“Methodist Church of Great Britain”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Methodist Church of Great Britain is a Protestant Christian denomination in Britain and the mother church to Methodists worldwide.^[3] It participates in the World Methodist Council, the World Council of Churches and other ecumenical associations.

Methodism began primarily through the work of John Wesley (1703–1791), who led an evangelical revival in 18th century Britain. An Anglican priest, Wesley adopted unconventional and controversial practices, such as open-air preaching, to reach factory labourers and newly urbanised masses uprooted from their traditional village culture at the start of the Industrial Revolution. His preaching centred upon the universality of God's grace for all, the effect of faith on character and the possibility of perfection in love during this life. He organised the new converts locally and in a "Connexion" across Britain.

Following Wesley's death, the Methodist revival became a separate church and ordained its own ministers; it is called a nonconformist church because it does not conform to the rules of the established Church of England. In the 19th century, the Wesleyan Methodist Church experienced many secessions, with the largest of the offshoots being the Primitive Methodists. The main streams of Methodism were reunited in 1932, forming the Methodist Church as it is today.

Methodist circuits, containing several local churches, are gathered into thirty-one districts. The supreme governing body of the church is the annual Methodist Conference; it is headed by the president of Conference, a presbyteral minister, supported by a vice-president who can be a local preacher or deacon.

The 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey found that around 800,000 people, or 1.29 per cent of the British population, identified as Methodist.^[4] {{As of|October 2016|alt=In October 2016}}, active membership stood at approximately 188,000,^[5]^[6] representing a 7.45 per cent decline from the 2014 figure.^[7] Methodism is the fourth-largest Christian group in Britain.^[8] Around 202,000 people attend a Methodist church service each week, while 490,000 to 500,000 take part in some other form of Methodist activity, such as youth work and community events organised by local churches.^[5]

History

Origins

The movement which would become the Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield, met at Oxford University. They focused on methodical study of the Bible and living a holy life. Other students mocked them, saying they were the "Holy Club" and "the Methodists",^[9] being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study, opinions and disciplined lifestyle.^[10]

The first Methodist movement outside the Church of England was associated with Howell Harris, who led the Welsh Methodist revival.^[11]^[12] This was to become the Calvinistic Methodist Church (today known as the Presbyterian Church of Wales). Another branch of the Methodist revival was under the ministry of George Whitefield, resulting in the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion.^[13]

The largest branch of Methodism in England was organised by John Wesley; he took to open-air preaching to recruit followers to his movement. He formed small classes in which his followers would receive religious guidance and intensive accountability in their personal lives.^[14] Wesley also appointed itinerant evangelists to travel and preach as he did and to care for these groups of people. It is a tribute to Wesley's powers of oratory and organisational skills that the term Methodism is today assumed to mean Wesleyan Methodism unless otherwise specified.^[15] Theologically, Wesley held to the "Arminian" view that salvation is available to all people,^[16] in contrast to the "Calvinist" ideas of election and predestination that were accepted by the Calvinistic Methodists.^[15]

Methodist preachers were famous for their enthusiastic sermons and often accused of fanaticism. During Wesley's lifetime, many members of England's established church feared that new doctrines promulgated by the Methodists, such as the necessity of a new birth for salvation, of justification by faith and of the constant and sustained action of the Holy Spirit upon the believer's soul, would produce ill effects upon weak minds. Theophilus Evans, an early critic of the movement, even wrote that it was "the natural Tendency of their Behaviour, in Voice and Gesture and horrid Expressions, to make People mad".^[17] In one of his prints, William Hogarth likewise attacked Methodists as "enthusiasts" full of "Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism".^[18] Other attacks against the Methodists were physically violent—Wesley was nearly murdered by a mob at Wednesbury in 1743.^[19] The Methodists responded vigorously to their critics and thrived despite the attacks against them.^[20]

As Wesley and his colleagues preached around the country they formed local societies, authorised and organised through Wesley's leadership and conferences of preachers. Wesley insisted that Methodists regularly attend their local parish church as well as Methodist meetings.^[21] In 1784, Wesley made provision for the continuance as a corporate body after his death of the 'Yearly Conference of the People called Methodists'.^[22] He nominated 100 people and declared them to be its members and laid down the method by which their successors were to be appointed. The Conference has remained the governing body of Methodism ever since.^[22]

Separation from the Church of England

As his societies multiplied, and elements of an ecclesiastical system were successively adopted, the breach between Wesley and the Church of England (Anglicanism) gradually widened. In 1784, Wesley responded to the shortage of priests in the American colonies due to the American Revolutionary War by ordaining preachers for America with power to administer the sacraments.^[23] Wesley's actions precipitated the split between American Methodists and the Church of England (which held that only bishops could ordain persons to ministry).^[24]

British Methodism separated from the Church of England soon after the death of Wesley. There were early contentions over the powers of preachers and the Conference, and the timing of chapel services.^[25] At this point in time a majority of Methodist members were not attending Anglican church services.^[25] The 1795 Plan of Pacification permitted Methodist chapels to celebrate Holy Communion where both a majority of trustees and a majority of the stewards and leaders allowed it.^[26] (These services often used Wesley's abridgement of the Book of Common Prayer.^[26]) This permission was later extended to the administration of baptism, burial and timing of services, bringing Methodist chapels into direct competition with the local parish church. Consequently, known Methodists were excluded from the Church of England.^[25] Alexander Kilham and his "radicals" denounced the Conference for giving too much power to the ministers of the church at the expense of the laity. In 1797, following the Plan of Pacification, Kilham was expelled from the church. The radicals formed the Methodist New Connexion, while the original body came to be known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church.^[25]

1790 to 1910

Early growth

Early Methodists were systematic in collecting statistics on membership.^[27] Their growth was rapid, from 58,000 in 1790 to 302,000 in 1830 and 518,000 in 1850.^[38] Those were the official members, but the national census of 1851 counted people with an informal connection to Methodism, and the total was 1,463,000.^[38] Growth was steady in both rural and urban areas, despite disruption caused by numerous schisms; these resulted in separate denominations (or "connexions") such as the Wesleyan Methodist Church, the first and largest, followed by the New Connexion, the Bible Christian Church and the Primitive Methodist Church.^[28] (They would be eventually reunited in the Methodist Union of 1932.) Some of the growth can be attributed to the failure of the established Church of England to provide church facilities. A series of reforms{{which?|date=February 2019}} in the established church helped to correct that failure, so there were fewer opportunities for the Nonconformists in general and the Methodists in particular to keep growing. Membership reached 602,000 in 1870 and peaked at 841,000 in 1910.^[29]^[30]

Early Methodism was particularly prominent in Devon and Cornwall, which were key centers of activity by the Bible Christian faction.^[31] The Bible Christians produced many preachers, and sent many missionaries to Australia.^[32] Methodism as a whole grew rapidly in the old mill towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire, where the preachers stressed that the working classes were equal to the upper classes in the eyes of God.^[33] In Wales, three elements separately welcomed Methodism: Welsh-speaking, English-speaking, and Calvinistic.^[34]

The independent Methodist movement did not appeal to England's landed gentry; they favoured the developing evangelical movement inside the Church of England. However, Methodism became popular among ambitious middle class families.^[35] For example, the Osborn family of Sheffield, whose steel company emerged in the mid-19th century in Sheffield's period of rapid industrialisation. Historian Clyde Binfield says their fervent Methodist faith strengthened their commitment to economic independence, spiritual certainty and civic responsibility.^[35]

Methodism was especially popular among skilled workers and much less prevalent among labourers. Historians such as Élie Halévy, Eric J. Hobsbawm and E. P. Thompson, have explored the role of Methodism in the early decades of the making of the British working class (1760–1820). On the one hand it provided a model of how to efficiently organise large numbers of people and sustain their connection over a long period of time, and on the other it diverted and discouraged political radicalism. In explaining why Britain did not undergo a social revolution in the period 1790-1832, a time that appeared ripe for violent social upheaval, Halévy argued that Methodism forestalled revolution among the working class by redirecting its energies toward spiritual affairs rather than workplace concerns.^[36] Thompson argues that overall it had a politically regressive effect.^[37]

Leadership

John Wesley was the longtime president of the Methodist Conference, but after his death it was agreed that in future, so much authority would not be placed in the hands of one man. Instead, the president would be elected for one year, to sit in Wesley's chair.^[38] Successive Methodist schisms resulted in multiple presidents, before a united conference assembled in 1932.

Wesley wrote, edited or abridged some 400 publications. As well as theology he wrote about music, marriage, medicine, abolitionism and politics.^[39] Wesley himself and the senior leadership were political conservatives. Although many trade union leaders were attracted to Methodism—the Tolpuddle Martyrs being an early example—the church itself did not actively support the unions. Historians Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault argue:

Women

Early Methodism experienced a radical and spiritual phase that allowed women authority in church leadership. The role of the woman preacher emerged from the sense that the home should be a place of community care and should foster personal growth. Women gained self-esteem at this time when members were encouraged to testify about the nature of their faith. Methodist women formed a community that cared for the vulnerable, extending the role of mothering beyond physical care.^[48] However the centrality of women's role sharply diminished after 1790 as the church became more structured and more male dominated.^[49]

In the 18th century Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon (1707–91), played a major role in financing and guiding early Methodism. Selina was the first female principal of a men's college in Wales, Trevecca College, for the education of Methodist ministers.^[50] She financed the building of 64 chapels in England and Wales, wrote often to George Whitefield and John Wesley and funded mission work in colonial America. She is best remembered for her adversarial relationships with other Methodists who objected to a woman having power.^[50]^[51]

Youth and education

Methodists placed a high priority on close guidance of their youth, as seen in the activities of Sunday schools and the Band of Hope (a temperance organisation in which children took a pledge of total abstinence from alcohol).^[52]

Wesley himself opened schools at The Foundery in London, and Kingswood School. A Wesleyan report in 1832 said that for the church to prosper the system of Sunday schools should be augmented by day-schools with educated teachers. It was proposed in 1843 that 700 new day-schools be established within seven years. Though a steady increase was achieved, that ambitious target could not be reached, in part limited by the number of suitably qualified teachers. Most teachers came from one institution in Glasgow. The Wesleyan Education Report for 1844 called for a permanent Wesleyan teacher-training college. The result was the foundation of Westminster Training College at Horseferry Road, Westminster in 1851.^[54]

19th century England lacked a state school system; the major supplier was the Church of England. The Wesleyan Education Committee, which existed from 1838 to 1902, has documented Methodism's involvement in the education of children. At first most effort was placed in creating Sunday schools. In 1832 there were 3,339 Sunday schools with 59,277 teachers and 341,442 pupils.^[55] In 1836 the Wesleyan Methodist Conference gave its blessing to the creation of "Weekday schools".^[56]^[57] In 1902 the Methodists operated 738 schools, so their children would not have to learn from Anglican teachers. The Methodists, along with other Nonconformists, bitterly opposed the Education Act of 1902, which funded Church of England schools, and funded Methodists schools too but placed them under local education authorities.^[58] In the 20th century the number of Methodist Church-operated schools declined, as many became state-run schools, with only 28 still operating in 1996.^[59]

Colonial missions

Through vigorous missionary work, Methodism spread throughout the British Empire. It was especially successful in the new United States, thanks to the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. English emigrants brought Methodism to Canada and Australia.^[60] British and American missionaries reached out to India and some other imperial colonies.^[61] In general the conversion efforts were only modestly successful, but reports back to Britain did have an influence in shaping how Methodists understood the wider world.^[62]

Nonconformist conscience

Historians group Methodists together with other Protestant groups as "Nonconformists" or Dissenters, standing in opposition to the established Church of England. In the 19th century the Dissenters who went to chapel comprised half the people who actually attended services on Sunday. The "Nonconformist conscience" was their moral sensibility which they tried to implement in British politics.^[63] The two categories of Dissenters, or Nonconformists, were in addition to the evangelicals or "Low Church" element in the Church of England. "Old Dissenters", dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, included Baptists, Congregationalists, Quakers, Unitarians and Presbyterians outside Scotland. "New Dissenters" emerged in the 18th century and were mainly Methodists, especially the Wesleyan Methodists.^[63]

The "Nonconformist conscience" of the "Old" group emphasised religious freedom and equality, pursuit of justice, and opposition to discrimination, compulsion and coercion. The "New Dissenters" (and also the Anglican evangelicals) stressed personal morality issues, including sexuality, temperance, family values and Sabbath-keeping. Both factions were politically active, but until the mid-19th century the Old group supported mostly Whigs and Liberals in politics, while the New generally supported Conservatives. However the Methodists changed and in the 1880s moved into the Liberal Party, drawn in large part by Gladstone's intense moralism. The result was a merging of the Old and New, strengthening their great weight as a political pressure group.^[64]^[65] They joined together on new issues especially supporting temperance and opposing the Education Act 1902, with the former of special interest to Methodists.^[66]^[67] By 1914 the conscience was weakening and by the 1920s it was virtually dead politically.^[68]

Architecture

In the early days of Methodism chapels were sometimes built octagonal, largely to avoid conflict with the established Church of England. The first was in Norwich (1757); it was followed by Rotherham (1761), Whitby (1762), Yarm (1763), Heptonstall (1764) and nine others. John Wesley personally approved the design of the octagonal chapels, stating, "It is better for the voice and on many accounts more commodious than any other." He is also said to have added—"there are no corners for the devil to hide in".^[69]

Nevertheless, the Heptonstall chapel has also contested for the title of oldest octagon chapel in continual use.^[71] The building featured in the BBC television series Churches: How to Read Them. Presenter Richard Taylor named it as one of his ten favourite churches, saying: "If buildings have an aura, this one radiated friendship."^[72]

Primitive Methodism

The Wesleyan Methodists' rejection of revivals and camp meetings led to the founding in 1820 of the Primitive Methodist Connexion in England and Scotland, which emphasised those practices. It was a democratic, lay-oriented movement. Its social base was among the poorer members of society; they appreciated both its content (damnation, salvation, sinners and saints) and style (direct, spontaneous, and passionate). It offered an alternative to the more middle class Wesleyan Methodists and the upper class controlled Anglican established church, and in turn sometimes led adherents to Pentecostalism.^[73] The Primitive Methodists were poorly funded and had trouble building chapels or schools, and supporting ministers.^[74] Growth was strong in the middle 19th century. Membership declined after 1900 because of growing secularism in society, a resurgence of Anglicanism among the working classes, competition from other Nonconformist denominations (including William Booth's Salvation Army), and competition among different Methodist branches.^[75]

The leading theologian of the Primitive Methodists was Arthur Peake (1865–1929), professor of biblical criticism at the University of Manchester, 1904-29. He was active in numerous leadership roles and promoted Methodist Union that came about in 1932 after his death. He popularised modern biblical scholarship, including the new higher criticism. He approached the Bible not as the infallible word of God, but as the record of revelation written by fallible humans.^[76]

1910 to present

Reunification

Membership of the various Methodist branches peaked at 841,000 in 1910, then fell steadily to 425,000 in 1990.^[30] The second half of the 19th century saw many of the small schisms reunited to become the United Methodist Free Churches and a further union in 1907 with the Methodist New Connexion and Bible Christian Church brought the United Methodist Church into being. In 1908 the major three branches were the Wesleyan Methodists, the Primitive Methodists and the United Methodists. After the late 19th century evangelical approaches to the unchurched were less effective and less used. Methodists paid more attention to their current membership, and less to outreach, while middle-class family size shrank steadily.^[77] There were fewer famous preachers or outstanding leaders. The theological change that emphasised the conversion experience as being a one-time lifetime event rather than as a step on the road to perfection lessened the importance of the class meeting and made revivals less meaningful.^[78] The growth mechanisms that had worked so well in the expansion phase in the early 19th century were largely discarded, including revivals and the personal appeal to decide for Christ class meetings, as well as the love feast, the Sunday night prayer-meeting, and the open-air meeting. The failure to grow was signaled by the flagging experience of the Sunday schools, whose enrollments fell steadily.^[79]^[80]

With the Methodist Union of 1932 the three main Methodist connexions in Britain—the Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists and United Methodist Church—came together to form the present Methodist Church.^[81]^[1] Some offshoots of Methodism, such as the Salvation Army and Church of the Nazarene, as well as the Independent Methodist Connexion, remain totally separate organisations.

Attempts to reverse the decline

Reginald Ward states that because the union of 1932 was unevenly implemented until the 1950s, it distracted attention away from the urgent need to revive the fast-shrinking movement. The hoped-for financial gains proved to be illusory, and Methodist leaders spent the early post-war era vainly trying to achieve union with the Church of England.^[82]^[83] Multiple approaches were used to turn around the membership decline and flagging zeal in the post-war era, but none worked well. For example, Methodist group tours were organised, but they ended when it was clear they made little impact.^[84]

During the 20th century Methodists increasingly embraced socialist ideas. Donald Soper (1903–1998) was perhaps the most widely recognised Methodist leader. An activist, he promoted pacifism and nuclear disarmament in cooperation with the Labour Party. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was a moralistic Methodist; Soper denounced her policies as unchristian. However, in "the battle for Britain's soul" she was reelected over and over.^[85] Historian Martin Wellings says of Soper:

In 1967, Soper, then the only Methodist minister in the House of Lords, lamented that:

Scholars have suggested multiple possible reasons for the decline, but have not agreed on their relative importance. Wellings lays out the "classical model" of secularization, while noting that it has been challenged by some scholars.

Over the ten-year period from 2006 to 2016 membership decreased from 262,972 to 188,398. This represents a decline at a rate of 3.5 per cent year-on-year.^[5]

Worship and liturgy

Methodism was endowed by the Wesley brothers with worship characterised by a twofold practice: the ritual liturgy of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on the one hand and the simple preaching service on the other.^[91] Listening to the reading of Scripture and a sermon based upon the biblical text is virtually always included in Methodist worship. The Methodist Church follows the Revised Common Lectionary, in common with other major denominations in Britain.^[92] Similar to most historic Christian churches, the Methodist Church has official liturgies for services such as Holy Communion, Baptism, Ordination and Marriage. These and other patterns of worship are contained in the Methodist Worship Book, the most recent Methodist service book.^[93] It states that worship is "a gracious encounter between God and the Church. God speaks to us, especially through scripture read and proclaimed and through symbols and sacraments. We respond chiefly through hymns and prayers and acts of dedication."^[94] Methodism has generally allowed for freedom in how the liturgy is celebrated—the Worship Book serves as a guideline, but ministers, preachers and other worship leaders are not bound to use it.^[94]

The Methodist Church has used a succession of hymnals and service books. The Methodist Hymn-Book (1933) was the first hymnal published after the 1932 union.^[93] In 1936 the church authorised the Book of Offices, including an Order for Morning Prayer, which closely replicated the Book of Common Prayer (1662).^[91] Later, the Methodist Service Book (1975) modernised the language used in the Communion prayers; its widespread usage has been cited as a cause for increased frequency of Communion celebration in the Methodist Church.^[95] The publication of a new hymnal, Hymns and Psalms (1983), expanded the repertoire of 20th century compositions.^[93]

The Methodist Worship Book (1999) includes a wider range of services for every season; it continues the 1975 service book's intention of preserving Methodist traditions while taking into account the insights of the liturgical renewal movement.^[95] Its publication prompted minor controversy due to the utilisation of gender-neutral language and the inclusion of a prayer addressed to "God our Father and our Mother".^[95] This was seen by some as a "challenging" departure from the masculine language which is traditionally used to reference God.^[96]

Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition, and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church.^[97]^[98] Singing the Faith is the current hymnal, published by the church in 2011.^[99] It contains 748 hymns and songs and 42 liturgical settings (such as the Kyrie, the Sanctus and the Lord's Prayer, as well as material from the Taizé and Iona traditions).^[99] There are also 50 canticles and psalms, selected on the basis of their use within liturgy.^[99] The collection of 89 hymns by Charles Wesley^[100] is a reduction from over 200 in the 1933 Hymn-Book.^[93]

Holy Communion

Methodist congregations celebrate Holy Communion within a Sunday service generally at least once a month.^[101] The practice of an 'open table' is widespread in the Methodist Church. Although the phrasing and exact requirements in a particular local church may vary, generally all "who love the Lord Jesus Christ" are invited to receive bread and wine, irrespective of age or denominational identity. Guidelines about Children and Holy Communion issued in 1987 affirmed that those receiving Communion should, if not already baptised, be encouraged to be baptised—though acknowledging that this "theological principle" was not widely adhered to.^[102]

Covenant Service

A distinctive liturgical feature of British Methodism is the Covenant Service. Methodists annually follow the call of John Wesley for a renewal of their covenant with God.^[103] In 1755, Wesley crafted the original Covenant Service using

material from the writings of eminent clerics Joseph and Richard Alleine. In 1780, Wesley printed an excerpt from Richard Alleine's Vindiciae Pietatis, which is prayer for renewal of a believer's covenant with God.^[104] This excerpt, known in modified form as the Wesley Covenant Prayer, remained in use—linked with Holy Communion and observed on the first Sunday of the New Year—among Wesleyan Methodists until 1936.^[104] In the 1920s, Wesleyan minister George B. Robson expanded the form of the Covenant Service by replacing most of the exhortation with prayers of adoration, thanksgiving and confession. Robson's Covenant Service was revised and officially authorised for use in the Book of Offices (1936). Further revisions, strengthening the link with Communion and intercession for the wider church and the world, appeared in the Service Book (1975) and Worship Book (1999).^[104] This Covenant Prayer, which has been adopted by other Christian traditions, has been described as "a celebration of all that God has done and an affirmation that we give our lives and choices to God".^[105]

Doctrine

Core beliefs

A summary of Methodist doctrine is contained in the Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists.^[106] Some core beliefs that are affirmed by most Methodists include:

Wesleyan theology

John Wesley believed that certain aspects of the Christian faith required special emphasis. Wesleyan Methodist minister William Fitzgerald (1856–1931) summarised the core emphases of Wesleyan doctrine by using four statements that collectively are called the ‘Four Alls’.^[112] These are expressed:

Methodists have emphasised the importance of Scriptural holiness, which entails more than personal piety; love of God is always linked with love of neighbour, a passion for justice and renewal in the life of the world. John Wesley made much of the process of sanctification, occasionally even seeming to claim that individuals could achieve ‘Christian perfection’ in this life.^[114]

It is a traditional position of the Methodist Church that any disciplined theological work calls for the careful use of reason by which to understand God's action and will.^[108] However, Methodists also look to Christian tradition as a source of doctrine. Wesley himself believed that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in the Bible as the sole foundational source. The centrality of Scripture was so important for Wesley that he called himself "a man of one book".^[115] Methodism has also emphasised a personal experience of faith; this is linked to the Methodist doctrine of assurance. These four elements taken together form the Wesleyan Quadrilateral.^[116]

Scripture

British Methodists select one of seven alternative variations on the role of the Bible. All were authorised in 2001 and none is given official preference:^[117]

Doctrinal standards

The Methodist Church understands itself to be part of the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church.^[118] It recognises the historic ecumenical creeds, the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed,^[119] which may be used in church services.^[120]

Although Methodist practices and interpretation of beliefs have evolved over time, these practices and beliefs can be traced to the writings, hymns and sermons of the church's founders,^[121] especially John Wesley and Charles Wesley. The Methodist Church does not possess a strict set of doctrines comparable to that of the Westminster Confession, but it does specify general doctrinal standards, as follows:

The doctrines of the evangelical faith which Methodism has held from the beginning and still holds are based upon the divine revelation recorded in the Holy Scriptures. The Methodist Church acknowledges this revelation as the supreme rule of faith and practice. These evangelical doctrines to which the preachers of the Methodist Church are pledged are contained in Wesley's Notes on the New Testament and the first four volumes of his sermons.

The Notes on the New Testament and the 44 Sermons are not intended to impose a system of formal or speculative theology on Methodist preachers, but to set up standards of preaching and belief which should secure loyalty to the fundamental truths of the gospel of redemption and ensure the continued witness of the Church to the realities of the Christian experience of salvation.|Deed of Union (1932) ^[156]}}

Positions on social and moral issues

Life issues

The Methodist Conference Statement of 1976 says that the termination of any form of human life cannot be regarded superficially.^[122] The church has also stated that the "unborn human" should be accorded rights progressively as it develops through the stages of gestation, from embryo to fetus, culminating with full respect as an individual at birth.^[123] The 1976 statement gives examples of circumstances in which abortion may be permissible; these include situations where the life or health of the mother is at risk, in cases of serious abnormality where the child is incapable of survival, and in cases where the right of the unborn child to be healthy and wanted may not be met.^[122] The Methodist Church believes that its members should work toward the elimination of the need for abortion by advocating for social support for mothers. The conference statement argues that "abortion must not be regarded as an alternative to contraception", and disagrees with complete legalisation, recommending that abortion "should remain subject to a legal framework and to responsible counselling and to medical judgement."^[122] Within this legal framework, it advocates limiting elective abortions to 20 weeks of pregnancy.^[124] The church generally supported the Abortion Act 1967 that made abortion legal only under certain circumstances.^[124]^[122] It also supports the use of "responsible contraception" and family planning as ways to prevent unwanted pregnancies.^[125]

The Methodist Church strongly opposes assisted suicide and euthanasia: "The final stage of an illness is not one which need represent the ultimate defeat for the doctor or nurse, but a supreme opportunity to help the patient at many levels, including those relating to emotional and spiritual well-being ... Dedicated workers in this field of care, including specialised hospices, demonstrate that it is possible to deal with all the symptoms which cause problems to the patient ... Euthanasia, assisted dying – both are artificial precipitation of death. Many Christians believe this idea is wrong. An approach to death as outlined above makes euthanasia inappropriate and irrelevant."^[126]

The Methodist Church supported the campaign to abolish capital punishment in the United Kingdom, and since then has totally opposed its reintroduction.^[127]

Sexuality and marriage

Within the Methodist Church members have a broad range of views about human sexuality, relationships and the nature and purpose of marriage.^[128] The church condemns all practices of sexuality "which are promiscuous, exploitative or demeaning in any way".^[129] In his 1743 tract, Thoughts on marriage and a single life, John Wesley taught that the ability to live a single life is given by God to all believers, although few people are able to accept this gift.^[130]

In 1993 the Methodist Conference met in Derby and passed six resolutions covering issues related with human sexuality (known as the "Derby Resolutions" or "1993 Resolutions"). Among these, the conference reaffirmed the traditional Christian teaching of "chastity for all outside marriage and fidelity within it".^[129] (The church defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman.^[171]) The Derby Resolutions also agreed that the church "recognises, affirms and celebrates the participation and ministry of lesbians and gay men" and allows the ordination of openly gay ministers.^[129]

The Methodist Church has a mixed position on the blessing of same-sex couples. In 2005 the Methodist Conference meeting in Torquay decided to allow its ministers to bless same-sex relationships, subject to local approval.^[131]^[132] It affirmed that the church should be "welcoming and inclusive" and not turn people away because of their sexual orientation.^[132] However, in 2006 the Methodist Conference decided not to allow formal blessings, although ministers were allowed to offer informal private prayers.^[133]^[134] The 2013 conference set up a working party to oversee a process of "deep reflection and discernment" before reporting back to the conference in 2016 with recommendations about whether the definition of marriage should be revised.^[135] Subsequently, in 2016 the conference voted to "revisit" the church's position on same-sex marriage, with a mandate from members "expressing a desire to endorse same-sex relationships".^[136] At present, although there are no formal services, "prayers of thanksgiving or celebration may be said, and there may be informal services of thanksgiving or celebration...'Blessings', would be a formal liturgy, and are not permitted."^[128] The church has no rules prohibiting its members (including ministers) from entering into or remaining within a civil partnership or civil same-sex marriage.^[137] Regarding transgender people, the church has stated that, after transitioning, transgender people "are permitted to marry [in a church ceremony] a person of the opposite gender under current marriage law".^[128]

Alcohol

In 1744, the directions the Wesleys gave to the Methodist societies required them "to taste no spirituous [i.e., distilled] liquor ... unless prescribed by a physician."^[139] Methodists later took a leading role in the temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and Methodism remains associated with teetotalism in the public mind.^[185] Methodists saw alcoholic beverages, and alcoholism, as the root of many social ills and tried to persuade people to abstain from these.^[140] Temperance appealed strongly to the Methodist doctrines of sanctification and perfection. At one time, ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same.^[141] To this day, alcohol remains banned in Methodist premises.^[142]{{refn|However, this restriction no longer applies to domestic occasions in private homes, i.e. the minister may have a drink at home in the manse.|group=note}} However, the choice to consume alcohol outside of church is now a personal decision for any member.^[142]

The Methodist Church has long used non-alcoholic wine (grape juice) in the sacrament of Holy Communion.^[142] In 1869, a Methodist dentist named Thomas Welch developed a method of pasteurising grape juice in order to produce an unfermented communion wine for his church.^[143] (He later founded Welch's grape juice company.^[144]) By the 1880s, this non-alcoholic wine had become commonplace in Methodist churches worldwide.^[145]

Poverty

From the start Methodism was sympathetic towards poor people. In 1753, John Wesley bemoaned, "So wickedly, devilishly false is that common objection, ‘They are poor, only because they are idle’."^[146] In a Joint Public Issues Team report issued with the Baptist Union of Great Britain, the Church of Scotland and United Reformed Church, the Methodist Church regret this misconception is also prevalent today.^[147]

Ministry

Presbyters and deacons

In 2016 there were 3,459 Methodist ministers, with 1,562 active in circuit ministry.^[5] The church recognises two orders of ordained ministry—that of presbyter and deacon.^[150]{{refn|Both titles are found in various places in the New Testament. The word "presbyter" derives from Greek πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros), the comparative form of πρέσβυς (presbus), "elder".^[151] The word "deacon" derives from διάκονος (diakonos), a standard ancient Greek word which had a variety of meanings centred around service, message and attendance.^[152]|group=note}}

Church documents refer to both as "Minister", though popular usage often limits this title to presbyters.^[150] Presbyters are styled "The Reverend", while "Deacon" is used as a title by members of the diaconate. Deacons (both men and women) also belong to a community of deacons in the Methodist diaconal order.^[204] The Deed of Union (the key foundation document of the Methodist Church since it became united in 1932^[1]) describes the roles of presbyters and deacons and the purpose of their ministries:

The two orders are equal in status, with presbyters and deacons each serving a distinct role in the ministry of the Methodist Church. Deacons are called to a ministry of service and witness: specifically to "assist God's people in worship and prayer" and "to visit and support the sick and the suffering".^[154] Presbyters are called to a ministry of word and sacrament: "to preach by word and deed the Gospel of God's grace" and "to baptise, to confirm, and to preside at the celebration of the sacrament of Christ's body and blood."^[154] Presbyters are itinerant preachers, residing in a circuit for usually five years before transferring to another.

Methodist presbyters are usually given pastoral charge of several local churches in a circuit. Ordinary presbyters are in turn overseen by a superintendent, who is the most senior minister in a circuit. Unlike many other Methodist denominations the British church does not have bishops. A report, What Sort of Bishops? to the conference of 2005, was accepted for study and report.^[155] This report considered whether this should now be changed, and if so, what forms of episcopacy might be acceptable. Consultation at grassroots level during 2006 and 2007 revealed overwhelming opposition from those who responded. As a consequence, the 2007 conference decided not to move towards having bishops at present.^[156]

Without bishops, the Methodist Church does not subscribe to the idea of an historical episcopate. It does, however, affirm the doctrine of apostolic succession.^[157] In 1937 the Methodist Conference located the "true continuity" with the church of past ages in "the continuity of Christian experience, the fellowship in the gift of the one Spirit; in the continuity in the allegiance to one Lord, the continued proclamation of the message; the continued acceptance of the mission;..." [through a long chain which goes back to] "the first disciples in the company of the Lord Himself ... This is our doctrine of apostolic succession" [which neither depends on, nor is secured by,] "an official succession of ministers, whether bishops or presbyters, from apostolic times, but rather by fidelity to apostolic truth".^[157]

Ordination of women

John Wesley allowed female preachers. The Primitive Methodist Church always allowed female preachers and ministers, although there were never many of them. The Wesleyan Methodist Church established an order of deaconesses in 1890. The Methodist Church has re-allowed ordination of women as presbyters since 2 July 1974, at the Methodist Conference in Bristol.^[158] The Methodist Church, along with some other Protestant churches, holds that when the historical contexts involved are understood, a coherent biblical argument can be made in favour of women's ordination.^[159]

Local preachers

A distinctive feature of British Methodism is its extensive use of "local preachers" ('local' because they stay in the same circuit, as opposed to 'itinerant' preachers who move to different circuits, in the case of presbyters).^[160] They are laypeople or deacons who have been trained and accredited to preach and lead worship services in place of a presbyter; however, local preachers cannot ordinarily officiate at services of Holy Communion.^[161] Local preachers are thus similar to lay readers in the Church of England.^[162] It is estimated that local preachers conduct seven out of every ten Methodist services, either in their own circuit or in others where they are invited as "visiting preachers".^[162] All candidates for ordination as a presbyter in the Methodist Church are required to be admitted as local preachers before they can be accepted as candidates or begin their training.^[162]

Local preachers have played an important role in English and Welsh social history, especially among the working class and Labour movement. Recent prominent public figures who preached include George Thomas, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1976 to 1983,^[163] and Len Murray, General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress from 1973 to 1983.^[164]

Organisation

Methodists belong to local churches (usually meeting in a building called a "chapel"), or local ecumenical partnerships, but also feel part of a larger connected community, known as The Connexion. This sense of being connected makes a difference to how the Methodist Church as a whole is structured. From its inception under John Wesley, Methodism has always laid strong emphasis on the interdependence and mutual support, in terms of ministry and finance, of one local church for another.^[106] The church community has never been seen in isolation either from its immediately neighbouring church communities or from the centralised national organisation. When ministers are ordained in the Methodist Church, they are also "received into full Connexion."^[165]

Local churches

Membership of the Methodist Church is held in a particular local church, or in a local ecumenical partnership.^[166] For people who wish to become members of the church there is a period of training and, once the local church council is satisfied with the person's sincere acceptance of the basis of membership of the Methodist Church, a service of confirmation and reception into membership is held; if they have not previously been baptised, the service will include baptism.^[166] {{As of|October 2016|alt=As at October 2016}}, church members are dispersed over 4,512 local churches—unevenly distributed over a small number of large churches and a large number of small churches.^[5]

Local church can refer to both the congregation and the building.^[167] It is the whole body of members of the Methodist Church linked with one particular place of worship. The concept of the local church is based on the original Methodist "societies" that existed within the Church of England during the time of John Wesley's ministry.^[168] A local church is normally led by a presbyter, usually referred to as "the minister".

Some church members belong to a church council, either because they have been elected by the local church members, or because they hold one of a number of offices within the local church. The church council, with a minister, has responsibility for running the local church. Members of the church council are also trustees of the local church.^[169]

Circuits

Local churches are grouped into 368 circuits ({{as of|2016|lc=on}}) of various sizes.^[5] The responsibilities of the circuit are exercised through the circuit meeting, led by the superintendent minister.^[170] It is responsible for managing the finances, property and officeholders within the circuit. Most circuits have many fewer ministers than churches and the majority of services are led by local preachers, or by supernumerary ministers—retired ministers who are not officially counted in the number of ministers for the circuit in which they are listed.^[171] The superintendent and other ministers are assisted in the leadership and administration of the circuit by lay circuit stewards, who together form the leadership team.^[170]^[172]

Central halls

Some large inner-city churches, known as 'central halls', are designated as circuits in themselves.^[235] About a hundred such halls were built in Britain between 1886 and 1945, many in a Renaissance or Baroque style.^[173] They were designated as multi-purpose venues; in their heyday they presented low-cost concerts and shows to entertain the working classes on Saturdays, encouraging them to abstain from alcohol, as well as hosting church congregations on Sundays. However, many were bombed during the Second World War, and others declined as people moved out of the city centres; {{As of|2012|lc=on}} only sixteen remain in use as Methodist churches.^[174] Others, such as the landmark Birmingham Central Hall, and Liverpool's Grand Central Hall, have been sold and adapted as retail or nightclub venues.^[174] One of the remaining halls is Methodist Central Hall, located off Parliament Square in Westminster, established in 1912 to serve as a church with additional use "for conferences on religious, educational, scientific, philanthropic and social questions".^[175]

Districts

The Connexion is divided into thirty-one districts covering the whole of Great Britain, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.^[176] The district is a drawing together of a variable number of circuits in a geographic locality. Methodism has never been prevalent in Scotland and there are only around 40 local churches gathered into one Scotland District.^[177]

The governing body of a district is the twice-yearly synod.^[178] Each district is presided over by a chair, except the large London District which has three chairs.^[179] A chair was, at first, a superintendent of a circuit within the district, but now ministers are appointed exclusively to the role.^[180] The prime function of the chair is pastoral—the care of ministers, and lay workers, and their families, within the district; the appointment of ministers to circuits; candidates for the ministry and the oversight of probationer (trainee) ministers.^[179] The district chair is also the person to whom other denominations relate ecumenically at regional or national level.^[181]

Annual Conference

The central governing body of the Connexion is the Methodist Conference which meets in June each year in a different part of the country.^[182] It represents both ministers and laypeople, and determines church policy.^[182] The Conference is a gathering of representatives from each district, along with some who have been elected by the Conference and some ex officio members and representatives of the youth assembly. It is held in three sessions, for the presbyterate, the diaconate and a representative session including lay representatives.^[182]

The Methodist Conference is the formal authority on all matters of belief and practice.^[183] Proposals for a change or development of Methodist teaching about personal, social or public Christian ethics can be initiated:

If, by methods 1 and 2 above, the proposed change or development is significant, the Conference will usually direct the Methodist Council to look into the issues and to present a report at a subsequent Conference.^[183]

In the course of preparing the report, staff who are appointed or employed by the Council will be responsible for developing the church's thinking with the help of professional and theological expertise; and must undertake a wide range of consultations, both within the Methodist Church and with partner denominations. Then the report, with or without specific recommendations, will be presented to Conference for debate.

Examples of issues dealt with in this way are: abortion; civil disobedience; nuclear deterrence; the manufacture and sale of arms; disarmament; care of the environment; family and divorce law; gambling; housing; overseas development and fair trading; poverty; racial justice; asylum and immigration issues; human sexuality; political responsibility.^[184]

Sometimes the Conference will attempt a definitive judgement on an important theme which is intended to represent the Methodist Church's viewpoint for a decade or more. In such cases a final decision is made after two debates in Conference, separated by at least a year, to allow for discussion in all parts of the church's life. Topics of personal, social or public Christian ethics dealt with in this way become official "Statements" or "Declarations" of the Methodist Church on the subject concerned, for example, Family Life, the Single Person and Marriage.^[185]

The Methodist Conference is presided over by the President of Conference, a presbyter, who is currently Michaela Youngson ({{as of|July 2018|lc=on}}).^[2] The President is supported by the Vice-President, who is a layperson or deacon. The President and Vice-President serve a one-year term, travelling across the Connexion—following the example of Wesley—and preaching at local churches.^[187]

Charities

The Methodist Church is closely associated with several charitable organisations: namely, Action for Children (formerly the National Children's Home),^[188] Methodist Homes and All We Can (the Methodist Relief and Development Fund).^[189]

The church also helps to run a number of faith schools, both state and independent. These include two leading public schools in East Anglia, Culford School and The Leys.^[190] It helps to promote an all round education with a strong Christian ethos.

Ecumenical and interfaith relations

The Methodist Church participates in various ecumenical forums and interdenominational associations. The church is a member of the three national ecumenical bodies in Great Britain, namely Churches Together in England, Cytûn in Wales and Action of Churches Together in Scotland, plus Churches Together in Britain and Ireland. It also participates in the Conference of European Churches and the World Council of Churches. The church has sent delegates to every Assembly of the World Council and has at various times been represented on its Central Committees and Faith and Order Commission.^[191]

The Methodist Church is officially committed to "seek opportunities to work in partnership with other denominations" and "seek opportunities to join with other Christians in sharing the Good News of the Gospel and to make more followers of Jesus Christ through together bearing witness to the unity of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church."^[118] From the 1970s onward, the Methodist Church has been involved in over 900 local ecumenical partnerships (LEPs) with neighbouring denominations,^[8] such as the Church of England, the Baptist Union and the United Reformed Church. The Methodist Church is also one of the Covenanted Churches in Wales, along with the Church in Wales, the Presbyterian Church of Wales, the United Reformed Church and certain Baptist churches.^[192]

In April 2016 the World Methodist Council opened an Ecumenical Office in Rome, Italy. Methodist leaders and Pope Francis met together to dedicate the new office.^[193] It exists to offer a resource in the city of Rome for the global Methodist family and to help facilitate Methodist relationships with the wider Christian Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church.^[194]

Anglican–Methodist Covenant

In the 1960s, the Methodist Church made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England, aimed at church unity.^[195] In February 1963, a report, Conversations between the Church of England and the Methodist Church, was published. This gave an outline of a scheme to unite the two churches. The scheme was not without opposition, for four Methodist representatives; Kingsley Barrett, Meadley, Snaith and Jessop, issued a dissentient report.^[196] Through much of the 1960s, controversy spread in the two churches. Central in the debate was the need for Methodist ministers to be ordained under the Anglican historical episcopate, which opponents characterised as "reordination" of Methodist ministers.^[195]

Discussions failed when the proposals for union were rejected by the Church of England's General Synod in 1972 but were renewed in the mid-1990s, with a series of Informal Conversations held in 1995 and 1996. These meetings concluded with the publication of a common statement in December 2000 which highlighted common beliefs and potential areas of cooperation between the two denominations.^[195]

In 2002, the British Methodist Conference voted on the proposals in An Anglican–Methodist Covenant, sending it to its districts for discussion. On 1 November 2003, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, the president and other leaders of the Methodist Conference and the leaders of the Church of England signed the covenant at Methodist Central Hall in Westminster.^[197] The covenant affirms the willingness of the two churches to work together at a diocesan/district level in matters of evangelism and joint worship.^[198]

Controversy over report on Zionism

Following the submission of a report entitled Justice for Palestine and Israel in July 2010, the British Methodist Conference was reported to have questioned whether "Zionism was compatible with Methodist beliefs".^[199]^[200] Christian Zionism was broadly characterised as believing that Israel "must be held above criticism whatever policy is enacted", and Conference called for a boycott of selected goods from Israeli settlements.^[201] The Chief Rabbi of Britain's Orthodox Jewish community described the report as "unbalanced, factually and historically flawed" and charged that it offered "no genuine understanding of one of the most complex conflicts in the world today. Many in both communities will be deeply disturbed."^[199]^[200]

Worldwide Methodism

Methodist churches in Northern Ireland are part of the Methodist Church in Ireland,^[203] a separate Connexion which is historically associated with the British Methodist Church.

Methodism is a worldwide movement with around 80.5 million adherents (including members of united and uniting churches).^[204] Its largest denomination is the United Methodist Church,^[205] which has congregations on four continents (though the majority are in the United States).^[206] Almost all Methodist denominations meet together quinquennially in a conference of the World Methodist Council, with its headquarters in Lake Junaluska, North Carolina.^[204]

See also

Footnotes

1. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Methodist Church Act 1976|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1976/30/pdfs/ukla_19760030_en.pdf|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=30 March 2017|page=5}}
2. ^¹²{{cite web |title=The President and Vice-President |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-church/structure/the-president-and-vice-president/ |publisher=Methodist Church in Britain |accessdate=8 February 2019 |language=en}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Jr|first=Charles Yrigoyen|title=T&T Clark Companion to Methodism|date=25 September 2014|publisher=A&C Black|language=English |isbn=9780567290779|page=73|quote=British Methodism therefore holds an inescapable chronological priority in the history of world Methodism and it has also often been accorded a courteous priority of esteem, being regard still as the 'mother church' by Methodists from many parts of the globe. The story of the origins and development of Methodism in what is now the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, therefore, is the story, first, of an eighteenth-century movement which gave birth to the whole Methodist enterprise and then of a nineteenth-century church whose influence reached out across the world through the missionary endeavors of the various British Connexions within and beyond the British Empire.}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.free-enterprises.co.uk/Religion-Statistics/British-Social-Attitudes/table-1999-2009/ |title=BSA 2009 Table |accessdate=30 March 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109025634/http://www.free-enterprises.co.uk/Religion-Statistics/British-Social-Attitudes/table-1999-2009/ |archivedate=9 January 2015 }}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷Piggot, A. (June 2017). Statistics for Mission. The Methodist Conference. Accessed 24 October 2017.
6. ^{{cite news |last1=Wyatt |first1=Tim |title=Methodist Conference ponders decline as latest statistics show numbers still falling |url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/7-july/news/uk/methodist-church-ponders-decline |accessdate=6 October 2018 |work=Church Times |date=7 July 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Methodism in Numbers – Statistics at a Glance|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/1771003/Methodism_in_Numbers_2015.pdf|website=methodist.org.uk|publisher=The Methodist Conference|accessdate=23 December 2015|date=July 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190349/http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/1771003/Methodism_in_Numbers_2015.pdf|archivedate=23 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^¹{{cite web |title= Methodist Church|publisher=World Council of Churches|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/methodist-church |accessdate=11 January 2014}}
9. ^Pronounced as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|θ|ə|d|ɪ|s|t|}}
10. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269746/Holy-Club| title = Holy Club|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 28 May 2009}}
11. ^Gwyn Davies, A Light in the Land, Christianity in Wales 200–2000, 2002, Bryntirion Press, {{ISBN|1-85049-181-X}}, pp. 70–79.
12. ^Richard Bennett, Howell Harris and the Dawn of Revival, 1909, English translation 1962, Banner of Truth, {{ISBN|1-85049-035-X}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Countess Of Huntingdons Connexion {{!}} About COHC|url=http://www.cofhconnexion.org.uk/history/|website=www.cofhconnexion.org.uk|accessdate=24 February 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=John Wesley's Accountability Discipleship Groups|url=https://jesus.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/.../accountability-discipleship-groups.pdf|website=jesus.org.uk|accessdate=24 February 2017}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
15. ^¹{{cite web|title=Wesleyan Methodists - Welsh Chapels|url=http://www.welshchapels.org/nonconformity/wesleyan-methodists/|website=Welsh Chapels|accessdate=24 February 2017}}
16. ^{{cite web|last1=Communications|first1=United Methodist|title=Do United Methodists believe "once saved, always saved" or can we "lose our salvation"? - The United Methodist Church|url=http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/do-united-methodists-believe-once-saved-always-saved|accessdate=24 February 2017|language=en|quote=John Wesley particularly identified his understanding of salvation with the theology and writings of the seventeenth century Dutch theologian, Jacob Arminius}}
17. ^{{cite book|author=Theophilus Evans|title=The History of Modern Enthusiasm: From the Reformation to the Present Times|date=1757|publisher=author|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9Q6Adh5MRsC&pg=PA119|language=en}}
18. ^Robert Glen, "Methodism, Religious Dissent and Revolution in the English Satiric Prints, 1780–1815," Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1850: Proceedings 19 (1989),173–88
19. ^Charles H. Goodwin, "Vile or reviled? The causes of the anti-Methodist riots at Wednesbury between May, 1743 and April, 1744 in the light of New England revivalism." Methodist history 35.1 (1996): 14-28.
20. ^On anti-Methodist literary attacks see Brett C. McInelly, "Writing the Revival: The Intersections of Methodism and Literature in the Long 18th Century." Literature Compass 12.1 (2015): 12-21; McInelly, Textual Warfare and the Making of Methodism (Oxford, UP, 2014).
21. ^Rev. Philip S Watson, Anatomy of a Conversion, 1984, Francis Asbury Press (now Zondervan), {{ISBN|0-310-74991-3}}, p. 26.
22. ^¹{{cite web|title=Birth of the Conference|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/history/birth-of-the-conference|publisher=The Methodist Church|accessdate=24 February 2017|language=en}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Separation from the Church of England|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/history/separation-from-the-church-of-england|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|accessdate=3 October 2016}}
24. ^{{cite book|last1=Mullin|first1=Robert Bruce|title=A Short World History of Christianity|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=9780664236649|page=170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nWP0_6gkiYC&pg=PA170|language=en|year=2006}}
25. ^¹²³{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Robert Leonard|title=The Separation of the Methodists from the Church of England|date=2008|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|pages=193–195; 160–168}}
26. ^¹{{cite web|last1=Turner|first1=John Munsey|title=The Development of the Methodist Ministry|url=http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/missionary-history-munseyturner-development-of-methodist-ministry-2004.pdf|publisher=Methodist Heritage|accessdate=30 March 2017|page=6|date=2004}}
27. ^Clive D. Field (2010). Religious Statistics in Great Britain: An Historical Introduction. University of Manchester, p. 18.
28. ^¹²{{cite book|author=John Cannon and Robert Crowcroft, eds.|title=The Oxford Companion to British History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vL8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1040|date= 2015|publisher=Oxford UP|page=1040|isbn=9780191044816}}
29. ^R. B. Walker, "The Growth of Wesleyan Methodism in Victorian England and Wales." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 24#3 (1973): 267-284.
30. ^¹For the numbers see David Hempton, Methodism: empire of the spirit (2005). p 214
31. ^{{cite book|author=H. B. Workman|title=Methodism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQsl-dV2HUEC&pg=PA97|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge UP|page=97|isbn=9781107626584}}
32. ^{{cite book|author1=Glen O'Brien|author2=Hilary M. Carey|title=Methodism in Australia: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAmrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|page=62|isbn=9781317097099}}
33. ^S. J. D. Green, Religion in the Age of Decline: Organisation and Experience in Industrial Yorkshire, 1870-1920 (1996)
34. ^{{cite book|author=Charles Yrigoyen Jr|title=T&T Clark Companion to Methodism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE6vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|page=502|isbn=9780567290779}}
35. ^¹Clyde Binfield, "Victorian values and industrious connexions: The Wesley Historical Society Lecture 2002." Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society 55 (2006): 141-168.
36. ^Brian W. Gobbett, "Inevitable Revolution and Methodism in early Industrial England: Revisiting the Historiography of the Halevy Thesis." Fides et Historia 29 (1997): 28-43.
37. ^Owen Holland and Eoin Phillips. "Fifty years of EP Thompson's The Making of the English Working Class: some field notes." Social History 39.2 (2014): 172-181.
38. ^{{cite web|title=The President and Vice-President|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-president-and-vice-president|publisher=The Methodist Church|accessdate=2 October 2016}}
39. ^{{cite web|title=History: Social Justice|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/history/social-justice|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|accessdate=3 October 2016}}
40. ^Patrick Karl O'Brien and Roland Quinault, The Industrial Revolution and British Society (2003) p 86
41. ^¹W. R. Ward, "Bunting, Jabez (1779–1858)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
42. ^J. Kent, "Methodism and social change in Britain," in T. Runyon, ed., Sanctification and liberation (1977), pp. 83-101.
43. ^J. H. S. Karl, "The Interpretation of Jabez Bunting." Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society (1958) 31#6 pp 125-132' (1958) 31#7 pp 150-154 and (1959) 32#1 pp 13-17.
44. ^Herbert McGonigle, "William Bramwell: A re-appraisal: The Wesley Historical Society Lecture for 2004." Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society 54 (2004): 219-236.
45. ^Maldwyn Lloyd Edwards, Methodism and England: a study of Methodism in its social and political aspects during the period 1850-1932 (The Epworth Press), p. 149.
46. ^Martin Wellings, "John Scott Lidgett (1854–1953)" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004) doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34530
47. ^Alan F. Turberfield, John Scott Lidgett: Archbishop of British Methodism? (Epworth Press, 2003).
48. ^Kathryn A. Broyles, "Mothering, catechesis, and ecclesial leadership: The women of early Methodism and their call to witness to the gospel of Christ." Methodist History 46.3 (2008): 141-156.
49. ^Jennifer Lloyd, Women and the Shaping of British Methodism: Persistent Preachers, 1807-1907 (2013).
50. ^¹Stephen Orchard, "Selina, Countess Of Huntingdon." Journal of the United Reformed Church History Society 8#2 (2008): 77-90.
51. ^Boyd Stanley Schlenther, Queen of the Methodists: The Countess of Huntingdon and the eighteenth-century crisis of faith and society (Durham Academic Press, 1997).
52. ^Adrian R. Bailey, David C. Harvey, and Catherine Brace, "Disciplining youthful Methodist bodies in nineteenth-century Cornwall." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 97#.1 (2007): 142-157.
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.isc.co.uk/school_KingswoodPreparatorySchool_Bath.htm |title=Kingswood Preparatory School |publisher=Independent School's Council |accessdate=23 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125023237/http://www.isc.co.uk/school_KingswoodPreparatorySchool_Bath.htm |archivedate=25 January 2012 |df= }}
54. ^F. C. Pritchard The Story of Westminster College 1851–1951 (London:The Epworth Press 1951)
55. ^{{cite book|author="Wesleyan Methodist Church" |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA533|year=1911|pages=vol 28 531–33}}
56. ^{{cite web|title=A historical perspective on Methodist involvement in school education after Wesley|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/education-ahistoricalperspective-270312.pdf|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|accessdate=6 June 2015}}
57. ^Frank Cyril Pritchard, Methodist Secondary Education: A History of the Contribution of Methodism to Secondary Education in the United Kingdom (Epworth, 1949)
58. ^D.R. Pugh "Wesleyan Methodism and the Education Crisis Of 1902." British Journal of Educational Studies (1988) 36#3 pp 232-249
59. ^John T. Smith, "Ecumenism, economic necessity and the disappearance of Methodist elementary schools in England in the twentieth century." History of Education 39.5 (2010): 631-657. online
60. ^Kenneth S. Latourette, A history of the expansion of Christianity. vol 5. The great century: in the Americas, AustralAsia, and Africa; AD 1800-AD 1914 (1943), pp 3-45, 130-97.
61. ^Kenneth S. Latourette, A history of the expansion of Christianity. vol 6. The great century: in Northern Africa and Asia; AD 1800-AD 1914 (1944) pp 169-75, 222, 235.
62. ^Aled Jones, "Culture,‘Race’and the Missionary Public in Mid-Victorian Wales." Journal of Victorian Culture 10#.2 (2005): 157-183.
63. ^¹D.W. Bebbington, The Nonconformist Conscience. Chapel and Politics, 1870–1914 (1982).
64. ^On the Methodists see John F. Glaser, "English nonconformity and the decline of liberalism." American Historical Review 63.2 (1958) pp 356-57 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1849549 in JSTOR]
65. ^David W. Bebbington, "Nonconformity and electoral sociology, 1867–1918." The Historical Journal 27#3 (1984): 633-656.
66. ^Timothy Larsen, "A Nonconformist Conscience? Free Churchmen in Parliament in Nineteenth‐Century England." Parliamentary History 24#1 (2005): 107-119.
67. ^Richard Helmstadter, "The Nonconformist Conscience" in Peter Marsh, ed., The Conscience of the Victorian State (1979) pp 135-72.
68. ^Glaser, "English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism." American Historical Review (1958)
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yarmmethodistchurch.org.uk/history.aspx|title=History|publisher=Yarm Methodist Church|accessdate=4 October 2016}}
70. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/yarm.htm|title=Yarm Octagonal Chapel|publisher=Methodist Heritage|accessdate=4 October 2016}}
71. ^Heptonstall Trail, A Calder Civic Trust publication, 1996
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