel wall.[5] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/558815|title = TL1413 : Harpenden: Southdown Road skew bridge (1)|publisher = Geograph|accessdate=12 August 2009}} 2. ^ {{cite journal |author = Boucher, A. |year = 1848 |title = Note sur la construction des voûtes biaises au moyen d'une série d'arcs droits accolés les uns aux autres |language = French |trans-title= Notes on the construction of skewed vaults by means of a series of right arches built one against the other |journal = Annales des Ponts et Chaussées |publisher = Editions Elsevier |location = Paris |pages =234–243 }} 3. ^ {{cite web |url = http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10318844 |title = Widening the Midland Railway's Chiltern Green to Elstree Line, 1893 |publisher = National Railway Museum; Science & Society Picture Library |accessdate = 12 August 2009 }} 4. ^ {{cite web |url = http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-163612-railway-bridge-over-southdown-road-harpe |title = Railway Bridge over Southdown Road, Harpenden |publisher = British Listed Buildings |date = 27 September 1984 |accessdate = 1 February 2011 }} 5. ^1 {{cite book|title = A Manual of Civil Engineering|first = William John Macquorn|last = Rankine|publisher = Charles Griffin & Company|location = London|edition = 5th|year = 1867|page = 432|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gz0DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA432}} 6. ^1 Rankine, 1867, op. cit., p. 429. 7 : Railway bridges in England|Arch bridges in the United Kingdom|Skew bridges|Bridges in Hertfordshire|Bridges completed in 1868|Transport in Hertfordshire|Brick bridges |
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