| 词条 | South Solitary Island Light |
| 释义 |
| name = South Solitary Island Light | image_name = South Solitary Island Lighthouse 2.jpg | caption = South Solitary Island Light, 2009 | location = South Solitary Island New South Wales Australia | pushpin_map = New South Wales | relief = 1 | pushpin = lighthouse | pushpin_map_caption = New South Wales | coordinates = {{coord|30|12|24.33|S|153|16|2.52|E|display=inline,title}} | yearbuilt = 1880 | yearlit = | automated = 1975 | yeardeactivated = | foundation = | construction = concrete tower | shape = cylindrical tower with double balcony and lantern | marking = white tower and lantern | height = {{convert|66|ft}} | focalheight ={{convert|190|ft}} | currentlens = | lightsource = solar power | intensity = 38,000 cd | range = {{convert|15|nmi}}[1] | characteristic = Fl.W. 5s | lens = 1st order dioptric Fresnel lens | fogsignal = | racon = | admiralty = K2812 | canada = | NGA = 111-5976 | ARLHS = AUS-152 | managingagent = Australian Maritime Safety Authority }} South Solitary Island Light is an active lighthouse on South Solitary Island, an island within the Solitary Islands Marine Park, about {{convert|15|km}} northeast of Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. The lighthouse is located at the summit of the island.{{sfn|AHD3416}} It is considered the most isolated lighthouse on the New South Wales coast.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} It was first in New South Wales to use kerosene over colza oil, and the last to do so before converting to electric power.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} HistorySuggestions for a lighthouse near Coffs Harbour were made as early as 1856, with locations proposed on either North Solitary Island or South Solitary Island. It was the ship masters' preference that set the location to be South Solitary.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} The lighthouse was designed by Colonial Architect James Barnet,{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} and it is one of three concrete lighthouses built at that period, the others being Smoky Cape Lighthouse and Green Cape Lighthouse.{{sfn|AHD3416}} Barnet had personally visited the island in October 1877 to determine the best locations for the buildings and the sources for materials.{{sfn|AHD3416}} Cement and sand for the construction were transported to the island at harsh conditions, while broken stone was quarried on the island itself.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} Timber came in small vessels from Bellingen.{{sfn|AHD3416}} Though construction was expected to finish by 1879, as the carving "18VR79" on the keystone over the entry doorway suggests,{{sfn|Clifford|2000}} it was first exhibited on 18 March 1880.{{sfn|Timeline}} The original lens was a Chance Bros. 1st order dioptric Fresnel lens, the second of its type to be used in Australia.{{sfn|AHD3416}} It is currently at the Coffs Harbour Regional Museum, though the museum is currently in interim home due to water damage sustained during a storm in March 2009.{{sfn|Museum}} The original light source was a kerosene burner, the first of its kind in New South Wales, rather than colza oil one as used by other lighthouses of that period. As other lighthouses upgraded to kerosene and later to Carbide lamps and finally to electricity, South Solitary remained kerosene operated until 1975, thus being the last to use kerosene in New South Wales as well.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} The light was displayed at a focal height of {{convert|192|ft}} and was visible for {{convert|16|nmi}}.{{sfn|AHD3416}} As of 1934, the intensity of the light was 205,000 cd and the light characteristic was one flash every 30 seconds (Fl W 30s).{{sfn|Clifford|2000}} Conditions at the locations were harsh due to both the island's isolation and to weather conditions. Originally supplies were sent from Sydney by steamer every fortnight, weather permitting. Later, supplies arrived more regularly by launch from Coffs Harbour. Due to the slopes, supplies were taken off the launch in a basket lowered by a crane, then hauled up a steep concrete path. The living quarters were lit by kerosene until the 1950s, and coal was used for heating and cooking.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} Communications with the mainland was originally done by a signal lamp or heliograph. A pedal radio was installed in 1937, enabling communication with the Norah Head Lightstation. It was later replaced by a Bendix radio.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} Keepers children were taught at first by a governess which was employed by the keepers, and later through correspondence.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} In May 1942, during the Second World War, the lighthouse was extinguished for the only time during its entire lifetime. This was due to several vessels which were torpedoed by enemy submarines near the island.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} In 1974 the flagstaff was removed and a helipad was constructed. On 22 August 1975 the lighthouse was finally electrified and automated. It was officially demanned on 28 December of that year.{{sfn|Timeline}} The lens was replaced with a modern lens and the lantern was replaced with a workshop designed{{sfn|AHD3416}} fibreglass and aluminium lantern.[2] This lowered the focal height of the light to the current {{convert|190|ft}}.[3] The old lantern was transported to the Coffs Harbour Regional Museum with a RAAF Chinook helicopter on 7 September 1977.{{sfn|Timeline}} The lighthouse was later converted to solar power in 1975.{{sfn|Timeline}} In 2000, the station was transferred to the hands of the National Parks and Wildlife Service.{{sfn|Timeline}} In 2004, the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water spent $440,000 AUD restoring the buildings and making them weatherproof, secure and better protected from the elements, but not suitable for accommodation.{{sfn|DECC}} Current displayThe current light source is a solar powered, 12 V 3 Amp lamp with an intensity of 38,000 cd.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} It displays a light characteristic of one white flash every five seconds (Fl.W. 5s) and is visible for {{convert|15|nmi}}.[1] It is maintained by helicopter.{{sfn|Clifford|2000}} StructuresThe lighthouseThe tower is {{convert|40|ft}} from the ground to the lantern, made of mass concrete. Its external plan is round, a unique feature as the later two lighthouses of the same series, at Smoky Cape and Green Cape, used an octagonal profile. The internal well is {{convert|40|ft}} in diameter. The walls taper from {{convert|4|ft|6|in}} at the base to {{convert|2|ft|3|in}} at the top. The tower is topped by a concrete oversailing cornice which is capped by the gallery itself, made of sixteen basalt blocks, each weighing {{convert|30|long cwt}}, which were shipped from Melbourne. The gallery is surrounded by a gunmetal handrail.{{sfn|AHD3416}} Three levels of cast iron stairs lead to the lantern room on top of the tower.{{sfn|Clifford|2000}} Attached to the tower is a stores annexe.{{sfn|AHD3416}} Other structureThe lighthouse keepers' residence consists of one chief keeper cottage and two semidetached assistant keeper cottages.{{sfn|AHD3416}} They are made of mass concrete, rendered and painted.[4] The residence is surrounded by high stone walls as protection from weather conditions. A high stone wall also runs from the houses to the lighthouse. There is also a room near the residence which served as a little school house, with a governess teaching the children of the keepers.{{sfn|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} Also at the premises are the remains of a {{convert|13|m}} above sea level jetty, the third to be constructed.{{sfn|Clifford|2000}} The first jetty was constructed in 1878 during the construction of the lighthouse, and was only {{convert|5|m}} high. It was destroyed in 1904 and a larger jetty was built. This second jetty was repaired and reconstructed multiple times, in 1913–1915 and 1932.{{sfn|Timeline}} Finally, the third jetty was built in 1959.[5] The shore end of the jetty was demolished in 1986.{{sfn|AHD3416}} {{as of|2008}} the jetty still stands, though most of it has rusted and fallen into the sea. A small storehouse in poor shape stands next to the jetty.{{sfn|Clifford|2000}} The storehouse is the oldest building on the island, being constructed in 1879–1880.{{sfn|Timeline}} Site operation and visitingThe light is operated by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority,{{sfn|Clifford|2000}} while the site is managed by the New South Wales Maritime Parks Authority as part of the Solitary Islands Marine Park.{{sfn|Solitary Islands Marine Park}} It is usually inaccessible to the public, though it can be seen by boat tours from Coffs Harbour.{{sfn|Rowlett}} The island is open for tours two weekends every year. Travel is by helicopter only, and the tours are guided by National Parks and Wildlife rangers.[6] See also{{stack|{{portal|New South Wales|Lighthouses}}}}
Notes1. ^1 According to List of Lights. {{harvnb|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} lists {{convert|20|nmi}} 2. ^{{harvnb|Clifford|2000}}. While {{harvnb|Clifford|2000}} states this occurred with the demanning, {{harvnb|AHD3416}} states this occurred in 1976. As demanning was at 28 December, this very well may be the case. 3. ^List of Lights 4. ^{{harvnb|AHD3416}} and {{harvnb|Searle}}. {{harvnb|Rowlett}} and {{harvnb|Lighthouses of Australia Inc}} state they are stone buildings. 5. ^{{harvnb|Clifford|2000}} and {{harvnb|Timeline}}. 1955 according to {{harvnb|AHD3416}}. 6. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.precisionhelicopters.com.au/page19.htm |title=Precision Helicopters – South Solitary Island 2012 |work=precisionhelicopters.com.au |accessdate=25 January 2012}} References{{refbegin|33em}}
External links{{commons category|South Solitary Island Lighthouse}}
4 : Lighthouses completed in 1880|Towers completed in 1880|Lighthouses in New South Wales|1880 establishments in Australia |
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